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Volumn 292, Issue 5519, 2001, Pages 1099-1102

The ecology of genetically diverse infections

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ECOLOGY; EPIDEMIOLOGY; GENES; VETERINARY MEDICINE;

EID: 0035844068     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.1059410     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (504)

References (49)
  • 5
    • 0342900618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In-host interactions will necessarily occur unless clone-specific host responses dominate and, furthermore, unless they regulate pathogens at levels where resources are not limiting.
  • 9
    • 0342466342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Some of these patterns might even be PCR artefacts (3, 6, 10).
  • 17
    • 0342466338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Other examples of competition in vivo include hepatitis B virus in ducks; simian immunodeficiency virus in cynomolgus monkeys; Salmonella enteritidis and S. typhimurium in chickens and mice; Campylobacter jejuni in chickens; Escherichia coli in mice, pigs, and humans; Staphylococcus aureus in mice; S. hyicus in pigs; Streptococcus pneumoniae in mice; and Trypanosoma congolense in cattle and goats (4, 18-21). There is also considerable evidence of competitive suppression in vitro.
  • 21
    • 0034659608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M. Lipsitch et al. Vaccine 18, 2895 (2000).
    • (2000) Vaccine , vol.18 , pp. 2895
    • Lipsitch, M.1
  • 25
    • 0343335652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Purists may object to immune-mediated interactions being called competition because there is apparently no shared resource (hence "apparent" competition). Yet there is: enemy-free space (22).
  • 27
    • 0342900611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Because of immune memory, the negative effect of one clone on another can persist long after the first has been cleared from a host, generating competition for susceptible hosts at the host population level.
  • 31
    • 0343335647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • This has been demonstrated, for instance, in Eimeria spp. in chickens and in various bacteria in mice, chickens, and humans (4, 15).
  • 32
    • 0342466333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The evolution of a number of other traits will also be affected by in-host competition, such as traits causing host behavioral or immunological changes, mutation rates and (where relevant) sex ratios, and resource allocation to transmission stages. In pathogens in which recombination can occur among clones within hosts, competition will also affect the genetic structure of the pathogen population.
  • 39
    • 0343771530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Other examples include hepatitis B virus in ducks; various bacteria in mice, pigs, and humans; and trypanosomes in rabbits and cattle (4).
  • 44
    • 0032553467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D. Ebert, Science 282, 1432 (1998).
    • (1998) Science , vol.282 , pp. 1432
    • Ebert, D.1
  • 49
    • 0343335640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Our empirical work is funded by the Leverhulme Trust, the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (A.F.R.), and the Wellcome Trust (L.H.T.). We thank D. Arnot, P. Barrow, S. Gandon, M. Mackinnon, I. Morrison, S. Nee, and M. Riley for discussion.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.