Ethnic and Gender Bias among Dutch and Turkish Children in Late Childhood: The Role of Social Context

Infant and Child Development

Volumn 10, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 203-217

  Verkuyten, Maykel ^a   Thijs, Jochem ^a  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Gender bias; Group bias; Interethnic

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035733473     PISSN: 15227227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/icd.279     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Aboud F. 1988. Children and Prejudice. Blackwell: Oxford.
2. Barrett M, Short J. 1992. Images of European people in a group of 5-10-year-old English schoolchildren. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 10: 339-363.
3. Bennett M, Sani F, Lyons E, Barrett M. 1998. Children's subjective identification with the group and in-group favoritism. Developmental Psychology 34: 902-909.
4. Bigler RS, Jones LC, Lobliner DB. 1997. Social categorization and the formation of intergroup attitudes in children. Child Development 68: 530-543.
5. Black-Gutman D, Hickson F. 1996. The relationship between racial attitudes and social-cognitive development in children: An Australian study. Developmental Psychology 32: 448-456.
6. Brown R. 1995. Prejudice: Its Social Psychology. Blackwell: Oxford, UK.
7. Bryk AS, Raudenbusch SW. 1992. Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods. Sage: Newbury Park, CA.
8. Davey A. 1983. Learning to be Prejudiced. Edward Arnold: London.
9. De Vries M. 1987. Ogen in je rug: Turkse meisjes en jonge vrouwen in Nederland. Samson: Alphen aan den Rijn.
10. Doyle AB, Aboud F. 1995. A longitudinal study of White children's racial prejudice as a social-cognitive development. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 41: 209-228.
11. Doyle AB, Beaudet J, Aboud F. 1988. Development of patterns of flexibility of children's ethnic attitudes. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 19: 3-18.
12. Edwards CP, Whiting BB. 1988. Children of Different Worlds. Harvard University Press: New York.
13. Ellemers N, Spears R, Doosje B (eds). 1999. Social Identity: Context, Commitment, Content. Blackwell: Oxford, UK.
14. Fishbein HD. 1996. Peer Prejudice and Discrimination: Evolutionary, Cultural, and Developmental Dynamics. WestviewPress: Boulder, CO.
15. Hirschfeld LA. 1996. Race in the Making: Cognition, Culture, and the Child's Construction of Human Kinds. MIT Press: Cambridge, MA.
16. Hogg MA, Abrams D. 1988. Social Identifications: A Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations and Group Processes. Routledge: London.
17. Hutnik N. 1991. Ethnic Minority Identity. Clarendon: Oxford, UK.
18. Katz P. 1987. Development and social processes in ethnic attitudes and self-identification. In Children's Ethnic Socialization, Phinney J, Rotheram MJ (eds). Sage: Newbury Park, CA; 92-99.
19. Kenny DA, Judd CM. 1984. Estimating the nonlinear and interactive effects of latent variables. Psychological Bulletin 96: 201-210.
20. Kinket B, Verkuyten M. 1999. Intergroup evaluations and social context: A multilevel approach. European Journal of Social Psychology 29: 219-237.
21. Kleinpenning G, Hagendoorn L. 1993. Forms of racism and the cumulative dimension of ethnic attitudes. Social Psychology Quarterly 56: 21-36.
22. Kloosterman AMJ. 1991. Inter-etnisch en intercultureel. Pedagogisch Tijdschrift 16: 100-111.
23. LaFromboise T, Coleman HLK, Gerton J. 1993. Psychological impact of biculturalism: Evidence and theory. Psychological Bulletin 114: 395-412.
24. Maccoby EE. 1988. Gender as a social category. Developmental Psychology 24: 755-765.
25. Maccoby EE, Jacklin C. 1987. Gender segregation in childhood. Advances in Child Development and Behaviour 20: 239-287.
26. Milner D. 1983. Children and Race: Ten Years On. Ward Lock Educational: London.
27. Nesdale D. 2000. Developmental changes in children's ethnic preferences and social cognitions. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 20: 501-519.
28. Nijsten C. 1998. Opvoeden in Turkse gezinnen in Nederland. Van Gorcum: Assen.
29. Oakes PJ, Haslam SA, Turner JC. 1994. Stereotyping and Social Reality. Blackwell: Oxford, UK.
30. Pettigrew TF, Meertens RW. 1995. Subtle and blatant prejudice in Western Europe. European Journal of Social Psychology 25: 57-75.
31. Phinney J, Rotheram MJ (eds). 1987. Children's Ethnic Socialization. Sage: Newbury Park, CA.
32. Powlishta KK. 1995. Intergroup processes in childhood: Social categorization and sex role development. Developmental Psychology 31: 781-788.
33. Powlishta KK, Serbin LA, Doyle A-B, White DR. 1994. Gender, ethnicity, and body type biases: The generality of prejudice in childhood. Developmental Psychology 30: 526-536.
34. Ramsey PG. 1987. Young children's thinking about ethnic differences. In Children's Ethnic Socialization, Phinney J, Rotheram MJ (eds). Sage: Newbury Park, CA; 56-72.
35. Rasbash J, Healy M, Brown W, Cameron B. 1998. MIwiN version 1.00. Multilevel Projects of Education, New York.
36. Resnick LB, Levine JM, Teasley SD (eds). 1991. Perspectives on Socially Shared Cognition. American Psychological Association: Washington, DC.
37. Roosens E. 1994. The primordial nature of origins in immigrant ethnicity. In The Anthropology of Ethnicity, Vermeulen H, Govers C (eds). Spinhuis: Amsterdam; 81-104.
38. Rosenberg M. 1979. Conceiving the Self. Basic Books: New York.
39. Rutland A. 1999. The development of national prejudice, in-group favouritism and self-stereotypes in British children. British Journal of Social Psychology 38: 55-70.
40. Tajfel H, Turner JC. 1986. The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In Psychology of Intergroup Relations, Worchel S, Austin WG (eds). Nelson-Hall: Chicago; 7-24.
41. Thompson L, Fine GA. 1999. Socially shared cognition, affect, and behavior: A review and integration. Personality and Social Psychology Review 3: 278-302.
42. Turner JC. 1999. Some current issues in research on social identity and self-categorization theories. In Social Identity: Context, Commitment, Content, Ellemers N, Spears R, Doosje B (eds). Blackwell: Oxford, UK; 6-34.
43. Turner JC, Hogg MA, Oakes PJ, Reicher SD, Wetherell MS. 1987. Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-Categorization Theory. Blackwell: Oxford, UK.
44. Turner JC, Oakes PJ, Haslam SA, McGarty C. 1994. Self and collective: Cognition and social context. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 20: 454-463.
45. Van Avermaet E, McClintock CG. 1988. Intergroup fairness and bias in children. European Journal of Social Psychology 18: 407-427.
46. Verkuyten M. 1999. Etnische identiteit: Theoretische en empirische benaderingen. Spinhuis: Amsterdam.
47. Verkuyten M. 2001. Global self-esteem, ethnic self-esteem, and family integrity: Turkish and Dutch early adolescents in the Netherlands. International Journal of Behavioral Development 25: 357-366.
48. Verkuyten M, Kinket B. 1999. The relative importance of ethnicity: Ethnic categorization among older children. International Journal of Psychology 34: 107-118.
49. Verkuyten M, Kinket B. 2000. Social distances in a multi-ethnic society: The ethnic hierarchy among Dutch pre-adolescents. Social Psychology Quarterly 63: 75-85.
50. Verkuyten M, Thijs J. 2000. Leren (en) waarderen: Zelfbeeld, identiteit, relaties en leerprestaties in 'witte' en 'zwarte' basisscholen. Thela Thesis: Amsterdam.
51. Yee M, Brown R. 1992. Self-evaluations and intergroup attitudes in children aged three to nine. Child Development 63: 619-629.
52. Yee M, Brown R. 1994. The development of gender differentiation in young children. British Journal of Social Psychology 33: 183-196.