Gynecomastia: A review

Endocrinologist

Volumn 12, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 321-332

  Hershkovitz, Eli ^a   Leiberman, Esther ^a  

^a BEN GURION UNIVERSITY OF THE NEGEV   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; ALKYLATING AGENT; ANABOLIC AGENT; ANASTROZOLE; ANDROGEN; ANDROSTANOLONE; ANTIANDROGEN; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; AROMATASE INHIBITOR; CANNABIS; CARDIOVASCULAR AGENT; CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN; CIMETIDINE; CLOMIFENE; CYPROTERONE; DANAZOL; DIURETIC AGENT; ESTROGEN; EXEMESTANE; FADROZOLE; FINASTERIDE; FLUTAMIDE; GONADORELIN; GROWTH HORMONE; LETROZOLE; TAMOXIFEN; TESTOLACTONE; ZANOTERONE;

ADRENAL CORTEX TUMOR; ANORCHIA; BREAST REDUCTION; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INDUCED DISEASE; ENDOCRINE SYSTEM EXAMINATION; ENDOSCOPIC SURGERY; FAMILIAL DISEASE; GERM CELL TUMOR; GYNECOMASTIA; HERMAPHRODITISM; HUMAN; HYPERTHYROIDISM; HYPOPHYSIS DISEASE; HYPOTHALAMUS DISEASE; KIDNEY FAILURE; KLINEFELTER SYNDROME; LEYDIG CELL TUMOR; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; ORCHITIS; PATHOGENESIS; PREVALENCE; REFEEDING; REVIEW; SERTOLI CELL TUMOR; SPINAL CORD INJURY; TESTIS ATROPHY;

EID: 0036065898     PISSN: 10512144     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00019616-200207000-00010     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. Gynecomastia in adolescent boys
2. Gynecomastia as a physical finding in normal men
3. Gynecomastia in a hospitalized male population
4. A study of the histopathology of human gynecomastia
5. Gynecomastia: Clinicopathologic study of 351 cases
6. Gynecomasty: Histological aspects in a surgical material
7. Breast development in the newborn
8. Hormonal studies and physical maturation in adolescent gynecomastia
9. Sexual maturation in Turkish boys
10. Secondary sex characteristics of boys 12 to 17 years of age: The U.S. Health Examination Survey
11. Adolescent gynecomastia differential diagnosis and management
12. Incidence of gynaecomastia in 954 young males and its relationship to somatometric parameters
13. Evaluation of boys with marked breast development at puberty
14. Gynecomastia: Its incidence, recognition and host characterization in 447 autopsy cases
15. An autopsy study of the adult human breast
16. Gynecomastia: The hypertrophy of the male breast
17. Some recent advances in virilizing and feminizing syndromes and hirsutism
18. Origin of estrogen in normal men and in women with testicular feminization
19. Estrogen: Consequences and implications of human mutations in synthesis and action
20. Aromatase cytochrome P450, the enzyme responsible for estrogen biosynthesis
21. Human aromatase: cDNA cloning, Southern blot analysis, and assignment of the gene to chromosome 15
22. Structural and functional characterization of human aromatase P-450 gene
23. Aromatase expression in health and disease
24. Tissue-specific expression of the human aromatase cytochrome P-450 gene by alternative use of multiple exons 1 and promoters, and switching of tissue-specific exons 1 in carcinogenesis
25. Gynecomastia. Immunohistochemical demonstration of estrogen receptors
26. The relationship of concentrations of serum hormones to pubertal gynecomastia
27. Hormonal changes during puberty: V. Transient pubertal gynecomastia: Abnormal androgen-estrogen ratios
28. Increased aromatase activity in pubic skin fibroblasts from patients with isolated gynecomastia
29. Age, disease, and changing sex hormone levels in middle-aged men: Results of the Massachusetts male aging study
30. Aging, total body potassium, fat-free mass, and cell mass in males and females between ages 18 and 85 years
31. Effects of aging and obesity on aromatase activity of human adipose cells
32. Diethylstilbestrol therapy: Gynecomastia
33. Prepubertal gynecomastia associated with estrogen-containing hair cream
34. Gynecomastia from exposure to vaginal estrogen cream
35. Gynaecomastia among children in Bahrain
36. The mortician's mystery. Gynecomastia and reversible hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in an embalmer
37. Aromatase and gynecomastia
38. Feminizing interstitial cell tumor of the testis: Personal observations and a review of the literature
39. Leydig cell tumors of the testis: A clinicopathological analysis of 40 cases and review of the literature
40. Sex steroid control of gonadotropin secretion in the human male. II. Effects of estradiol administration in normal and gonadotropin-releasing hormone-deficient men
41. Direct inhibition of Leydig cell function by estradiol
42. Testicular steroid biosynthesis in a boy with a large cell calcifying Sertoli cell tumor producing prepubertal gynecomastia
43. An aromatase-producing sex-cord tumor resulting in prepubertal gynecomastia
44. Feminizing and non-feminizing Sertoli cell tumors
45. Endocrine studies in a male patient with choriocarcinoma and gynecomastia
46. Feminization as a result of both peripheral conversion of androgens and direct estrogen production from an adrenocortical carcinoma
47. Estrogen secreting adrenal adenocarcinoma in an 18-month-old boy: Aromatase activity protein expression, mRNA and utilization of gonadal type promoter
48. Adrenal cortical carcinoma: Clinical features of 138 patients
49. Clinical features of adrenocortical carcinoma, prognostic factors, and the effect of mitotane therapy
50. Gynecomastia with congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia (11-beta-hydroxylase deficiency)
51. "Masked" 21-hydroxylase deficiency of the adrenal presenting with gynecomastia and bilateral testicular masses
52. Partial 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency presenting as new-onset gynecomastia in a eugonadal adult male
53. Mineralocorticoids in the mechanism of gynecomastia in adrenal hyperplasia caused by 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency
54. Male hypogonadism with gynecomastia caused by late-onset deficiency of testicular 17-ketosteroid reductase
55. Production and origin of estrogen in two true hermaphrodites
56. Obesity, androgens, estrogens, and cancer risk
57. Extraglandular estrogen formation in subjects with cirrhosis
58. Conversion of androgens to estrogens in cirrhosis of the liver
59. Pituitary-testicular function in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver
60. Molecular basis of severe gynecomastia associated with aromatase expression in a fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma
61. Bilateral gynaecomastia as the primary complaint in hyperthyroidism
62. The conversion of androgens to estrogens in hyperthyroidism
63. Hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis and seminal parameters in hyperthyroid males
64. The aromatase excess syndrome is associated with feminization of both sexes and autosomal dominant transmission of aberrant P450 aromatase gene transcription
65. Endocrine disorders associated with inappropriately high aromatase expression
66. Overexpression of aromatase in transgenic male mice results in the induction of gynecomastia and other biochemical changes in mammary glands
67. Familial gynecomastia with increased extraglandular aromatization of plasma carbon19-steroids
68. Familial adrenal feminization probably due to increased steroid aromatization
69. Secretion of unconjugated androgens and estrogens by the normal and abnormal human testis before and after human chorionic gonadotropin
70. Bilateral anorchia with persistent testosterone production
71. Embryonic testicular regression: A clinical spectrum of XY agonadal individuals
72. Pituitary-gonadal function in Klinefelter syndrome before and during puberty
73. Androgen and estrogen production in elderly men with gynecomastia and testicular atrophy after mumps orchitis
74. Association of elevated estradiol with remote testicular trauma in young infertile men
75. Gynaecomastia in leprosy in three districts of Tamil Nadu
76. Hormonal changes associated with testicular atrophy and gynaecomastia in patients with leprosy
77. Gynecomastia following spinal cord disorder
78. The pituitary-gonadal axis in spinal cord injury
79. Abnormal androgen receptor binding affinity in subjects with Kennedy's disease (spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy)
80. Plasma estrogens, androgens, and von Willebrand factor in men on chronic hemodialysis
81. The pituitary-testicular axis in men with chronic renal failure
82. Isolated gonadotropin deficiency in boys: Clinical characteristics and growth
83. HIV disease and the endocrine system
84. Drug-induced gynecomastia
85. Gynecomastia: Pathomechanisms and treatment strategies
86. Risk of gynaecomastia associated with cimetidine, omeprazole, and other antiulcer drugs
87. Ketoconazole-induced increase in estradiol-testosterone ratio. Probable explanation for gynecomastia
88. Interaction of digitalis and spironolactone with human sex steroid receptors
89. Prepubertal gynecomastia during growth hormone therapy
90. Gynecomastia in men following antineoplastic therapy
91. Incidence of gynecomastia in men infected with HIV and treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy
92. Gynecomastia
93. Occult Leydig cell tumor in a patient with gynecomastia
94. Prepubertal gynecomastia: Indirect exposure to estrogen cream
95. Feminizing Sertoli cell tumors associated with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: An increasingly recognized cause of prepubertal gynecomastia
96. Breast US in children and adolescents
97. Unilateral male breast masses: Cancer risk and their evaluation and management
98. Spectrum of US findings in pediatric and adolescent patients with palpable breast masses
99. The diagnostic accuracy of mammography in the evaluation of male breast disease
100. Clinical presentation of hyperprolactinemia
101. Gynecomastia: When is action required?
102. Cost-effective management of gynecomastia
103. Klinefelter's syndrome
104. Malignant Leydig cell tumor of the testis associated with Klinefelter's syndrome
105. Preserved male fertility despite decreased Androgen sensitivity caused by a mutation in the ligand-binding domain of the androgen receptor-gene
106. Tamoxifen therapy for painful idiopathic gynecomastia
107. Treatment of gynecomastia with tamoxifen: A double-blind crossover study
108. Clomiphene in the treatment of adolescent gynecomastia: Clinical and endocrine studies
109. Clomiphene in the treatment of pubertal-adolescent gynecomastia. A preliminary report
110. Studies on the treatment of idiopathic gynecomastia with percutaneous dihydrotestosterone
111. A comparison of danazol and placebo in the treatment of adult idiopathic gynecomastia: Results of a prospective study in 55 patients
112. Comparison of tamoxifen with danazol in the management of idiopathic gynecomastia
113. Aromatase inhibitors past present and future
114. Treatment of pubertal gynecomastia with testolactone
115. Aromatase excess in gynecomastia and endometriosis: Mechanisms and treatment. Abstracts of Aromatase and its inhibitors
116. A study of the effects of radiation on presentation of gynecomastia due to estrogen therapy
117. Gynecomastia associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy
118. Diagnosis and management of male breast enlargement in patients with HIV/AIDS
119. Gynecomastia and the complete circumareolar approach in the surgical management of skin redundancy
120. Unilateral male breast masses: Cancer risk and their evaluation and management
121. Risk factors for male breast cancer (United States)
122. A case of Idiopathic gynecomastia treated by endoscopic reduction mammoplasty