A quiet revolution in Brighton: Dr Helen Boyle's pioneering approach to mental health care, 1899-1939

Social History of Medicine

Volumn 14, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 439-457

  Westwood, Louise ^a  

^a NONE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Board of Control; Borderline; Charitable; Guardianship Society; Lady Chichester Hospital; Nervous disorders; Out patient clinic; Psychotherapy

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; HISTORY; MENTAL HEALTH; MENTAL HOSPITAL; UNITED KINGDOM;

GREAT BRITAIN; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HOSPITALS, PSYCHIATRIC; MENTAL HEALTH;

EID: 0035747594     PISSN: 0951631X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/shm/14.3.439     Document Type: Review

References (140)

1. K. Jones, Lunacy, Law and Conscience, 1744-1845: The Social History of the Care of the Insane (London, 1955); K. Jones, Mental Health and Social Policy, 1845-1959 (London, 1960); A. Digby, Madness, Morality and Medicine: A Study of the York Retreat, 1796-1914 (Cambridge, 1985); C. MacKenzie, Ticehurst Private Asylum: Psychiatry for the Rich, the History of Ticehurst Asylum, 1792-1917 (London, 1992); J. Andrews, A. Briggs, R. Porter, P. Tucker, and K. Waddington, The History of Bethlem (London, 1997); J. Gardner, Sweet Bells Jangled Out of Tune: A History of the Sussex Lunatic Asylum (Brighton, 1999).
2. K. Jones, Lunacy, Law and Conscience, 1744-1845: The Social History of the Care of the Insane (London, 1955); K. Jones, Mental Health and Social Policy, 1845-1959 (London, 1960); A. Digby, Madness, Morality and Medicine: A Study of the York Retreat, 1796-1914 (Cambridge, 1985); C. MacKenzie, Ticehurst Private Asylum: Psychiatry for the Rich, the History of Ticehurst Asylum, 1792-1917 (London, 1992); J. Andrews, A. Briggs, R. Porter, P. Tucker, and K. Waddington, The History of Bethlem (London, 1997); J. Gardner, Sweet Bells Jangled Out of Tune: A History of the Sussex Lunatic Asylum (Brighton, 1999).
3. K. Jones, Lunacy, Law and Conscience, 1744-1845: The Social History of the Care of the Insane (London, 1955); K. Jones, Mental Health and Social Policy, 1845-1959 (London, 1960); A. Digby, Madness, Morality and Medicine: A Study of the York Retreat, 1796-1914 (Cambridge, 1985); C. MacKenzie, Ticehurst Private Asylum: Psychiatry for the Rich, the History of Ticehurst Asylum, 1792-1917 (London, 1992); J. Andrews, A. Briggs, R. Porter, P. Tucker, and K. Waddington, The History of Bethlem (London, 1997); J. Gardner, Sweet Bells Jangled Out of Tune: A History of the Sussex Lunatic Asylum (Brighton, 1999).
4. K. Jones, Lunacy, Law and Conscience, 1744-1845: The Social History of the Care of the Insane (London, 1955); K. Jones, Mental Health and Social Policy, 1845-1959 (London, 1960); A. Digby, Madness, Morality and Medicine: A Study of the York Retreat, 1796-1914 (Cambridge, 1985); C. MacKenzie, Ticehurst Private Asylum: Psychiatry for the Rich, the History of Ticehurst Asylum, 1792-1917 (London, 1992); J. Andrews, A. Briggs, R. Porter, P. Tucker, and K. Waddington, The History of Bethlem (London, 1997); J. Gardner, Sweet Bells Jangled Out of Tune: A History of the Sussex Lunatic Asylum (Brighton, 1999).
5. K. Jones, Lunacy, Law and Conscience, 1744-1845: The Social History of the Care of the Insane (London, 1955); K. Jones, Mental Health and Social Policy, 1845-1959 (London, 1960); A. Digby, Madness, Morality and Medicine: A Study of the York Retreat, 1796-1914 (Cambridge, 1985); C. MacKenzie, Ticehurst Private Asylum: Psychiatry for the Rich, the History of Ticehurst Asylum, 1792-1917 (London, 1992); J. Andrews, A. Briggs, R. Porter, P. Tucker, and K. Waddington, The History of Bethlem (London, 1997); J. Gardner, Sweet Bells Jangled Out of Tune: A History of the Sussex Lunatic Asylum (Brighton, 1999).
6. K. Jones, Lunacy, Law and Conscience, 1744-1845: The Social History of the Care of the Insane (London, 1955); K. Jones, Mental Health and Social Policy, 1845-1959 (London, 1960); A. Digby, Madness, Morality and Medicine: A Study of the York Retreat, 1796-1914 (Cambridge, 1985); C. MacKenzie, Ticehurst Private Asylum: Psychiatry for the Rich, the History of Ticehurst Asylum, 1792-1917 (London, 1992); J. Andrews, A. Briggs, R. Porter, P. Tucker, and K. Waddington, The History of Bethlem (London, 1997); J. Gardner, Sweet Bells Jangled Out of Tune: A History of the Sussex Lunatic Asylum (Brighton, 1999).
7. J. Oppenheim, Shattered Nerves: Doctors, Patients and Depression in Victorian England (Oxford, 1991), p. 15.
8. Ibid., p. 107.
9. A. Scull, The Most Solitary of Afflictions: Madness and Society, 1700-1900 (Bath, 1993); V. Skultans, Madness and Morals: Ideas on Insanity in the Nineteenth Century (London, 1975); I. Veith, Hysteria: The History of a Disease (Chicago, 1965); S. Poirier, 'The Weir Mitchell Rest Cure: Doctor and Patients', Women's Studies, 10 (1983), 15-40.
10. A. Scull, The Most Solitary of Afflictions: Madness and Society, 1700-1900 (Bath, 1993); V. Skultans, Madness and Morals: Ideas on Insanity in the Nineteenth Century (London, 1975); I. Veith, Hysteria: The History of a Disease (Chicago, 1965); S. Poirier, 'The Weir Mitchell Rest Cure: Doctor and Patients', Women's Studies, 10 (1983), 15-40.
11. A. Scull, The Most Solitary of Afflictions: Madness and Society, 1700-1900 (Bath, 1993); V. Skultans, Madness and Morals: Ideas on Insanity in the Nineteenth Century (London, 1975); I. Veith, Hysteria: The History of a Disease (Chicago, 1965); S. Poirier, 'The Weir Mitchell Rest Cure: Doctor and Patients', Women's Studies, 10 (1983), 15-40.
12. A. Scull, The Most Solitary of Afflictions: Madness and Society, 1700-1900 (Bath, 1993); V. Skultans, Madness and Morals: Ideas on Insanity in the Nineteenth Century (London, 1975); I. Veith, Hysteria: The History of a Disease (Chicago, 1965); S. Poirier, 'The Weir Mitchell Rest Cure: Doctor and Patients', Women's Studies, 10 (1983), 15-40.
13. W. L. Parry Jones, The Trade in Lunacy: A Study of Private Madhouses in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (London, 1972).
14. C. MacKenzie, 'Women and Psychiatric Professionalization', in London Feminist Group (eds.), The Sexual Dynamic of History (London, 1983), 107-19.
15. A. Scull (ed.), Madhouses, Mad-doctors and Madmen: The Social History of Psychiatry in the Victorian Era (London, 1981); G. E. Berrios and H. Freeman (eds.), 150 Years of British Psychiatry, 1841-1991 (London, 1991); W. F. Bynum, R. Porter, and M. Shepherd (eds.), The Anatomy of Madness: People and Ideas, vol. I (London, 1985); The Anatomy of Madness: Institutions and Society, vol. II (London, 1985); The Anatomy of Madness: The Asylum and its Psychiatry, vol. III (London, 1988). For a discussion of women in the medical profession, see A. Witz, Professions and Patriarchy (London, 1995); C. Dyhouse, 'Women Students and the London Medical Schools, 1914-1939: The Anatomy of a Masculine Culture', Gender & History, 10 (1998), 110-32; MacKenzie, 'Women and Psychiatric Professionalization'; E. Showalter, The Female Malady: Women, Madness and English Culture, 1830-1980, 3rd edn. (London, 1993).
16. A. Scull (ed.), Madhouses, Mad-doctors and Madmen: The Social History of Psychiatry in the Victorian Era (London, 1981); G. E. Berrios and H. Freeman (eds.), 150 Years of British Psychiatry, 1841-1991 (London, 1991); W. F. Bynum, R. Porter, and M. Shepherd (eds.), The Anatomy of Madness: People and Ideas, vol. I (London, 1985); The Anatomy of Madness: Institutions and Society, vol. II (London, 1985); The Anatomy of Madness: The Asylum and its Psychiatry, vol. III (London, 1988). For a discussion of women in the medical profession, see A. Witz, Professions and Patriarchy (London, 1995); C. Dyhouse, 'Women Students and the London Medical Schools, 1914-1939: The Anatomy of a Masculine Culture', Gender & History, 10 (1998), 110-32; MacKenzie, 'Women and Psychiatric Professionalization'; E. Showalter, The Female Malady: Women, Madness and English Culture, 1830-1980, 3rd edn. (London, 1993).
17. A. Scull (ed.), Madhouses, Mad-doctors and Madmen: The Social History of Psychiatry in the Victorian Era (London, 1981); G. E. Berrios and H. Freeman (eds.), 150 Years of British Psychiatry, 1841-1991 (London, 1991); W. F. Bynum, R. Porter, and M. Shepherd (eds.), The Anatomy of Madness: People and Ideas, vol. I (London, 1985); The Anatomy of Madness: Institutions and Society, vol. II (London, 1985); The Anatomy of Madness: The Asylum and its Psychiatry, vol. III (London, 1988). For a discussion of women in the medical profession, see A. Witz, Professions and Patriarchy (London, 1995); C. Dyhouse, 'Women Students and the London Medical Schools, 1914-1939: The Anatomy of a Masculine Culture', Gender & History, 10 (1998), 110-32; MacKenzie, 'Women and Psychiatric Professionalization'; E. Showalter, The Female Malady: Women, Madness and English Culture, 1830-1980, 3rd edn. (London, 1993).
18. A. Scull (ed.), Madhouses, Mad-doctors and Madmen: The Social History of Psychiatry in the Victorian Era (London, 1981); G. E. Berrios and H. Freeman (eds.), 150 Years of British Psychiatry, 1841-1991 (London, 1991); W. F. Bynum, R. Porter, and M. Shepherd (eds.), The Anatomy of Madness: People and Ideas, vol. I (London, 1985); The Anatomy of Madness: Institutions and Society, vol. II (London, 1985); The Anatomy of Madness: The Asylum and its Psychiatry, vol. III (London, 1988). For a discussion of women in the medical profession, see A. Witz, Professions and Patriarchy (London, 1995); C. Dyhouse, 'Women Students and the London Medical Schools, 1914-1939: The Anatomy of a Masculine Culture', Gender & History, 10 (1998), 110-32; MacKenzie, 'Women and Psychiatric Professionalization'; E. Showalter, The Female Malady: Women, Madness and English Culture, 1830-1980, 3rd edn. (London, 1993).
19. A. Scull (ed.), Madhouses, Mad-doctors and Madmen: The Social History of Psychiatry in the Victorian Era (London, 1981); G. E. Berrios and H. Freeman (eds.), 150 Years of British Psychiatry, 1841-1991 (London, 1991); W. F. Bynum, R. Porter, and M. Shepherd (eds.), The Anatomy of Madness: People and Ideas, vol. I (London, 1985); The Anatomy of Madness: Institutions and Society, vol. II (London, 1985); The Anatomy of Madness: The Asylum and its Psychiatry, vol. III (London, 1988). For a discussion of women in the medical profession, see A. Witz, Professions and Patriarchy (London, 1995); C. Dyhouse, 'Women Students and the London Medical Schools, 1914-1939: The Anatomy of a Masculine Culture', Gender & History, 10 (1998), 110-32; MacKenzie, 'Women and Psychiatric Professionalization'; E. Showalter, The Female Malady: Women, Madness and English Culture, 1830-1980, 3rd edn. (London, 1993).
20. A. Scull (ed.), Madhouses, Mad-doctors and Madmen: The Social History of Psychiatry in the Victorian Era (London, 1981); G. E. Berrios and H. Freeman (eds.), 150 Years of British Psychiatry, 1841-1991 (London, 1991); W. F. Bynum, R. Porter, and M. Shepherd (eds.), The Anatomy of Madness: People and Ideas, vol. I (London, 1985); The Anatomy of Madness: Institutions and Society, vol. II (London, 1985); The Anatomy of Madness: The Asylum and its Psychiatry, vol. III (London, 1988). For a discussion of women in the medical profession, see A. Witz, Professions and Patriarchy (London, 1995); C. Dyhouse, 'Women Students and the London Medical Schools, 1914-1939: The Anatomy of a Masculine Culture', Gender & History, 10 (1998), 110-32; MacKenzie, 'Women and Psychiatric Professionalization'; E. Showalter, The Female Malady: Women, Madness and English Culture, 1830-1980, 3rd edn. (London, 1993).
21. A. Scull (ed.), Madhouses, Mad-doctors and Madmen: The Social History of Psychiatry in the Victorian Era (London, 1981); G. E. Berrios and H. Freeman (eds.), 150 Years of British Psychiatry, 1841-1991 (London, 1991); W. F. Bynum, R. Porter, and M. Shepherd (eds.), The Anatomy of Madness: People and Ideas, vol. I (London, 1985); The Anatomy of Madness: Institutions and Society, vol. II (London, 1985); The Anatomy of Madness: The Asylum and its Psychiatry, vol. III (London, 1988). For a discussion of women in the medical profession, see A. Witz, Professions and Patriarchy (London, 1995); C. Dyhouse, 'Women Students and the London Medical Schools, 1914-1939: The Anatomy of a Masculine Culture', Gender & History, 10 (1998), 110-32; MacKenzie, 'Women and Psychiatric Professionalization'; E. Showalter, The Female Malady: Women, Madness and English Culture, 1830-1980, 3rd edn. (London, 1993).
22. A. Scull (ed.), Madhouses, Mad-doctors and Madmen: The Social History of Psychiatry in the Victorian Era (London, 1981); G. E. Berrios and H. Freeman (eds.), 150 Years of British Psychiatry, 1841-1991 (London, 1991); W. F. Bynum, R. Porter, and M. Shepherd (eds.), The Anatomy of Madness: People and Ideas, vol. I (London, 1985); The Anatomy of Madness: Institutions and Society, vol. II (London, 1985); The Anatomy of Madness: The Asylum and its Psychiatry, vol. III (London, 1988). For a discussion of women in the medical profession, see A. Witz, Professions and Patriarchy (London, 1995); C. Dyhouse, 'Women Students and the London Medical Schools, 1914-1939: The Anatomy of a Masculine Culture', Gender & History, 10 (1998), 110-32; MacKenzie, 'Women and Psychiatric Professionalization'; E. Showalter, The Female Malady: Women, Madness and English Culture, 1830-1980, 3rd edn. (London, 1993).
23. A. Scull (ed.), Madhouses, Mad-doctors and Madmen: The Social History of Psychiatry in the Victorian Era (London, 1981); G. E. Berrios and H. Freeman (eds.), 150 Years of British Psychiatry, 1841-1991 (London, 1991); W. F. Bynum, R. Porter, and M. Shepherd (eds.), The Anatomy of Madness: People and Ideas, vol. I (London, 1985); The Anatomy of Madness: Institutions and Society, vol. II (London, 1985); The Anatomy of Madness: The Asylum and its Psychiatry, vol. III (London, 1988). For a discussion of women in the medical profession, see A. Witz, Professions and Patriarchy (London, 1995); C. Dyhouse, 'Women Students and the London Medical Schools, 1914-1939: The Anatomy of a Masculine Culture', Gender & History, 10 (1998), 110-32; MacKenzie, 'Women and Psychiatric Professionalization'; E. Showalter, The Female Malady: Women, Madness and English Culture, 1830-1980, 3rd edn. (London, 1993).
24. See C. Dyhouse, No Distinction of Sex?: Women in British Universities, 1870-1939 (London, 1995). For a general discussion of female philanthropic action, see F. K. Prochaska, Women and Philanthropy in 19th Century England (Oxford, 1980).
25. See C. Dyhouse, No Distinction of Sex?: Women in British Universities, 1870-1939 (London, 1995). For a general discussion of female philanthropic action, see F. K. Prochaska, Women and Philanthropy in 19th Century England (Oxford, 1980).
26. For women's struggle to enter the profession, see C. Blake, The Charge of the Parasols: Women's Entry to the Medical Profession (London, 1990); E. Moberley Bell, Storming the Citadel: The Rise of the Woman Doctor (London, 1953).
27. For women's struggle to enter the profession, see C. Blake, The Charge of the Parasols: Women's Entry to the Medical Profession (London, 1990); E. Moberley Bell, Storming the Citadel: The Rise of the Woman Doctor (London, 1953).
28. M. A. C. Elston, 'Woman Doctors in the British Health Service: A Sociological Study of Their Careers and Opportunities' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1987). Cited from Figure 7.1, source: Englishwoman's Yearbook: Medical Directory.
29. M. A. C. Elston, 'Woman Doctors in the British Health Service: A Sociological Study of Their Careers and Opportunities' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1987). Cited from Figure 7.1, source: Englishwoman's Yearbook: Medical Directory.
30. C. L. Kingston and C. Vince, 'Death ofa Pioneer', Medical Women's Federation Journal, 58 (1958), 58-67; O bituary of Dr Helen Boyle, BMJ (30 November 1957), 1310.
31. C. L. Kingston and C. Vince, 'Death ofa Pioneer', Medical Women's Federation Journal, 58 (1958), 58-67; O bituary of Dr Helen Boyle, BMJ (30 November 1957), 1310.
32. J. M. Eyler, Sir Arthur Newsholme and State Medicine, 1885-1935 (Cambridge, 1997), p. xii.
33. East Sussex Record Office (ESRO), HB63/1A. 1900 Annual Report.
34. The Medical Officer, IV (July-December 1910), 162-3. 17 September 1910, p. 162.
35. The Medical Officer, IV (July-December 1910), 162-3. 17 September 1910, p. 162.
36. The records of the Guardianship Society are held at the East Sussex Record Office (ESRO). See L. Westwood, 'Avoiding the Asylum: Pioneering Work in Mental Health Care, 1890-1939' (unpublished D.Phil, thesis, University of Sussex, 1999).
37. For the history of the mentally deficient, see D. Wright and A. Digby (eds.), From Idiocy to Mental Deficiency: Historical Perspectives on People with Learning Difficulties (London, 1996); M. Thompson, The Problems of Mental Deficiency: Eugenics, Democracy and Social Policy in Britain, 1870-1950 (Oxford, 1998).
38. For the history of the mentally deficient, see D. Wright and A. Digby (eds.), From Idiocy to Mental Deficiency: Historical Perspectives on People with Learning Difficulties (London, 1996); M. Thompson, The Problems of Mental Deficiency: Eugenics, Democracy and Social Policy in Britain, 1870-1950 (Oxford, 1998).
39. ESRO, HB63/1A. 1904 and 1905 Annual Reports.
40. Ibid., 1906. For more on the use of this term, see H. Marland, 'Uterine Mischief: W. S. Playfair and his Neurasthenic Patients', in R. Porter and M. Gijswijt-Hofstra (eds.), Cultures of Neurasthenia: From Beard to the First World War (Amsterdam, 2001), 115-37; B. Sichermann, 'The Uses of a Diagnosis: Doctors, Patients and Neurasthenia', Journal of the History of Medicine, 32 (1977), 33-54.
41. Ibid., 1906. For more on the use of this term, see H. Marland, 'Uterine Mischief: W. S. Playfair and his Neurasthenic Patients', in R. Porter and M. Gijswijt-Hofstra (eds.), Cultures of Neurasthenia: From Beard to the First World War (Amsterdam, 2001), 115-37; B. Sichermann, 'The Uses of a Diagnosis: Doctors, Patients and Neurasthenia', Journal of the History of Medicine, 32 (1977), 33-54.
42. Ibid., 1906. For more on the use of this term, see H. Marland, 'Uterine Mischief: W. S. Playfair and his Neurasthenic Patients', in R. Porter and M. Gijswijt-Hofstra (eds.), Cultures of Neurasthenia: From Beard to the First World War (Amsterdam, 2001), 115-37; B. Sichermann, 'The Uses of a Diagnosis: Doctors, Patients and Neurasthenia', Journal of the History of Medicine, 32 (1977), 33-54.
43. MacKenzie, 'Women and Psychiatric Professionalization', p. 119.
44. Contemporary Medical Archives Centre at the Wellcome Trust for the History of Medicine (CMAC). SA/MWF/21. Memorandum of evidence given on behalf of the Lady Chichester Hospital to the Royal Commission on Lunacy and Mental Disorder, 20 May 1925, pp. 1-7, p. 3.
45. See C. Unsworth, The Politics of Mental Health Legislation (Oxford, 1987).
46. H. Boyle, 'Some Points in the Early Treatment of Mental and Nervous Cases (with Special Reference to the Poor)', Journal of Mental Science, 51 (October 1905), 676-710. See A. B. Sclare, 'John Carswell: A Pioneer in Scottish Psychiatry', Scottish Medical Journal, 26 (1981), 265-70.
47. H. Boyle, 'Some Points in the Early Treatment of Mental and Nervous Cases (with Special Reference to the Poor)', Journal of Mental Science, 51 (October 1905), 676-710. See A. B. Sclare, 'John Carswell: A Pioneer in Scottish Psychiatry', Scottish Medical Journal, 26 (1981), 265-70.
48. This name was used in the early annual reports. See Poirier, 'The Weir Mitchell Rest Cure'.
49. ESRO, HB63/1A. 1908 Annual Report.
50. See G. R. Searle, The Quest for National Efficiency: A Study in British Politics and Political Thought, 1899-1914 (Oxford, 1971).
51. Boyle, 'Some Points in the Early Treatment', p. 680; 1911 Annual report.
52. The records of the LCH have survived from 1921. Funding is required to sort and preserve them before they can be used for research purposes.
53. The term 'holistic' is the author's definition of Boyle's work.
54. ESRO, HB63/1A. 1913 Annual Report.
55. CMAC, SA/MWF/C21. H. Boyle, 'Some Observations on Early Nervous and Mental Cases, with Suggestions as to Possible Improvement in our Methods of Dealing with Them', Journal of Mental Science, 60 (1914), 1-10. Reprint.
56. H. Boyle, 'An address to the Association of Registered Medical Women', BMJ (30 October 1915), 644.
57. For more on this temporary measure, see Mental Treatment Bill, 5 Geo 5 (P.P. 1914-16, III); Report of the Royal Commission on Lunacy and Mental Disorder, Cmd. 2700 (P.P.1926, XIII).
58. For more on this temporary measure, see Mental Treatment Bill, 5 Geo 5 (P.P. 1914-16, III); Report of the Royal Commission on Lunacy and Mental Disorder, Cmd. 2700 (P.P.1926, XIII).
59. ESRO, HB63/1A. 1918 Annual Report.
60. See W. H. R. Rivers, 'The Repression of War Experience', Lancet (2 February 1918), 173-7; M. Stone, 'Shellshock and the Psychologists', in Bynum, Porter, and Shepherd, Anatomy of Madness, vol. II, 242-71. For the origins of psychoanalysis, see J. Forrester, 'Contracting the Disease of Love: Authority and Freedom in the Origins of Psychoanalysis', in Anatomy of Madness, vol. I, 255-70; R. D. Hinshelwood, 'Psychodynamic Psychiatry before World War I', in Berrios and Freeman, 150 Years of British Psychiatry, 197-231; H. Ellenberger, The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry (London, 1994); P. Brown, M. B. Macmillan, R. Meares, and O. Van der Hart, 'Janet and Freud: Revealing the Roots of Dynamic Psychiatry', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 30 (1996), 480-91.
61. See W. H. R. Rivers, 'The Repression of War Experience', Lancet (2 February 1918), 173-7; M. Stone, 'Shellshock and the Psychologists', in Bynum, Porter, and Shepherd, Anatomy of Madness, vol. II, 242-71. For the origins of psychoanalysis, see J. Forrester, 'Contracting the Disease of Love: Authority and Freedom in the Origins of Psychoanalysis', in Anatomy of Madness, vol. I, 255-70; R. D. Hinshelwood, 'Psychodynamic Psychiatry before World War I', in Berrios and Freeman, 150 Years of British Psychiatry, 197-231; H. Ellenberger, The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry (London, 1994); P. Brown, M. B. Macmillan, R. Meares, and O. Van der Hart, 'Janet and Freud: Revealing the Roots of Dynamic Psychiatry', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 30 (1996), 480-91.
62. See W. H. R. Rivers, 'The Repression of War Experience', Lancet (2 February 1918), 173-7; M. Stone, 'Shellshock and the Psychologists', in Bynum, Porter, and Shepherd, Anatomy of Madness, vol. II, 242-71. For the origins of psychoanalysis, see J. Forrester, 'Contracting the Disease of Love: Authority and Freedom in the Origins of Psychoanalysis', in Anatomy of Madness, vol. I, 255-70; R. D. Hinshelwood, 'Psychodynamic Psychiatry before World War I', in Berrios and Freeman, 150 Years of British Psychiatry, 197-231; H. Ellenberger, The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry (London, 1994); P. Brown, M. B. Macmillan, R. Meares, and O. Van der Hart, 'Janet and Freud: Revealing the Roots of Dynamic Psychiatry', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 30 (1996), 480-91.
63. See W. H. R. Rivers, 'The Repression of War Experience', Lancet (2 February 1918), 173-7; M. Stone, 'Shellshock and the Psychologists', in Bynum, Porter, and Shepherd, Anatomy of Madness, vol. II, 242-71. For the origins of psychoanalysis, see J. Forrester, 'Contracting the Disease of Love: Authority and Freedom in the Origins of Psychoanalysis', in Anatomy of Madness, vol. I, 255-70; R. D. Hinshelwood, 'Psychodynamic Psychiatry before World War I', in Berrios and Freeman, 150 Years of British Psychiatry, 197-231; H. Ellenberger, The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry (London, 1994); P. Brown, M. B. Macmillan, R. Meares, and O. Van der Hart, 'Janet and Freud: Revealing the Roots of Dynamic Psychiatry', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 30 (1996), 480-91.
64. See W. H. R. Rivers, 'The Repression of War Experience', Lancet (2 February 1918), 173-7; M. Stone, 'Shellshock and the Psychologists', in Bynum, Porter, and Shepherd, Anatomy of Madness, vol. II, 242-71. For the origins of psychoanalysis, see J. Forrester, 'Contracting the Disease of Love: Authority and Freedom in the Origins of Psychoanalysis', in Anatomy of Madness, vol. I, 255-70; R. D. Hinshelwood, 'Psychodynamic Psychiatry before World War I', in Berrios and Freeman, 150 Years of British Psychiatry, 197-231; H. Ellenberger, The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry (London, 1994); P. Brown, M. B. Macmillan, R. Meares, and O. Van der Hart, 'Janet and Freud: Revealing the Roots of Dynamic Psychiatry', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 30 (1996), 480-91.
65. See W. H. R. Rivers, 'The Repression of War Experience', Lancet (2 February 1918), 173-7; M. Stone, 'Shellshock and the Psychologists', in Bynum, Porter, and Shepherd, Anatomy of Madness, vol. II, 242-71. For the origins of psychoanalysis, see J. Forrester, 'Contracting the Disease of Love: Authority and Freedom in the Origins of Psychoanalysis', in Anatomy of Madness, vol. I, 255-70; R. D. Hinshelwood, 'Psychodynamic Psychiatry before World War I', in Berrios and Freeman, 150 Years of British Psychiatry, 197-231; H. Ellenberger, The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry (London, 1994); P. Brown, M. B. Macmillan, R. Meares, and O. Van der Hart, 'Janet and Freud: Revealing the Roots of Dynamic Psychiatry', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 30 (1996), 480-91.
66. Obituary of Dr Constance Ellen Long, BMJ (3 March 1923), 399.
67. C. G. Jung, 'The Importance of the Unconscious in Psychopathology', BMJ (5 December 1914), 964-8, p. 967.
68. Stone, 'Shellshock and the Psychologists', p. 245; M. J. Clark 'The Rejection of Psychological Approaches to Mental Disorder in Late Nineteenth Century British Psychiatry', in Scull, Madhouses, Mad-Doctors and Madmen, pp. 271-301; C. A. Mercier, 'Psychoanalysis', BMJ (30 December 1916), 897-900.
69. Stone, 'Shellshock and the Psychologists', p. 245; M. J. Clark 'The Rejection of Psychological Approaches to Mental Disorder in Late Nineteenth Century British Psychiatry', in Scull, Madhouses, Mad-Doctors and Madmen, pp. 271-301; C. A. Mercier, 'Psychoanalysis', BMJ (30 December 1916), 897-900.
70. Stone, 'Shellshock and the Psychologists', p. 245; M. J. Clark 'The Rejection of Psychological Approaches to Mental Disorder in Late Nineteenth Century British Psychiatry', in Scull, Madhouses, Mad-Doctors and Madmen, pp. 271-301; C. A. Mercier, 'Psychoanalysis', BMJ (30 December 1916), 897-900.
71. Mercier, 'Psychoanalysis', p. 897.
72. See R. D. Hinshelwood, 'Psychoanalysis in Britain: Points of Cultural Access, 1893-1918', International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 76 (1995), 135-51.
73. Stone, 'Shellshock and the Psychologists', p. 247.
74. Meeting of the Association of Registered Medical Women, BMJ (2 May 1914), 969.
75. CMAC, SA/MWF B2/1. H. Boyle, 'Psychotherapy, its Scope and Dangers', MWF Quarterly Newsletter (September 1920), 4-6.
76. See Ellenberger, The Discovery of the Unconscious; Brown, Macmillan, Meares, and Van der Hart, 'Janet and Freud: Revealing the Roots'.
77. See Ellenberger, The Discovery of the Unconscious; Brown, Macmillan, Meares, and Van der Hart, 'Janet and Freud: Revealing the Roots'.
78. Boyle, 'Psychotherapy, its Scope and Dangers', p. 5.
79. Ibid., p. 6.
80. 'Borderland Cases', BMJ (27 March 1920), 438.
81. CMAC, SA/MWF/C2. 'Memorandum of Evidence to the Royal Commission'.
82. CMAC, SA/EUG/D142. Manchester Guardian (13 June 1929).
83. Ibid., Dr T. Dutton, 'Wholesale Doping in Asylums: A Grave Indictment', John Bull (31 August 1929).
84. Ibid., 'National Economy and the Lunacy System', NSLLR, undated leaflet.
85. 'The Present Position of the Voluntary Boarder', BMJ (17 August 1929), 303-5.
86. 'New Lunacy Terror' John Bull (24 May 1930).
87. Mental Treatment Act, 20 & 21 Geo. (P.P., 1930, V).
88. 'New Lunacy Terror', John Bull.
89. Public Record Office (PRO), MH58/77/95009/3/23, 23 June 1932.
90. Ibid., 24 June 1932.
91. ESRO, C/C/11/50/1. Letter from the BoC, 7 October 1927.
92. PRO, MH58/77/95009/3/23. BoC minute sheet, 19 July 1932.
93. Ibid.
94. Ibid.
95. Ibid.
96. Ibid., 27 July 1932.
97. I. S. L. Loudon, 'Origins and Growth of the Dispensary Movement in England', Bulletin of The History of Medicine, 55 (1981), 322-42; I. S. L. Loudon, 'Historical Importance of Outpatients', BMJ (15 April 1978), 974-7.
98. I. S. L. Loudon, 'Origins and Growth of the Dispensary Movement in England', Bulletin of The History of Medicine, 55 (1981), 322-42; I. S. L. Loudon, 'Historical Importance of Outpatients', BMJ (15 April 1978), 974-7.
99. 'An Out-patient Department at the Wakefield Asylum', Journal of Mental Science, 36 (1890), 529-30.
100. See H. Boyle, 'The Early Treatment of the Psychoses and Psychoneuroses', BMJ (24 November 1928), 923-6, p. 925;
101. London Metropolitan Archive (LMA), A/FWA/C/D198/1-2, 'The Forbes Winslow Memorial Hospital', Jewish World (4 July 1891). Reprint.
102. See LMA, A/KE/466; Showalter, The Female Malady, p. 197; T. E. M. Boll, 'May Sinclair and the Medico-Psychological Clinic of London', Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 106 (1962), 310-26.
103. See LMA, A/KE/466; Showalter, The Female Malady, p. 197; T. E. M. Boll, 'May Sinclair and the Medico-Psychological Clinic of London', Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 106 (1962), 310-26.
104. T. S. Good, 'The Oxford Clinic', Journal of Mental Science, 68 (January 1922), 525-34; 'Discussion on the Oxford Clinic', Journal of Mental Science, 67 (October 1921), 17-23.
105. T. S. Good, 'The Oxford Clinic', Journal of Mental Science, 68 (January 1922), 525-34; 'Discussion on the Oxford Clinic', Journal of Mental Science, 67 (October 1921), 17-23.
106. December 1926 Conference report of the Cambridge Association for Mental Welfare (CAMW), in the library of the Wellcome Trust for the History of Medicine.
107. Bethlem Royal Hospital Archives. Bethlem Annual Report 1920 and Maudsley Hospital Annual Report 1924; H. V. Dicks, Fifty Years of the Tavistock Clinic (London, 1970), p. 1.
108. Bethlem Royal Hospital Archives. Bethlem Annual Report 1920 and Maudsley Hospital Annual Report 1924; H. V. Dicks, Fifty Years of the Tavistock Clinic (London, 1970), p. 1.
109. H. V. Dicks, Fifty Years of the Tavistock Clinic (London, 1970), p. 2.
110. Records of the Child Guidance Clinic are currently unavailable for research.
111. PRO, MH58/574. Directory of Out-patient Mental Treatment Clinics, 1941.
112. H. Boyle, 'The Ideal Clinic for the Treatment of Nervous and Borderland Cases', Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 15 (1922), 39-48. For discussion, see BMJ (25 February 1922), 312.
113. H. Boyle, 'The Ideal Clinic for the Treatment of Nervous and Borderland Cases', Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 15 (1922), 39-48. For discussion, see BMJ (25 February 1922), 312.
114. See J. Walmsley, D. Atkinson, and S. Rolph, 'Community Care and Mental Deficiency, 1913-1945', in P. Bartlett and D. Wright (eds.), Outside the Walls of the Asylum: The History of Care in the Community, 1750-2000 (London & New Jersey, 1999), 181-203.
115. ESRO, GUA31/20,30 June 1926.
116. Ibid., GUA 31/32, 10 April 1930.
117. Annual Reports of Medical Officer of Health and School Medical Officer for the County Borough of Brighton (BMoH). Postgraduate Library, Brighton District General Hospital.
118. 'Discussion'. Section of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. BMJ (29 October 1921), 704.
119. S. Sutherland, The Macmillan Dictionary of Psychology, 2nd edn. (London, 1995).
120. Meeting of the Medico Psychological Association. BMJ (30 May 1914), 1186-7.
121. A. Scull, Social Order/Mental Disorder: Anglo-American Psychiatry in Historical Perspective (London, 1989), p. 210.
122. See Ellenberger, The Discovery of the Unconscious; F. W. H. Myers, 'The Subliminal Consciousness', Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, 9 (1893), 3-128.
123. See Ellenberger, The Discovery of the Unconscious; F. W. H. Myers, 'The Subliminal Consciousness', Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, 9 (1893), 3-128.
124. House of Commons Report of the Select Committee on the Operation of the Lunacy Law, So Far as It Regards Security Afforded by It Against Violations of Personal Liberty (P.P., 1877-8, V). Minutes of evidence (24 April 1877) 176-81, p. 176; R. B. Carter, On the Pathology and Treatment of Hysteria (London, 1853); A. Wynter, The Borderlands of Insanity and Other Allied Papers (London, 1875).
125. House of Commons Report of the Select Committee on the Operation of the Lunacy Law, So Far as It Regards Security Afforded by It Against Violations of Personal Liberty (P.P., 1877-8, V). Minutes of evidence (24 April 1877) 176-81, p. 176; R. B. Carter, On the Pathology and Treatment of Hysteria (London, 1853); A. Wynter, The Borderlands of Insanity and Other Allied Papers (London, 1875).
126. House of Commons Report of the Select Committee on the Operation of the Lunacy Law, So Far as It Regards Security Afforded by It Against Violations of Personal Liberty (P.P., 1877-8, V). Minutes of evidence (24 April 1877) 176-81, p. 176; R. B. Carter, On the Pathology and Treatment of Hysteria (London, 1853); A. Wynter, The Borderlands of Insanity and Other Allied Papers (London, 1875).
127. House of Commons Report of the Select Committee on the Operation of the Lunacy Law, So Far as It Regards Security Afforded by It Against Violations of Personal Liberty (P.P., 1877-8, V). Minutes of evidence (24 April 1877) 176-81, p. 176; R. B. Carter, On the Pathology and Treatment of Hysteria (London, 1853); A. Wynter, The Borderlands of Insanity and Other Allied Papers (London, 1875).
128. See Ellenberger, The Discovery of the Unconscious.
129. See W. Brown, 'A Case of Extensive Amnesia of Remote Date Cured by Psycho-Analysis and Hypnosis', BMJ (8 November 1913), 1217-9; J. M. Charcot (ed. R. Harris), Clinical Lectures on Diseases of the Nervous System (London, 1991). Several lectures were translated into English in the 1880s.
130. See W. Brown, 'A Case of Extensive Amnesia of Remote Date Cured by Psycho-Analysis and Hypnosis', BMJ (8 November 1913), 1217-9; J. M. Charcot (ed. R. Harris), Clinical Lectures on Diseases of the Nervous System (London, 1991). Several lectures were translated into English in the 1880s.
131. Cambridge Record Office (CRO), R84/23, Dr C. S. Myers, 'Provision of Early Treatment for Functional Nervous and Incipient Mental Disorders in Adults and Children', sent to the Cambridge Voluntary Association for the Mentally Defective.
132. Ibid., CAMD 1921 Annual Report.
133. Will of Helen Boyle, 8 November 1956.
134. D. Palmer, 'Women, Health and Politics, 1919-1939: Professional and Lay Involvement in the Women's Health Campaign' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Warwick, 1986), pp. 201-3.
135. Ibid., pp. 206-10.
136. L. Martindale, The Woman Doctor and her Future (London, 1922), see appendix.
137. 'Discussion'. Section of Neurology and Psychiatry, BMJ (6 November 1920), 696.
138. For an autobiography of a woman psychiatrist, see I. E. Hutton, Memories of a Doctor in War and Peace (London, 1960).
139. H. Boyle, 'Watchman, What of the Night (Presidential Address)', Journal of Mental Science, 85 (1939), 859-70.
140. ESRO, HB/63/1B. C. L. Hingston, 'The Jubilee of the Lady Chichester Hospital, Hove, Sussex', The Medical Women's Federation Journal (1955), 1-5, reprint.