Mortality of parents of people with intellectual disabilities

Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 18-27

  Hill Smith, Andrew J ^a   Hollins, Sheila C ^b  

^a Frimely Children's Centre   (United Kingdom)

^b ST GEORGE'S UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0036115236     PISSN: 13602322     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1360-2322.2001.00057.x     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Baker D.B. &McCal K. (1995) Parenting stress in parents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and parents of children with learning disability. Journal of Child and Family Studies 4, 57-68.
2. Baxter C. (1989) Investigating stigma as stress in social interactions of parents. Journal of Mental Deficiency Research 33, 455-466.
3. Beresford B.A. (1994) Resources and strategies: How parents cope with the care of a disabled child. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 35 (1), 171-209.
4. Bland M. (1987) An Introduction to Medical Statistics. Oxford University Press, London.
5. Brubaker T.H., Engelhardt J.L., Brubaker E. &Lutzer V.D. (1989) Gender differences of older caregivers of adults with mental retardation. Journal of Applied Gerontology 8, 183-191.
6. Carers National Association. (1992) Speak Up Speak Out - A Survey of Members. Issue Communications Limited, London.
7. Damrosch S.P. &Perry L.A. (1989) Self-reported adjustment, chronic sorrow, and coping of parents of children with Down Syndrome. Nursing Research 38, 25-29.
8. Dumas J.E., Wolf L.C., Fissman S.N. &Culligan A. (1991) Parenting stress, child behaviour problems and dysphoria in patients of children with autism, Down syndrome, behaviour disorders, and normal development. Exceptionality 2, 97-110.
9. Dyson L. (1993) Response to the presence of a child with disability: Parental stress and family functioning over time. American Journal of Mental Retardation 98 (2), 207-218.
10. Floyd F.J. &Gallagher E.M. (1997) Parental stress, care demands, and use of support services for school-age children with disabilities and behaviour problems. Family Relations: Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Family Studies 46 (4), 359-371.
11. Frey K.S., Greenberg M.T. &Fewell R.R. (1989) Stress and coping among parents of handicapped children: a multidimensional approach. American Journal on Mental Retardation 94, 240-249.
12. Gath A. (1977) The impact of an abnormal child upon the parents. British Journal of Psychiatry 130, 405-410.
13. Gowen J.W., Johnson-Martin N., Davis Goldman B. &Appelbaum M. (1989) Feelings of depression and parenting competence of mothers of handicapped and nonhandicapped infants: a longitudinal study. American Journal on Mental Retardation 94, 259-271.
14. Harris V.S. &McHale S.H. (1989) Family life problems, daily caregiving activities and the psychological well-being of mothers of mentally retarded children. American Journal on Mental Retardation 94, 231-239.
15. Hatton C., Azmi S., Caine A. &Emerson E. (1998) Informal carers of adolescents and adults with learning difficulties from the South Asian communities: Family circumstances, service support and carer stress. British Journal of Social Work 28 (6), 821-837.
16. Hirst M. (1985) Young adults with disabilities: health, employment and financial costs for family carers. Child: Care Health and Development 11, 291-307.
17. Hollins S.C. (1985) Families and Handicap. In: Mental Handicap - A Multidisciplinary Approach. (eds M. Craft, D.J. Bicknell &S.C. Hollins). pp. 140-146. Bailliere-Tindall, London.
18. Holmes N. &Carr J. (1991) The pattern of care in families of adults with a mental handicap: a comparison between families of autistic adults and Down syndrome adults. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 21, 159-176.
19. Hoppes K. &Harris S.L. (1990) Perceptions of child attachment and maternal gratification in mothers of children with autism and Down Syndrome. Special issue: the stresses of parenting. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 19, 365-370.
20. Kiely M. (1987) The prevalence of Mental Retardation. Epidemiological Reviews 9, 194-218.
21. Kling K.C., Seltzer M.M. &Ryff C.D. (1997) Distinctive late-life challenges: implications for coping and well-being. Psychology and Aging 12 (2), 288-295.
22. Krauss M.W. (1993) Child-rearing and parenting stress: similarities and differences between mothers and fathers of children with disabilities. American Journal on Mental Retardation 97, 393-404.
23. Lichtensiein P., Gatz M. &Berg S. (1998) A twin study of mortality after spousal bereavement. Psychological Medicine 28 (3), 635-643.
24. McGrother C.W., Hauck A., Bhaumik S. &Thorp C. (1996) Community care for adults with learning disability and their carers: Needs and outcomes from the Leicestershire register. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 40 (2), 183-190.
25. Morris J.A. &Gardner M.J. (1989) Calculating confidence intervals for relative risks, odds ratios, and standardised ratios and rates. In: Statistics with Confidence - Confidence Intervals and Statistical Guidelines (eds M.J. Gardner &D.G. Altman), 1st edn. BMJ Publishing Group, London.
26. Murdoch J.C. &Ogston S.A. (1984) Down's Syndrome children and parental psychological upset. Journal of Royal College of General Practitioners 34, 87-90.
27. Office of National Statistics (1992) 1991 Census Great Britain summary and review monitor. Local Authorities. HMSO, London.
28. Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (1990) Series DH2 no. 17. Mortality Statistics - Cause. HMSO, London.
29. Office of Population Censuses and Surveys. (1991) Standard Occupational Classification, Vol. 3. Social Classifications and Coding Methodology. HMSO, London.
30. Romans-Clarkson S.E., Clarkson J.E., Dittmer I.D., Flett R., Linsell C., Mullen P.E. &Mullen B. (1986) Impact of a handicapped child on mental health of parents. British Medical Journal Clinical Research 293, 1395-1397.
31. Sanders J.L. &Morgan S.B. (1997) Family stress and adjustment as perceived by parents of children with autism or Down Syndrome: Implications for intervention. Child and Family Behavior Therapy 19 (4), 15-52.
32. Seltzer MM. &Krauss M.W. (1989) Ageing parents with adult mentally retarded children: Family risk factors and sources of support. American Journal on Mental Retardation 94, 303-312.
33. Sloper P., Knussen C., Turner S. &Cunningham C.C. (1991) Factors related to stress and satisfaction with life in families of children with Down's syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 32 (4), 655-676.
34. Taanila A., Kokkonen J. &Jaervelin M. (1996) The long-term effects of children's early-onset disability on marital relationships. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 38 (7), 567-577.
35. Tizard J. &Grad J.C. (1961) The health of the mothers and of other members of the families. In: The Mentally Handicapped and Their Families - A Social Survey (eds J. Tizard &J.C. Grad), pp. 72-77. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
36. World Health Organisation (1977) International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision. World Health Organisation, Geneva.