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1
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2142780242
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Toxic Wastes and Race Revisited Washington, DC:United Church of Christ Commission for Racial Justice
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(1994)
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Goldman, B.1
Fitton, L.2
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2
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0003830692
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Environmental Justice: Issues, Policies, and Solutions Washington
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The following definition of environmental justice is taken from Bryant B. (ed) DC:Island Press
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(1995)
, pp. 6
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3
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2142733539
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National Research Council, Environmental Epidemiology: Public Health and Hazardous Wastes. Washington, DC: National Academy Press
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(1991)
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4
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2142792985
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Environmental Research Foundation. Rachel's Hazardous Waste News, No. 332. 8 April
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(1993)
, pp. 1-2
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5
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2142675465
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U.S. EPA. Superfund Remedial Sites, National Priorities List. Washington, DC:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 11 April
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(2000)
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6
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0025284514
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Numerous other studies have documented similar health impacts as the NRC report. [For example, see Goldberg S. An association of human congenital cardiac malformations and drinking water contaminants]
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(1990)
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol
, vol.16
, Issue.1
, pp. 155-164
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9
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2142782809
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For a discussion of the environmental impacts on cancer rates, see Krieg, E. Toxic Wastes, Race, and Class: A Historical Interpretation of Greater Boston [PhD Thesis]. Boston:Northeastern University
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(1995)
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10
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0003730105
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Living Downstream: An Ecologist Looks at Cancer and the Environment
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New York:Addison-Wesley
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(1997)
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Steingraber, S.1
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12
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0022448511
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Childhood leukemia in Woburn, Massachusetts
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(1986)
Public Health Rep
, vol.101
, Issue.2
, pp. 201-205
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Cutler, J.1
Parker, G.2
Rosen, S.3
Prenney, B.4
Healey, R.5
Caldwell, G.6
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14
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0027367105
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Cancer risk and tetrachloroethylene-contaminated drinking water in Massachusetts
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(1993)
Arch. Environ. Health
, vol.48
, Issue.5
, pp. 284-292
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Aschengrau, A.1
Ozonoff, D.2
Paulu, C.3
Coogan, P.4
Vezina, R.5
Heeren, T.6
Zhang, Y.7
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15
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2142790420
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The Silent Spring Institute is conducting an extensive investigation of the possible environmental causes of the breast cancer epidemic on Cape Cod. See Silent Spring Institute. The Cape Code Breast Cancer and Results of the First Three Years of Study. Newton, MA:Silent Spring Institute
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(1998)
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16
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2142785318
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For studies that examine the inequitable distribution of hazardous waste facilities in specific regions of the country, see Bullard R. Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class, and Environmental Quality. Boulder, CO:Westview
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(1990)
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17
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0003460897
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Unequal Protection: Environmental Justice and Communities of Color
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San Francisco:Sierra Club
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(1994)
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Bullard, R.1
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18
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0003910397
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Race and the Incidence of Environmental Hazards: A Time for Discourse
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Boulder, CO:Westview
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(1992)
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Bryant, B.1
Mohai, P.2
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19
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0003472991
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The Struggle for Ecological Democracy: Environmental Justice Movements in the United States
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New York:Guilford
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(1998)
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Faber, D.1
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20
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0009584254
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Toxic Wastes and Race in the United States: A National Report on the Racial and Socioeconomic Characteristics of Communities Surrounding Hazardous Waste Sites
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New York:United Church of Christ Commission for Racial Justice, 1987. This study analyzed data on the number and type of hazardous waste facilities in the approximately 35,5000 residential zip codes of the data on percent minority population, mean household income, mean home value, number of uncontrolled toxic waste sites per 1,000 persons, and pounds of hazardous waste generated per person
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Chavis, B.1
Lee, C.2
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21
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0003417407
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Toxic Waste and Race Revisited: An Update of the 1987 Report on the Racial and Socioeconomic Characteristics of Communities with Hazardous Waste Sites
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Washington, DC:Center for Alternatives, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and the United Church of Christ Commission for Racial Justice
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(1994)
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Goldman, B.1
Fitton, L.2
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22
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0003457527
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Race, Class, and Environmental Hazards: A Study of Socio-economic Association with Hazardous Waste Generators and Treatment/Storage/Disposal Facilities in Massachusetts
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[Master's Thesis]. Medford, MA:Tufts University
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(1995)
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Spence, L.1
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23
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0027288499
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Review of EPA report: Environmental equity: Reducing risk for all communities
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(1993)
Environment
, vol.35
, Issue.5
, pp. 25-28
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Roque, J.1
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25
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2142780241
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For current data and definitions, see Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection website. Available
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26
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2142732339
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Of these on-site releases, 62.8% were to land, 29.9% were to air, 3.9% were to underground injection, and 3.4% were to surface water. There are now nearly 650 toxic chemicals and chemical compounds on the list of be reported to the U.S. EPA and the states under the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986, which established the TRI program
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27
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2142677978
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The 1998 TRI data and background information on the TRI program are available at [accessed 15 March]
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(2000)
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28
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0028911083
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A study conducted by researchers at the Harvard School of Public Health, Brigham Young University, and the American Cancer Society, which was released on 10 March 1995 and appeared in the American Journal of Care Medicine, estimated some 60,000 annual air pollution deaths [Pope CA III, Thun MJ, Namboodiri MM, Dockery DW, Evans JS, Speizer FE, Heath CW Jr. Particulate air pollution as a predictor of mortality in ta prospective study of U.S. adults]
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(1995)
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med
, vol.151
, Issue.3
, pp. 669-674
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29
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2142794508
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In Massachusetts, mobile sources (primarily motor vehicles) are responsible for 42% of the total HAP emissions in the state. Area sources, which are smaller air sources that release less than 10 tons per and less than 24 tons per year of combined HAPs, emit 51% of all HAPs in the state. Examples include gas stations, dry cleaners, and small print shops. Point sources are stationary facilities that emit (or have the or more per year of any one of the listed HAPs, or 25 tons or more per year of combined HAPs. Point sources emit 7% of the total HAPs in the state. Examples of point sources include chemical plants, paper mills, incinerators. Available [accessed 15 March]
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(2001)
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30
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2142830773
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Every Breath We Take: How Motor Vehicles Contribute to High Levels of Toxic Air Pollution in Massachusetts
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Boston:MASSPIRG Education Fund, 8 July
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(1999)
, pp. 1-32
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Toering, M.1
Sargent, R.2
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31
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2142736020
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Particulate Air Pollution in Boston: Human Mortality, Pollution Sources and the Case for Tougher Clean Air Standards
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Washington, DC:Environmental Working Group
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(1997)
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Wiles, R.1
Savitz, J.2
Cohen, B.3
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32
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0002867056
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Demographic studies reveal a pattern of environmental injustice
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For a concise summary of these studies, see Mohai P, Bryant B. (Petrikin J, ed). San Diego, CA:Greenhaven
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(1995)
Environmental Justice
, pp. 10-24
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36
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0003809608
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L.A.'s Lethal Air: New Strategies for Policy, Organizing, and Action
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Los Angeles:Labor/Community Strategy Center
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(1991)
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Mann, E.1
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37
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2142681749
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Demographic data came from the U.S. Census; land use data are from a series of statewide aerial surveys, supplemented by U.S. and Massachusetts Census of Manufactures data on manufacturing industry. 1982-1990 came from the Massachusetts Cancer Registry. The cancers of concern, selected on the basis of confirmed or tentative links to agricultural or industrial chemicals, are non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, sarcoma, and cancers of the brain, stomach, prostate, bladder, kidney, lung, and breast
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38
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2142839610
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Land Use, Demographics, and Cancer Incidence in Massachusetts Communities
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[PhD Thesis]. Boston:Boston University
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(1996)
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Maxwell, N.1
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39
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2142775280
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The incidence of lung cancer was associated with industrial/commercial land use but only in specific years, which suggests that the high-tech industries disproportionately hosted by well-to-do suburbs do not cause in lung cancer risk as does traditional, high-air-pollution manufacturing
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40
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2142789170
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One can argue that towns are too large for detailed studies of environmental injustice. The size of a town can potentially mask racial or economic heterogeneity within the town area. For instance, a town may population concentrated in a particular portion of the town-possibly the same section of town where polluting industries and facilities are concentrated. Analysis at the town level could mask the concentration of neighborhoods
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41
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2142782808
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Some 520 large quantity toxics users reported to TURA during the 1998 calendar year (the latest year such data is currently available). These companies reported using over 1.184 billion pounds of chemicals (not chemicals), of which over 132.6 million pounds were generated as waste by-product. Of this by-product, some 50.5 million pounds of toxic chemicals were transferred off-site (for recycling, recovery, treatment, million pounds were released on-site directly into the environment (discharged into the air, ground, underground areas, or adjacent bodies of water). When we incorporate trade secret data into the 1998 TURA 1.380 billion pounds of chemicals were used by state industry, 137 million pounds were generated as by-product; and 64 million pounds of this by-product was either released on-site into the environment or transferred off-site
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42
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2142847161
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TURA was enacted in 1989 and had a stated 10-year goal of reducing the generation of toxic waste by 50% from the base year of 1987 to 1997. From 1990, the first reporting year, to 1998, adjusted by-product production Using the same adjustment method, TURA filers have been equally successful in reducing their releases of TRI reported on-site chemicals by 83% since 1990
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43
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2142680508
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Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection. 1998 Toxics Use Reduction Information Release. Lowell, MA: A Report Developed in Conjunction with the Office of Technical Assistance for Toxics Use Reduction Institute, and the Executive Office of Environmental Affair. Boston:Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, Spring
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(2000)
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44
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2142784068
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For the first time, electric utilities and mining facilities were included in the Environmental Protection Agency's annual toxic inventory 2000 report, which reviewed seven industrial sectors
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45
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2142775279
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Natural Resources Defense Council. Breathtaking: Premature Mortality Due to Particulate Air Pollution in 239 American Cities. Washington, DC:Natural Resources Defense Council, May
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(1996)
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46
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2142736020
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Particulate Air Pollution in Boston: Human Mortality, Pollution Sources and the Case for Tougher Clean Air Standards
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Washington, DC:Environmental Working Group
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Wiles, R.1
Savitz, J.2
Cohen, B.A.3
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47
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0008822044
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Danger in the Air: Unhealthy Smog Days in 1999
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Washington, DC:Clean Air Network and U.S. Public Interest Research Group Education Fund, January
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(2000)
, pp. 2
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Stanfield, B.1
Farleigh, A.2
Porreco, G.3
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48
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2142669292
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Dirty Power in the Northeast: A Report on the 1998 Emissions of the Northeast's Dirtiest Power Plants
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Boston:Campaign to Clean Up Polluting Power Plants
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(1999)
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Sargent, R.1
Toering, M.2
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49
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2142776524
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Older fossil-fuel power plants built during the 1940s through the 1960s create the vast majority of power plant air pollution. In rewriting the 1970 Clean Air Act, amended in 1977 and 1990, electric industry lobbyists persuaded Congress that older plants would soon be retired and therefore should be exempt from strict, new emission standards. Instead, this loop-hole has allowed owners of older, more polluting plants exempted make bigger profits and stay in operation longer compared with the more expensive, cleaner, and newer power plants
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50
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2142790419
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Data for the first half of 1999 show significant increases in nitrogen oxide and carbon dioxide and slight decreases for sulfur dioxide (with the exception of the Brayton Point and Canal plants, which showed However, it should be noted that the overall reductions in sulfur dioxide recorded during that time frame stemmed from the fact that many units were shut down for repairs or maintenance-and not from improvement in air technologies. Reports show that the Salem Harbor Plant in Salem was in fact shut down for good amount of time due to a fire at the plant, thus resulting in lower emission outputs. Even taking this into account, the dioxide at Salem was still 4 times the emission rate of new coal-fire plants. The average emission rate of sulfur dioxide for all of Massachusetts was 1.04 lb/mmBTU, 3.46 times the 0.3 lb/mmBTU rate for newer, cleaner coal plants
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51
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2142676711
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Pollution Rising: New England Power Plants Emissions Trends 1st Half 1998 vs. 1st Half 1999
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Boston:A Report for the Campaign to Clean Up Polluting Power Plants. Massachusetts Public Interest Research Group
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(1999)
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Toering, M.1
Sargent, R.2
Luppi, C.3
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52
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2142843388
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Although they do not typically produce dangerous air pollution, the state's nuclear power plants continue to pose a threat of accidental radiation releases and are responsible for 99% of the high-level radioactive waste
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53
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0003625145
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Estimated Public Health Impacts of Criteria Pollutant Air Emissions from the Salem Harbor and Brayton Point Power Plants
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Cambridge, MA:Harvard School of Public Health and Sullivant Environmental Consulting, May
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(2000)
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Levy, J.1
Spengler, J.2
Hlinka, D.3
Sullivan, D.4
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54
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2142729726
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"MASSPIRG urges cut in solid waste." MASSPIRG 17 (4):1-3 (Winter)
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(2000)
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55
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2142734764
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The DEP estimate is based on 1991-1994 stack test data. Available [accessed 15 March]
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(2000)
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56
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2142723368
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For additional mercury data, see Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection. Mercury in Massachusetts: An Evaluation of Sources, Emissions, Impacts and Controls. Boston, MA, June 1996. Available [accessed 15 arch
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(2000)
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