The Metaphoric Circuit: Organic and Technological Communication in the Nineteenth Century

Journal of the History of Ideas

Volumn 63, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 105-127

  Otis, Laura ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; HISTORY; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; LITERATURE; NERVOUS SYSTEM; TECHNOLOGY; TELECOMMUNICATION;

COMMUNICATION; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; METAPHOR; NERVOUS SYSTEM; TECHNOLOGY; TELECOMMUNICATIONS;

EID: 0036044311     PISSN: 00225037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3654260     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. Emil DuBois-Reymond, "Ueber thierische Bewegung," Reden (2 vols.; Leipzig, 1887), II, 51.
2. Claude Bernard, Leçons sur la physiologie et la pathologie du système nerveux (2 vols.; Paris, 1858), I, 3.
3. George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, Metaphors We Live By (Chicago, 1980), 220.
4. Ibid., 145.
5. Timothy Lenoir, "Helmholtz and the Materialities of Communication," Osiris, 9 (1994), 185-88.
6. Marcello Pera, The Ambiguous Frog: The Galvani-Volta Controversy on Animal Electricity, tr. Jonathan Mandelbaum (Princeton, 1992), 53-63.
7. Ibid., 64.
8. Ibid., xxiii-xxiv.
9. Luigi Galvani, Commentary on the Effect of Electricity on Muscular Motion [1791], tr. Robert Montravillle Green (Cambridge, Mass., 1953), 36.
10. Ibid., 33, 64.
11. Ibid., 61.
12. Ibid., 52.
13. Emil DuBois-Reymond, On Animal Electricity: Being an Abstract of the Discoveries of Emil DuBois-Reymond, tr. Henry Bence Jones (London, 1852), 10.
14. Pera, The Ambiguous Frog, xxii, xxv.
15. Ibid., 60-63.
16. Ibid., 158, original emphasis.
17. Joost Mertens, "Shocks and Sparks: The Voltaic Pile as a Demonstration Device," Isis, 89 (1998), 307.
18. Mertens, "Shocks and Sparks," 311.
19. Mary A. B. Brazier, Neurophysiology in the Nineteenth Century (New York, 1988), 12; DuBois-Reymond, Animal Electricity, 16-17.
20. Mary A. B. Brazier, Neurophysiology in the Nineteenth Century (New York, 1988), 12; DuBois-Reymond, Animal Electricity, 16-17.
21. Giulio C. Pupilli, "Introduction," Luigi Galvani, Commentary on the Effect of Electricity on Muscular Motion, xi.
22. Brazier, Neurophysiology in the Nineteenth Century, 31.
23. 2), I, 689.
24. Geoffrey Cantor, David Gooding, and Frank A. J. L. James, Faraday (London, 1991), 65; Charles Coulston Gillispie, The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas (Princeton, 1960), 441-42.
25. Geoffrey Cantor, David Gooding, and Frank A. J. L. James, Faraday (London, 1991), 65; Charles Coulston Gillispie, The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas (Princeton, 1960), 441-42.
26. Tom Standage, The Victorian Internet: The Remarkable Story of the Telegraph and the Nineteenth Century's Online Pioneers (New York, 1988), 23-24.
27. Timothy Lenoir, "Models and Instruments in the Development of Electrophysiology, 1845-1912," Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences, 17 (1986), 4-7.
28. DuBois-Reymond, Animal Electricity, 185-86; Lenoir, "Models and Instruments," 12.
29. DuBois-Reymond, Animal Electricity, 185-86; Lenoir, "Models and Instruments," 12.
30. Cantor Gooding, and James, Faraday, 59, 66.
31. Michael Faraday, Experimental Researches in Electricity [1839-55] (2 vols.; New York, 1965), I, 102.
32. DuBois-Reymond, Animal Electricity, 210.
33. Lenoir, "Models and Instruments," 15.
34. Emil DuBois-Reymond, "On the Time Required for the Transmission of Volition and Sensation through the Nerves," Croonian Lectures on Matter and Force, ed. Henry Bence Jones (London, 1868), 97.
35. Ibid., 99.
36. DuBois-Reymond, "Ueber thierische Bewegung," II, 50-51.
37. Hermann Helmholtz, Science and Culture: Popular and Philosophical Essays (Chicago, 1995), 387.
38. Ibid., 131.
39. DuBois-Reymond, "On the Time Required," 102-3; Lenoir, "Helmholtz and the Materialities of Communication," 185-88.
40. DuBois-Reymond, "On the Time Required," 102-3; Lenoir, "Helmholtz and the Materialities of Communication," 185-88.
41. Lenoir, "Helmholtz and the Materialities of Communication," 185.
42. Kathryn M. Olesko and Frederic L. Holmes, "Experiment, Quantification, and Discovery: Helmholtz's Early Physiological Researches, 1843-50," Hermann von Helmholtz and the Foundations of Nineteenth-Century Science, ed. David Cahan (Berkeley, 1993), 66-67; 84-85.
43. DuBois-Reymond, "On the Time Required," 102.
44. Olesko and Holmes, "Experiment, Quantification, and Discovery," 87.
45. Ibid., 88.
46. Hermann Helmholtz, "Vorläufiger Bericht über die Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit der Nervenreizung," Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie, und wissenschaftliche Medizin, 17 (1850), 71. My translation.
47. Hermann Helmholtz, "Note sur la vitesse de propagation de l'agent nerveux dans les nerfs rachidiens," Comptes rendus de L'Académie des Sciences, 30 (1850), 204.
48. Olesko and Holmes, "Experiment, Quantification, and Discovery," 91-92.
49. Helmholtz, "Note sur la vitesse," 263.
50. DuBois-Reymond, "On the Time Required," 99.
51. Helmholtz, Science and Culture, 150.
52. Samuel F. B. Morse, Samuel F. B. Morse: His Letters and Journals, ed. Edward Lind Morse (2 vols.; Boston, 1914), II, 85.
53. Ibid., II: 5.
54. Ibid., II: 6.
55. Ibid., I: 419; II: 365.
56. Ibid., I: 419; II: 365.
57. Robert Sabine, The Electric Telegraph (London, 1867), 40.
58. Latimer Clark, "Memoir of Sir William Fothergill Cooke," Extracts from the Private Letters of the Late Sir William Fothergill Cooke, 1836-39, Relating to the Invention and Development of the Electric Telegraph, ed. F. H. Webb (London, 1895), 62.
59. Standage, The Victorian Internet, 30-31.
60. William Cooke, Extracts from the Private Letters of the Late Sir William Fothergill Cooke, 1836-39, 5, 12.
61. Standage, The Victorian Internet, 42-47.
62. Morse, Letters and Journals, II, 193-95.
63. Standage, The Victorian Internet, 48-55.
64. Morse, Letters and Journals, I, 335.
65. Standage, The Victorian Internet, 170.
66. Edwin N. Asmann, The Telegraph and the Telephone: Their Development and Role in the Economic History of the United States: The First Century 1844-1944 (Lake Forest, Ill., 1980), 16.
67. Ibid., 11.
68. Standage, The Victorian Internet, 91.
69. Ibid., 104, 170.
70. Asmann, The Telegraph and the Telephone, 312.
71. Morse, Letters and Journals, II, 92.
72. Morse, Letters and Journals, II. 7; Hans Günther Dosch, "The Concept of Sign and Symbol in the Work of Hermann Heimholtz and Heinrich Hertz," Etudes des lettres, 1-2 (1997), 47- 61.
73. Morse, Letters and Journals, II. 7; Hans Günther Dosch, "The Concept of Sign and Symbol in the Work of Hermann Heimholtz and Heinrich Hertz," Etudes des lettres, 1-2 (1997), 47-61.
74. Helmholtz, Science and Culture, 66.
75. Ibid., 152.
76. Ibid., 347.
77. Ibid., 166.
78. Ibid., 150.
79. Ibid., 161; Brazier, Neurophysiology in the Nineteenth Century, 7.
80. Ibid., 161; Brazier, Neurophysiology in the Nineteenth Century, 7.
81. Helmholtz, Science and Culture, 201.
82. Ibid., 354-55.
83. Ibid., 201.
84. Timothy Lenoir, "The Eye as Mathematician: Clinical Practice, Instrumentation, and Helmholtz's Construction of an Empiricist Theory of Vision," Hermann von Helmholtz and the Foundations of Nineteenth-Century Science, ed. David Cahan (Berkeley, 1993), 117-22.
85. Friedrich A. Kittler, Discourse Networks 1800/1900, tr. Michael Metteer (Stanford, 1990) 187.
86. Karl Schlechta and Anni Anders, Friedrich Nietzsche: Von den verborgenen Anfängen seines Philosophierens (Stuttgart, 1962), 67-68; 123-25.
87. S. P. Fullinwider, "Hermann von Helmholtz: The Problem of Kantian Influence," Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 21 (1990), 50, 47.
88. Schlechta and Anders, "Friedrich Nietzsche," 108.
89. Timothy Lenoir, Inscribing Science: Scientific Texts and the Materiality of Communication (Stanford, 1998), 1.