On Heboidophrenia

History of Psychiatry

Volumn 13, Issue 50, 2002, Pages 197-201

  Kahlbaum, K ^a   Berrios, G E ^a   Kraam, A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR; CATATONIA; CHILD PSYCHIATRY; CLINICAL FEATURE; DISEASE COURSE; HEBEPHRENIA; HISTORY OF MEDICINE; HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; MORALITY; REVIEW;

EID: 0036059467     PISSN: 0957154X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0957154X0201305005     Document Type: Article

References (24)

1. Hecker, E. (1899). Nekrolog über Kahlbaum. Psychiatrische Wochenschrift, No. 14, 125-8.
2. Hecker left in 1876 to take up the directorship of an asylum in Plagwitz. After clashing with the staff on account of his anti-restraint philosophy, he set up his own clinic near a spa (see Karl Wilmann (1921-24) Ewald Hecker. In T. Kirchhoff (ed.), Deutsche Irrenärtze, Vol. 2 (Berlin: Springer), 208-17).
3. Kahlbaum, K. (1863). Die Gruppirung der psychischen Krankheiten und die Eintheilung der Seelenstörungen (Danzig: A.W. Kafemann); see Berrios, G. E. (1996). The Classification of Mental Disorders: Part III. K. L. Kahlbaum; translation with an Introduction. History of Psychiatry, 7, 167-82.
4. Karl Matthias Friedrich Magnus Kraepelin (1848-1915), Emil's elder brother, was the foremost expert on mollusc and scorpion taxonomy in nineteenth-century Germany. Between 1889 and 1914 he was director of the Museum of Natural History at Hamburg. In awe of his brother, Emil accompanied him on many of his field trips all over the world.
5. Berrios, G. E. and Hauser, R. (1988). The early development of Kraepelin's ideas on classification : a conceptual history. Psychological Medicine, 18, 813-21.
6. Kahlbaum, K. (1874). Die Katatonie oder das Spannungsirresein. Eine klinische Form psychischer Krankheit (Berlin: August Hirschwald); translation by Y. Levij and T. Pridon (1973) Catatonia (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press).
7. Kahlbaum based his book on the report of twenty-six cases, of which case 15 is very incomplete; case 16 was a 44-year-old woman with tuberculosis who died soon after, case 17 a man with peritonitis and terminal delirium, case 18 another 26-year-old consumptive, and cases 22 to 25 died of General Paralysis of the Insane. For a statistical analysis of these cases and a general history of catatonia, see Berrios, G. E. (1986). The History of Mental Symptoms (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
8. Kraepelin, E. (1920). Die Erscheinungsformen des Irreseins. Zeitschrift für die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie, 62, 1-29; full translation by Dominic Beer (1992). The manifestations of insanity. History of Psychiatry, 3, 499-529.
9. Hecker, E. (1871). Die Hebephrenie. Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für klinische Medizin, 52, 394-429. There is an abridged translation in American Journal of Psychiatry, 142 (1985), 1265-71; Kraam and Berrios are completing a full translation of this seminal paper.
10. Robertson, P. (1974). Home as a nest: middle class childhood in 19th century Europe. In L. De Mause (ed.), The History of Childhood (New York: The Psychohistory Press), 407-31.
11. Chéreau, A. (1875). Climatériques ou climactériques (années). In A. Dechambre and Lereboullet (eds), Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Sciences Médicales, Vol 18 (Paris: Masson), 122-5.
12. Berrios, G. E. (1986). Presbyophrenia: the rise and fall of a concept. Psychological Medicine, 16, 267-75.
13. Kahlbaum (1889/1890), 462 (for full reference, see footnote on p. 201).
14. This trend has continued to our day and most historians of schizophrenia do not seem to be aware of the extent of Kahlbaum's contribution; see Pethö, B. (1972) Hundert Jahre Hebephrenie. Psychiatrie, Neurologie und Medizinische Psychologie, 24, 305-17.
15. Duché, D.-J. (1990). Histoire de la psychiatrie de l'enfant (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France).
16. See, for example, discussion by Gross, H. (1911). Criminal Psychology (London: Heinemann), 364-72.
17. Daraszkiewicz, L. (1892). Über Hebephrenie, insbesondere deren schewere Form (Dorpat: H. Laakmann).
18. Diem, O. (1903). Die Einfach demente Form der Dementia praecox. Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 37, 111-87.
19. Kant, O. (1848). Clinical investigation of simple schizophrenia. Psychiatric Quarterly, 32, 141-51.
20. Hoch, P. and Polatin, P. (1949). Pseudoneurotic forms of schizophrenia. Psychiatric Quarterly, 33,248-76.
21. Kahlbaum differentiated it from ‘moral insanity’. On the historical errors affecting this notion, see Berrios, G. E. (1999). J. C. Prichard and the concept of ‘moral insanity’. History of Psychiatry, 10, 111-26.
22. Indeed, it is still being discussed now, although writers refrain from stating cause-effect relationships (e.g., Kroll, L., Rothwell, J., Bradley, D., Shah, N., Bailey, S. and Harrington, R. C. (2002). Mental health needs in boys in secure care for serious or persistent offending: a prospective, longitudinal study. Lancet, 359, 1975-9.
23. In his Goulstonian Lectures to the Royal College of Physicians, Still described the same ‘defective morality’, aggression, defiance, lawlessness, overactivity, dishonesty and attentional impairment of the putative disorder. (Still, George Frederic (1902). Some abnormal physical conditions in children. Lancet, 1, 1008-12, 1077-82, 1163-8).
24. See ‘disturbances resembling psychopathia (juvenile pseudo-psychopathia)’ in Von Economo, C. (1931). Encephalitis Lethargica. Its sequelae and treatment (London: Oxford University Press), 128-32.