Assessing psychological distress in Zulu-speakers: Preliminary findings from an adaptation of the SCL-90-R

South African Journal of Psychology

Volumn 31, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 1-12

  Shanahan, S F ^a   Anderson, S J ^b,c   Mkhize, N J ^d  

^a St Raphael's Psychological Services   (Ireland)

^b Victoria Road Medical Centre   (South Africa)

^c University of Natal ^*  (South Africa)

^d UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU NATAL   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035732898     PISSN: 00812463     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/008124630103100401     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Ambrose, L.M., Button, E.J., & Ormrod, J.A. (1998). A long-term follow-up study of a cohort of referrals to an adult mental health clinical psychology department. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 37, 113-115.
2. American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.), [DSM-IV]. Washington, DC: APA.
3. Berggren, U., Carlsson, S.G., Hakeberg, M., Hagglin, C., & Samsonowitz, V. (1997). Assessment of patients with phobic dental anxiety. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 55, 217-222.
4. Brislin, R.W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1, 185-216.
5. Brislin, R.W. (1980). Translation and content analysis of oral and written materials. In H.C. Triandis & J.W. Berry (eds.), Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology: Methodology (Vol. 2) (pp. 389-444). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
6. Brislin, R.W. (1986). The wording and translation of research instruments. In W.J. Lonner & J.W. Berry (eds.), Field Methods in Cross-Cultural Research (pp. 137-164). Beverly Hills: Sage.
7. Brislin, R.W., Lonner, W.J., & Thomdike, R.M. (1973). Cross-Cultural ResearchMethods. New York: Wiley.
8. Buntting, B.G. & Wessels, W.H. (1991). The 'present state' examination and the structured clinical interview in Zulu. South African Medical Journal, 79, 96-98.
9. Butcher, J.N. & Clark, L.A. (1979). Recent trends in cross-cultural MMPI research and application. In J.N. Butcher (ed.), New Developments in the Use of the MMPI (pp. 69-111). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
10. Butcher, J.N. & Pancheri, P. (1976). Handbook of Cross-National MMPI Research. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
11. Carpenter, K.M., & Hittner, J.B. (1995). Dimensional characteristics of the SCL-90-R: Evaluation of gender differences in dually diagnosed inpatients. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51, 383-390.
12. Cheung, F.M. (1985). Cross-cultural considerations for the translation and adaptation of the Chinese MMPI in Hong Kong. In J.M. Butcher & C.D. Spielberger (eds.), Advances in Personality Assessment. (VoL 4) (pp. 131-158). Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum & Associates.
13. Derogatis, L.R. (1983). SCL-90-R Administration, Scoring and Procedures Manual-II. Towson, MD: Clinical Psychometric Research.
14. Derogatis, L.R. & Cleary, P.A. (1977). Confirmation of the dimensional structure of the SCL-90: a study in construct validation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33, 981-989.
15. Derogatis, L.R. & Lazarus, L. (1994). The SCL-90-R, Brief Symptom Inventory, and Matching Clinical Rating Scales. In M.E. Maruish (ed.), The Use of Psychological Testing for Treatment Planning and Outcome Assessment. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
16. Derogatis, L.R., Lipman, R.S., & Covi, L. (1973). The SCL-90: an outpatient psychiatric rating scale - a preliminary report. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 9, 13-27.
17. Derogatis, L.R., Rickels, K., & Rock, A. (1976). The SCL-90 and the MMPI: a step in the validation of a new self-report scale. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 128, 280-289.
18. Dinning, W.D., & Evans, R.G., (1977). Discriminant and convergent validity of the SCL-90 in psychiatric patients. Journal of Personality Assessment, 41, 304-310.
19. Drennan, G. (1992). Aspects of Translation in Psychological and Psychiatric Cross-Cultural Research. Unpublished M.A. Thesis, University of Cape Town.
20. Duckett, J. (1994). The reliability and factorial validity of a multidimensional measure of psychological symptomatology in South Africa. South African Journal of Psychology, 24, 194-200.
21. Dunnigan, T., McNall, M., & Mortimer, J.T. (1993). The problem of metaphorical nonequivalence in cross-cultural survey research: comparing the mental health statuses of Hmong refugee and general population adolescents. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 24, 344-365.
22. Ervin, S.M., & Osgood, C.E. (1954). Second language learning and bilingualism. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 49, 139-146.
23. Freeman, M. (1992). Providing Mental Health Care For All in South Africa: Structure and strategy. Johannesburg: Centre for Health Policy, University of the Witwatersrand.
24. Geisinger, K.F. (1994). Cross-cultural normative assessment: Translation and adaptation issues influencing the normative interpretation of assessment instruments. Psychological Assessment, 6, 304-312.
25. Gold, S.N., Lucenko, B.A., Elhai, J.D., Swingle, J.M., & Sellers, A.H. (1999). A comparison of psychological/ psychiatric symptomatology of women and men sexually abused as children. Child Abuse and Neglect, 23, 683-692.
26. Goldberg, D. (1981). Estimating the prevalance of psychiatric disorder from the results of a screening test. In J.K. Wing, P. Bebbington, & L.N. Robins (eds.), What is a case: the problem of definition in psychiatric community surveys. (pp. 129-136), London: Grant McIntyre Ltd.
27. Holi, M.M., Sammallahti, P.R., & Aalberg, V.A. (1998). A Finnish validation study of the SCL-90-R. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 97, 42-46.
28. Hu, M.Y., Zhou, C.J., & Xiao, S.Y. (1997). Psychological health level and related psychosocial factors of nurses in Changsha. Chung Hua Hu Li Tsa Chih, 32, 192-195.
29. Iezzi, T., Archibald, Y., Barnett, P., Klinck, A., & Duckworth, M. (1999). Neurocognitive performance and emotional status in chronic pain patients. Journal of Behavioural Medicine, 22, 205-216.
30. John, V.N. (1996). Use of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) in a Zulu-speaking setting: an assessment of translation, reliability, and some validity issues. Unpublished M.A. dissertation, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg.
31. Kaplan, C.P. (1998). SCL-90-R interpretation and brain tumour a correction factor? Brain Injury, 12, 977-985.
32. Katerndahl, D.A., & Realini, J.P. (1997). Comorbid psychiatric disorders in subjects with panic attacks. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 185, 669-674.
33. Katzenellenbogen, J.M., Joubert, G., & Abdool Karim, S.S. (1997). Epidemiology: a Manual for South Africa. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.
34. Koh, K.B. (1998). Perceived stress, psychopathology,and family support in Korean immigrants and nonimmigrants. Yonsei Medical Journal, 39, 214-221.
35. Kortmann, F. (1987). Problems in communication in transcultural psychiatry: the self reporting questionnaire in Ethiopia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 75, 563-570.
36. Kortmann, F., & Ten Horn, S. (1988). Comprehension and motivation in responses to a psychiatric screening instrument: validity of the SRQ in Ethiopia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 95-101.
37. Lange, A., de Beurs, E., Dolan, C., Lachnit, T., Sjollema, S., Hanewald, G. (1999). Long-term effects of childhood sexual abuse: objective and subjective characteristics of the abuse and psychopathology in later life. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders, 187, 150-158.
38. Lezak, M. (1989). Assessment of psychosocial dysfunctions resulting from head trauma. In I. Bodis-Wollner & E. A. Zimmerman (Series eds.) & M. D. Lezak (Vol. ed.), Assessment of the behavioural consequences of head trauma (pp. 113-143). N.Y.: Liss.
39. Michelson, C. (1991). Trauma, levels of distress, and coping amongst displacees inthe Pietermaritzburg area. Unpublished M.Soc.Sci. dissertation, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg.
40. Miller, T., & Swartz, L. (1992). Psychology and epidemiology: an uncomfortable alliance? South African Journal of Psychology, 22, 52-58.
41. Morgan, C.D., Wiederman, M.W., & Magnus, R.D. (1998). Discriminant validity of the SCL-90 dimensions of anxiety and depression. Assessment, 5, 197-201.
42. Noh, S. & Avison, W.R. (1992). Assessing psychopathology in Korean immigrants: some preliminary results on the SCL-90. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 37, 640-645.
43. O'Donnell, W.E., DeSoto, C.B., & Reynolds, D.M. (1984). A cognitive deficit subscale of the SCL-90-R. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40, 241-246.
44. Orris, P., Hartman, D.E., Strauss, P., Anderson, R.J., Collins, J., Knopp, C., Xu, Y., & Melius, J. (1997). Stress among package truck drivers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 31, 202-210.
45. Prince, R. & Mombour, W. (1967). A technique for improving linguistic equivalence in cross-cultural surveys. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 13, 229-237.
46. Relief, A. (1988). Method and Theory in Cross-Cultural Psychological Assessment. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council.
47. Robinson, H.M., Sigman, M.R., & Wilson, J.P. (1997). Duty-related stressors and PTSD symptoms in suburban police officers. Psychological Reports, 81, 835-845.
48. Rogler, L.H. (1989). The meaning of culturally sensitive research in mental health. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 296-303.
49. Schmitz, N., Hartkamp, N., & Frank, G.H. (2000). Assessing clinically significant change: application to the SCL-90-R. Psychological Reports, 86, 263-274.
50. Schmitz, N., Kruse, J., Heckrath, C., Alberti, L., & Tress, W. (1999). Diagnosing mental disorders in primary care: the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and the Symptom Checklist Check List (SCL-90-R) as screening instruments. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 34, 360-366.
51. Sechrest, L., Fay, T.L., & Zaidi, S.M.H. (1972). Problems of translation in cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 3, 41-56.
52. Shanahan, S. (1998). Translation, psychometric evaluation, and preliminary validation of a Zulu version of the SCL-90-R. Unpublished M.Soc.Sc. dissertation, University of Natal, Pietermarilzburg.
53. Shen, Q., Lu, Y.W., Hu, C.Y., Deng, X.M., Gao, H., Huang, X.Q., & Niu, E.H. (1998). A preliminary study of the mental health of young migrant workers in Shenzhen. Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 52, S370-373.
54. Smed, A. (1997). Cognitive function and distress after common whiplash injury. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 95, 73-80.
55. Sperber, A.D., Devellis, R.F., & Boehlecke, B. (1994). Cross-cultural translation: methodology and validation. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 25, 501-524.
56. SPSS Inc. (1990). SPSS/PC+ V4.0. Chicago, Il: SPSS Inc.
57. Ursano, R.J., Fullerton, C.S., Vance, K., & Kao, T.C. (1999). Postraumatic stress disorder and identification in disaster workers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 353-359.
58. Vercoulen, J. H. M. M., Swanink, C. M. A., Fenis, J. F. M., Galama, J. M. D., van der Meer, J. W. M., & Bleijenberg, G. (1994). Dimensional assessment of chronic fatigue syndrome. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 383-392.
59. Vonk, M.E. (1999). Evaluating the effectiveness of short-term treatment at a University counseling center. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55, 1095-1106.
60. Werner, O., & Campbell, D.T. (1970). Translating, working through interpreters, and the problem of decentering. In R. Naroll & R. Cohen (eds.), A Handbook of Method in Cross-Cultural Anthropology. New York: Natural History Press.
61. Westermeyer, J., Vang, T.F., & Neider, J. (1983). Migration and mental health among Hmong refugees: association of pre-and postmigration factors with self-rating scales. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 171, 92-96.
62. Wetzler, S., Kahn, R., Strauman, T., & Dubro, A. (1989). Diagnosis of major depression by self-report. Journal of Personality Assessment, 53, 22-30.
63. Wilson, J.H., Taylor, P.J., & Robertson, G. (1985). The validity of the SCL-90 in a sample of British men remanded to prison for psychiatric reports. British Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 400-403.