Biology and disease associations of Epstein-Barr virus

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Volumn 356, Issue 1408, 2001, Pages 461-473

  Crawford, Dorothy H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Epstein Barr virus; Epstein Barr virus associated diseases; Persistence; Primary infection

Indexed keywords

ANTIBODY PRODUCTION; B LYMPHOCYTE; CELL PROLIFERATION; CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE; EPITHELIUM CELL; EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS; LIFE CYCLE; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; VIRUS INFECTION; VIRUS INFECTIVITY;

ANIMALIA; DNA VIRUSES; HERPESVIRIDAE; HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 4;

EID: 0035967425     PISSN: 09628436     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2000.0783     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. Anagnostopoulos, I., Hummel, M., Kreschel, C. & Stein, H. 1995 Morphology, immunophenotype, and distribution of latently and/or productively Epstein-Barr virus-infected cells in acute infectious mononucleosis, implications for the interindividual infection route of Epstein-Barr virus. Blood. 85, 744-750.
2. Ansell, J. D. & Bancroft, G. J. 1989 The biology of the SCID mutation. Immunol. Today 10, 322-325.
3. Armitage, J. M., Kormos, R. L., Stuart, R. S., Fricker, F. J., Griffith, B. P., Nalesnik, M., Hardesty, R. L. & Dummer, J. S. 1991 Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease in thoracic organ transplant patients, ten years of cyclosporine-based immunosuppression. J. Heart Lung Transpl. 10, 877-887.
4. Armstrong, R. W., Imrey, P. B., Lye, M. S., Armstrong, M. J., Yu, M. C. & Sani, S. 1998 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Malaysian Chinese, salted fish and other dietary exposures. Int. J. Cancer 77, 228-235.
5. Babcock, G. J., Decker, L. L., Freeman, R. B., Thorley-Lawson, D. A. 1999 Epstein-Barr virus-infected resting memory B cells, not proliferating lymphoblasts, accumulate in the peripheral blood of immunosupressed patients. J. Exp. Med. 190, 567-576.
6. Brooks L., Yao, Q. Y., Rickinson, A. B. & Young, L. S. 1992 Epstein-Barr virus latent gene transcription in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells, coexpression of EBNA1, LMP-1, and LMP-2 transcripts. J. Virol. 66, 2689-2697.
7. Burkitt, D. 1958 A sarcoma involving the jaws in African children. Brit. J. Surg. 46, 218-223.
8. Burkitt, D. P. 1969 Etiology of Burkitt's lymphoma - an alternative hypothesis to a vectored virus. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 42, 19-28.
9. + T cells in acute infectious mononucleosis, Nature Med. 2, 906-911.
10. + T cells during the primary immune response to Epstein-Barr virus in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 187, 1395-1402.
11. Cen, H., Williams, P. A., McWilliams, H. P., Breinig, M. C., Ho, M. & McKnight, J. L. 1993 Evidence for restricted Epstein-Barr virus latent gene expression and anti-EBNA antibody response in solid organ transplant recipients with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Blood 81, 1393-1403.
12. Chen, F., Zou, J. Z., Di Renzo, L., Winberg, G., Hu, L. F., Klein, E., Klein, G. & Ernberg, I. 1995 A subpopulation of normal B cells latently infected with Epstein-Barr virus resembles Burkitt lymphoma cells in expressing EBNA-1 but not EBNA-2 or LMP1. J. Virol. 69, 3752-3758.
13. Chen, H., Smith, P., Ambinder, R. F. & Hayward, S. D. 1999 Expression of Epstein-Barr virus BamHI-A rightward transcripts in latently infected B cells from peripheral blood. Blood 93, 3026-3032.
14. Coffey, A. J. (and 24 others) 1998 Host response to EBV infection in X-linked lymphoproliferative disease results from mutations in an SH2-domain encoding gene. Nature Genet. 20, 129-135.
15. Cook, R. C., Connors, J. M., Gascoyne, R. D., Fradet, G., & Levy, R. D. 1999 Treatment of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease with rituximab monoclonal antibody after lung transplantation. Lancet 354, 1698-1699.
16. Crawford, D. H. & Ando, I. 1986 EB virus induction is associated with B-cell maturation. Immunology 59, 405-409.
17. Crawford, D. H., Thomas, J. A., Janossy, G., Sweny P., Fernando, O. N. Moorhead, J. F. & Thompson, J. H. 1980 Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen positive lymphoma after cyclosporin. A treatment in patient with renal allograft. Lancet i, 1355-1356.
18. Dawson, C. W., Rickinson, A. B. & Young, L. S. 1990 EpsteinBarr virus latent membrane protein inhibits human epithelial cell differentiation. Nature 344, 777-780.
19. Delecluse, H. J., Bartnizke, S., Hammerschmidt, W., Bullerdiek, J. & Bornkamm, G. W. 1993 Episomal and integrated copies of Epstein-Barr virus coexist in Burkitt lymphoma cell lines. J. Virol. 67, 1292-1299.
20. Epstein, M. A., Aschong, B. G. & Barr, Y. M. 1964 Virus particles in cultured lymphoblasts from Burkitt's lymphoma. Lancet i, 702-703.
21. Farrell, P. J., Allan, G. J., Shanahan, F., Vousden, K. H. & Crook, T. 1991 p53 is frequently mutated in Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines. EMBO J. 10, 2879-2887.
22. Faulkner, G. C., Burrowa, S. R., Channa, R., Moss, D.J., Bird, A. G. & Crawford, D. H. 1999 B lymphocytes are the target cell for primary infection with Epstein-Barr virus. J. Virol. 73, 1555-1564.
23. Faulkner, G. C., Krajewski, A. S. & Crawford, D. H. 2000 The ins and outs of EBV infection. Trends Microbiol. 8, 185-189.
24. Fingeroth, J. D., Clabby, M. L. & Strominger, J. D. 1988 Characterization of a T-lymphocyte Epstein-Barr virus/C3d receptor (CD21). J. Virol. 62, 1442-1447.
25. Fischer, A., Blanche, S., Le Bidois, J., Bordigoni, P., Garnier, J. L., Niaudet, P., Morinet, F., Le Deist, F., Fischer, A. M. & Griscelli, C. 1991 Anti-B-cell monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of severe B-cell lymphoproliferative syndrome following bone marrow and organ transplantation. New Engl. J. Med. 324, 1451-1456.
26. Foss, H. D., Herbst, H., Hummel, M., Araujo, I., Latza, U., Rancso, C., Dallenbach, F. & Stein, H. 1994 Patterns of cytokine gene expression in infectious mononucleosis. Blood. 83, 707-712.
27. Greenspan, J. S., Greenspan, D., Lennette, E. T., Abrams, D. I., Conant, M. A., Petersen, V., & Freese, U. K. 1985 Replication of Epstein-Barr virus within the epithelial cells of oral 'hairy' leukoplakia, an AIDS-associated lesion. New Engl. J. Med. 313, 1564-1571.
28. Greenwood, B. M. & Vick, R. M. 1975 Evidence for a malaria mitogen in human malaria. Nature 257, 592-594.
29. Gutensohn, N. & Cole, P. 1980 Epidemiology of Hodgkin's disease. Semin. Oncol. 7, 92-102.
30. Haque, T., Thomas, J. A., Falk, K., I. Parratt, R., Hunt, B. J., Yacoub, M. & Crawford, D. H. 1996 Transmission of donor Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in transplanted organs causes lymphoproliferative disease in EBV-seronegative recipients. J. Gen.Virol. 77, 1169-1172.
31. Haque, T., Thomas, J. A., Parratt, R., Hunt, B. J., Yacoub, M. H. & Crawford, D. H. 1997 A prospective study in heart and lung transplant recipients correlating persistent Epstein-Barr virus infection with clinical events. Transplantation. 64, 1028-1034.
32. Herbst, H. & Niedobitek, G. 1994 Epstein-Barr virus in Hodgkin's disease. EBV Report 1, 31-35.
33. Hopwood, P. & Crawford, D. H. 2000 The role of EBV in post-transplant malignancies, a review. J. Clin. Pathd. 53, 248-254.
34. Howie, D., Sayos, J., Terhorst, C. & Morra, M. 2000 The gene defective in X-linked lymphoproliferative disease controls T-cell dependent immune surveillance against Epstein-Barr virus. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 12, 474-478.
35. Hunt, B. J., Thomas, J. A., Burke, M., Walker, H., Yacoub, M. & Crawford, D. H. 1996 Epstein-Barr virus associated Burkitt lymphoma in a heart transplant recipient. Transplantation 62, 869-872.
36. Imai, S., Koizumi, S., Sugiura, M., Tokunaga, M., Uemura, Y., Yamamoto, N., Tanaka, S., Sato, E. & Osato, T. 1994 Gastric carcinoma, monoclonal epithelial malignant cells expressing Epstein-Barr virus latent infection protein. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91, 9131-9135.
37. Israele, V., Shirley, P. & Sixbey, J. W. 1991 Excretion of the Epstein-Barr virus from the genital tract of men. J. Infect. Dis. 163, 1341-1343.
38. Johannessen, I., Ashgar, M & Crawford, D. H. 2000 Essential role for T cells in human B-cell lymphoproliferative disease development in severe combined immunodeficient mice. Brit. J. Haematol. 109, 600-610.
39. Jones, J. F., Shurin, S., Abramowsky, C., Tubbs, R. R., Sciotto, C. G., Wahl, R., Sands, J., Gottman, D., Katz, B. Z. & Sklar, J. 1988 T-cell lymphomas containing Epstein-Barr viral DNA in patients with chronic Epstein-Barr virus infections. New Engl. J. Med. 318, 733-741.
40. Karajannis, M. A., Hummel, M., Anagnostopoulos, I. & Stein, H. 1997 Strict lymphotropism of Epstein-Barr virus during acute infectious mononucleosis in nonimmunocompromised individuals. Blood 89, 2856-2862.
41. Kieff, E. 1996. Epstein-Barr virus and its replication. In Fields' virology, 3rd edn (ed. B. N. Fields & D. M. Knipe), pp. 2343-2369. New York: Lippincott-Raven.
42. Komano, J., Maruo, S., Kurozumi, K., Oda, T. & Takada, K. 1999 Oncogenic role of Epstein-Barr virus-encoded RNAs in Burkitt's lymphoma cell line Akata. J. Virol. 73, 9827-9831.
43. Lam, K. M., Syed, N., Whittle, H. & Crawford, D. H. 1991 Circulating Epstein-Barr virus-carrying B cells in acute malaria. Lancet 337, 876-878.
44. Lane, H. C., Masur, H., Edgar, L. C., Whalen, G., Rook, A. H. & Fauci, A. S. 1983 Abnormalities of B-cell activation and immunoregulation in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. New Engl. J. Med. 309, 453-458.
45. Lenoir, G. & Bornkamm, G. 1987 Burkitt's lymphoma, a human cancer model for the study of the multistep development of cancer: proposal for a new scenario. In Advances in viral oncology, vol. 6 (ed. G. Klein), pp. 173-206. New York: Raven.
46. Levitskaya, J., Coram, M., Levitsky, V., Imreh, S., Steigerwald-Mullen, P. M., Klein, G., Kurilla, M. G. & Masucci, M. G. 1995 Inhibition of antigen processing by the internal repeat region of the Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1. Nature 375, 685-688.
47. Lu, S. J., Day, N. E., Degos, L., Lepage, V., Wang, P. C., Chan, S. H., Simons, M., McKnight B., Easton D. & Zeng Y. 1990 Linkage of a nasopharyngeal carcinoma susceptibility locus to the HLA region. Nature 346, 470-471.
48. MacLennan, I. C. 1994 Germinal centers. A. Rev. Immunol. 12, 117-139.
49. MacMahon, E. M., Glass J. D., Hayward, S. D., Mann, R. B., Becker, P. S., Charache, P., McArthur, J. C. & Ambinder, R. F. 1991 Epstein-Barr virus in AIDS-related primary central nervous system lymphoma. Lancet 338, 969-973.
50. Magrath, I. 1990 The pathogenesis of Burkitt's lymphoma. Adv. Cancer Res. 55, 133-270.
51. Martel-Renoir, D., Grunewald, V., Touitou, R., Schwaab, G. & Joab, I. 1995 Qualitative analysis of the expression of Epstein-Barr virus lytic genes in nasopharyngeal carcinoma biopsies. J. Gen. Virol. 76, 1401-1408.
52. Miyashita, E. M., Yang, B., Lam, K., M., Crawford, D. H. & Thorley-Lawson, D. A. 1995 A novel form of Epstein-Barr virus latency in normal B cells in vivo. Cell 80, 593-601.
53. Miyashita, E. M., Yang, B., Babcock, G. J. & Thorley-Lawson, D. A. 1997 Identification of the site of Epstein-Barr virus persistence in vivo as a resting B cell. J. Virol. 71, 4882-4891. [Published erratum appears in J. Virol. 72, 9419 (November 1998).]
54. Mosier, D. E., Gulizia, R. J., Baird, S. M. & Wilson, D. B. 1988 Transfer of a functional human immune system to mice with severe combined immunodeficiency. Nature 335, 256-259.
55. Mueller, M. E. 1997 Epstein-Barr virus and Hodgkin's disease: an epidemiological paradox. EBV Report 4, 1-2.
56. Mueller, N., Evans, A., Harris, N. L., Comstock, G. W., Jellum, E., Magnus, K., Orentreich, N., Polk, B. F. & Vogelman, J. 1989 Hodgkin's disease and Epstein-Barr virus. Altered antibody pattern before diagnosis. New Engl. J. Med. 320, 689-695.
57. Nicholson, L. J., Hopwood, P., Johannessen, I., Salisbury, J. R., Codd, J., Thorley-Lawson, D. & Crawford, D. H. 1997 Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein does not inhibit differentiation and induces tumorigenicity of human epithelial cells. Oncogene 15, 275-283.
58. Niedobitek, G. & Herbst, H. 1994 Epstein-Barr virus associated carcinomas. EBV Report 1, 81-85.
59. Old, L. J., Boyse, E. A., Oettgen, H. F., De Harven, E., Greening, G., Williamson, B. & Clifford P. 1966 Precipitating antibody in human serum to an antigen present in cultured Burkitt's lymphoma cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 56, 1699-1704.
60. Oudejans, J. J., Jiwa, M., Van den Brule, A. J., Grasser, F. A., Horstman, A., Vos, W., Kluin, P. M., van der Valk, P., Walboomers, J. M. & Meijer, C. J. 1995 Detection of heterogeneous Epstein-Barr virus gene expression patterns within individual post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders. Am. J. Pathol. 147, 923-933.
61. Pallesen, G., Hamilton-Dutoit, S. J., Rowe, M. & Young, L. S. 1991 Expression of Epstein-Barr virus latent gene products in tumour cells of Hodgkin's disease. Lancet 337, 320-322.
62. Perera, S. M., Thomas, J. A., Burke, M. & Crawford, D. H. 1998 Analysis of the T-cell micro-environment in Epstein-Barr virus-related post-transplantation B lymphoproliferative disease. J. Pathol. 184, 177-184.
63. Pope, J. H., Horne, M. K. & Scott, W. 1968 Transformation of foetal human leukocytes in vitro by filtrates of a human leukaemic cell line containing herpes-like virus. Int. J. Cancer 3, 857-866.
64. Purtilo, D. T. 1983 Immunopathology of X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome. Immunol. Today 4, 291-296.
65. Qu, L. & Rowe, D. T. 1992 Epstein-Barr virus latent gene expression in uncultured peripheral blood lymphocytes. J. Virol. 66, 3715-3724.
66. Raab-Traub, N. & Flynn, K. 1986 The structure of the termini of the Epstein-Barr virus as a marker of clonal cellular proliferation. Cell 47, 883-889.
67. Raab-Traub, N. 1992 Epstein-Barr virus and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Semin. Cancer Biol. 3, 297-307.
68. Raab-Traub, N., Flynn, K., Pearson, G., Huang, A., Levine, P., Lanier, A. & Pagano J. 1987 The differentiated form of nasopharyngeal carcinoma contains Epstein-Barr virus DNA. Int. J. Cancer 39, 25-29.
69. Rickinson, A. B., Callan, M. F. & Annels, N. E. 2000 T-cell memory, lessons from Epstein-Barr virus infection in man. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 355, 391-400.
70. Rooney, C. M., Smith, C. A., Ng, C. Y., Loftin, S., Li, C., Krance, R. A., Brenner, M. K. & Heslop, H. E. 1995 Use of gene-modified virus-specific T lymphocytes to control Epstein-Barr-virus-related lymphoproliferation. Lancet 345, 9-13.
71. Rowe, D. T., Rowe, M., Evan, G. I., Wallace, L. E., Farrell, P. J. & Rickinson, A. B. 1986 Restricted expression of EBV latent genes and T-lymphocyte-detected membrane antigen in Burkitt's lymphoma cells. EMBO J. 5, 2599-2607.
72. Sayos, J. (and 13 others) 1998 The X-linked lymphoproliferative-disease gene product SAP regulates signals induced through the co-receptor SLAM. Nature 395, 462-469.
73. Sixbey, J. W. 1989 Epstein-Barr virus and epithelial cells. In Advances in viral oncology, vol. 8 (ed. G. Klein), pp. 187-202. New York: Raven.
74. Sixbey, J. W. 2000 Epstein-Barr virus DNA loss from tumour cells and the geography of Burkitt's lymphoma. EBV Reports 7, 37-40.
75. Sixbey, J. W., Lemon, S. M. & Pagano, J. S. 1986 A second site for Epstein-Barr virus shedding, the uterine cervix. Lancet ii, 1122-1124.
76. Srinivas, S. K. & Sixbey, J. W. 1995 Epstein-Barr virus induction of recombinase-activating genes RAG1 and RAG2. J. Virol. 69, 8155-8158.
77. Starzl, T. E., Nalesnik, M. A., Porter, K. A., Ho, M., Iwatsuki, S., Griffith, B. P., Rosenthal, J. T., Hakala, T. R., Shaw Jr, B. W. & Hardesty, R. L. 1984 Reversibility of lymphomas and lymphoproliferative lesions developing under cyclosporinsteroid therapy. Lancet i, 583-587.
78. Steven, N. M. 1996 Infectious mononucleosis. EBV Reports 3, 91-95.
79. Su, I.-J. 1996 Epstein-Barr virus and T-cell lymphoma. EBV Reports 3, 1-6.
80. Sutkowski, N., Palkama, T., Ciurli, C., Sekaly, R. P., Thorley-Lawson D. A. & Huber, B. T. 1996 An Epstein-Barr virus-associated superantigen. J. Exp. Med. 184, 971-980.
81. Takada, K. 1999 Epstein-Barr virus and gastric carcinoma. EBV Reports 6, 95-100.
82. Thomas J. A., Hotchin, N. A., Allday, M. J., Amlot, P., Rose, M., Yacoub, M. & Crawford, D. H. 1990 Immunohistology of Epstein-Barr virus-associated antigens in B cell disorders from immunocompromised individuals. Transplantation 49, 944-953.
83. Thomas, J. A., Allday, M. J. & Crawford, D. H. 1991a Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative disorders in immunocompromised individuals. Adv. Cancer Res. 57, 329-380.
84. Thomas, J. A., Felix, D. H., Wray, D., Southam, JC., Cubie, H. A. & Crawford, D. H. 1991b Epstein-Barr virus gene expression and epithelial cell differentiation in oral hairy leukoplakia. Am. J. Pathol. 139, 1369-1380.
85. Thorley-Lawson, D. A &. Babcock, G. J. 1999 A model for persistent infection with Epstein-Barr virus, the stealth virus of human B cells. Life Sci. 65, 1433-1453.
86. Tierney, R. J., Steven, N., Young, L. S. & Rickinson, A. B. 1994 Epstein-Barr virus latency in blood mononuclear cells, analysis of viral gene transcription during primary infection and in the carrier state. J. Virol. 68, 7374-7385.
87. Watry, D., Hedrick, J. A., Siervo, S., Rhodes, G., Lamberti, J. J., Lambris, J. D. & Tsoukas, C. D. 1991 Infection of human thymocytes by Epstein-Barr virus. J. Exp. Med. 173, 971-980.
88. Weiss, L. M., Strickler, J. G., Warnke, R. A., Purtilo, D. T. & Sklar, J. 1987 Epstein-Barr viral DNA in tissues of Hodgkin's disease. Am. J. Pathol. 129, 86-91.
89. Whittle, H. C., Brown, J., Marsh, K., Greenwood, B. M., Seidelin, P., Tighe, H. & Wedderburn, L. 1984 T-cell control of Epstein-Barr virus-infected B cells is lost during P. falciparum malaria. Nature 312, 449-450.
90. Wilson, J. B., Bell, J. L. & Levine, A. J. 1996 Expression of Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 induces B cell neoplasia in transgenic mice. EMBO J. 15, 3117-3126.
91. Wolf, H., zur Hausen, H. & Becker, V. 1973 EB viral genomes in epithelial nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Nature New Biol. 244, 245-247.
92. Wu, T. C., Mann, R. B., Charache, P., Hayward, S. D., Staal, S., Lambe, B. C. & Ambinder, R. F. 1990 Detection of EBV gene expression in Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin's disease. Int. J. Cancer 46, 801-804.
93. Yao, Q.Y., Rickinson, A. B. & Epstein, M. A. 1985 A re-examination of the Epstein-Barr virus carrier state in healthy seropositive individuals. Int. J. Cancer 35, 35-42.
94. Yates, J. L., Warren, N. & Sugden, B. 1985 Stable replication of plasmids derived from Epstein-Barr virus in various mammalian cells. Nature 313, 812-815.
95. Young, L. S., Dawson, C. W., Brown, K. W. & Rickinson, A. B. 1989 Identification of a human epithelial cell surface protein sharing an epitope with the C3d/Epstein-Barr virus receptor molecule of B lymphocytes. Int. J. Cancer 43, 786-794.
96. Zech, L., Haglund, U., Nilsson, K. & Klein, G. 1976 Characteristic chromosomal abnormalities in biopsies and lymphoid-cell lines from patients with Burkitt and non-Burkitt lymphomas. Int. J. Cancer 17, 47-56.
97. Ziegler, J. L. (and 11 others) 1982 Outbreak of Burkitt's-like lymphoma in homosexual men. Lancet ii, 631-633.