-
5
-
-
0342900618
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-
note
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In-host interactions will necessarily occur unless clone-specific host responses dominate and, furthermore, unless they regulate pathogens at levels where resources are not limiting.
-
-
-
-
9
-
-
0342466342
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-
note
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Some of these patterns might even be PCR artefacts (3, 6, 10).
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-
-
-
10
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-
0034086847
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T. Anderson, R. Paul, C. Donnelly, K. Day, Genet. Res. 75, 285 (2000).
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Genet. Res.
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Anderson, T.1
Paul, R.2
Donnelly, C.3
Day, K.4
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14
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0343335653
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U. Dieckmann, J. A. J. Metz, M. W. Sabelis, K. Sigmund, Eds. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, in press).
-
A. F. Read, M. J. Mackinnon, M. A. Anwar, L H. Taylor, in Virulence Management: The Adaptive Dynamics of Pathogen-Host Interactions, U. Dieckmann, J. A. J. Metz, M. W. Sabelis, K. Sigmund, Eds. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, in press).
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Virulence Management: The Adaptive Dynamics of Pathogen-host Interactions
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-
Read, A.F.1
Mackinnon, M.J.2
Anwar, M.A.3
Taylor, L.H.4
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16
-
-
0020420332
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W. I. Morrison, P. W. Wells, S. K. Moloo, M. Murray, J. Parasitol. 68, 755 (1982).
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Morrison, W.I.1
Wells, P.W.2
Moloo, S.K.3
Murray, M.4
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17
-
-
0342466338
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-
note
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Other examples of competition in vivo include hepatitis B virus in ducks; simian immunodeficiency virus in cynomolgus monkeys; Salmonella enteritidis and S. typhimurium in chickens and mice; Campylobacter jejuni in chickens; Escherichia coli in mice, pigs, and humans; Staphylococcus aureus in mice; S. hyicus in pigs; Streptococcus pneumoniae in mice; and Trypanosoma congolense in cattle and goats (4, 18-21). There is also considerable evidence of competitive suppression in vitro.
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-
-
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21
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0034659608
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M. Lipsitch et al. Vaccine 18, 2895 (2000).
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Vaccine
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, pp. 2895
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Lipsitch, M.1
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22
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-
0003408552
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Blackwell, Oxford, ed. 2
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M. Begon, J. L. Harper, C. R. Townsend, Ecology. Individuals, Populations and Communities (Blackwell, Oxford, ed. 2, 1996).
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(1996)
Ecology. Individuals, Populations and Communities
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Begon, M.1
Harper, J.L.2
Townsend, C.R.3
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25
-
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0343335652
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-
note
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Purists may object to immune-mediated interactions being called competition because there is apparently no shared resource (hence "apparent" competition). Yet there is: enemy-free space (22).
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-
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27
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0342900611
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note
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Because of immune memory, the negative effect of one clone on another can persist long after the first has been cleared from a host, generating competition for susceptible hosts at the host population level.
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-
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29
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0032892644
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A. G. J. Buckling, L. Ranford-Cartwright, A. Miles, A. F. Read, Parasitology 118, 339 (1999).
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Parasitology
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Buckling, A.G.J.1
Ranford-Cartwright, L.2
Miles, A.3
Read, A.F.4
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31
-
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0343335647
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note
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This has been demonstrated, for instance, in Eimeria spp. in chickens and in various bacteria in mice, chickens, and humans (4, 15).
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-
-
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32
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0342466333
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note
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The evolution of a number of other traits will also be affected by in-host competition, such as traits causing host behavioral or immunological changes, mutation rates and (where relevant) sex ratios, and resource allocation to transmission stages. In pathogens in which recombination can occur among clones within hosts, competition will also affect the genetic structure of the pathogen population.
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-
-
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39
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0343771530
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note
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Other examples include hepatitis B virus in ducks; various bacteria in mice, pigs, and humans; and trypanosomes in rabbits and cattle (4).
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-
-
-
43
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0007387848
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-
Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, in press
-
U. Dieckmann, J. A. J. Metz, M. W. Sabelis, K. Sigmund, Eds., Virulence Management: The Adaptive Dynamics of Pathogen-Host Interactions (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, in press).
-
Virulence Management: The Adaptive Dynamics of Pathogen-host Interactions
-
-
Dieckmann, U.1
Metz, J.A.J.2
Sabelis, M.W.3
Sigmund, K.4
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44
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0032553467
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D. Ebert, Science 282, 1432 (1998).
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(1998)
Science
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Ebert, D.1
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45
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0033823694
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L. Chao, K. A. Hanley, C. L. Burch, C. Dahlberg, P. E. Turner, Q. Rev. Biol. 75, 261 (2000).
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Q. Rev. Biol.
, vol.75
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Chao, L.1
Hanley, K.A.2
Burch, C.L.3
Dahlberg, C.4
Turner, P.E.5
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49
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0343335640
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note
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Our empirical work is funded by the Leverhulme Trust, the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (A.F.R.), and the Wellcome Trust (L.H.T.). We thank D. Arnot, P. Barrow, S. Gandon, M. Mackinnon, I. Morrison, S. Nee, and M. Riley for discussion.
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