Depth distribution of Recent deep-sea benthic foraminifera east of New Zealand, and their potential for improving paleobathymetric assessments of Neogene microfaunas

New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics

Volumn 44, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 555-587

  Hayward, Bruce W ^a   Carter, Rowan ^a   Grenfell, Hugh R ^a   Hayward, Jessica J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Bathymetric distribution; Bounty Trough; Chatham Rise; Deep sea benthic foraminifera; Hikurangi Plateau; Modern analogue technique; New Zealand; ODP Leg 181; Paleobathymetric assessment; Species associations; Species diversity; Taphonomic loss

Indexed keywords

ABUNDANCE; BATHYMETRY; BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA; DEPTH; NEOGENE; SEDIMENTARY BASIN; SPECIES DIVERSITY;

BOUNTY TROUGH; CHATHAM ISLANDS; CHATHAM RISE; HIKURANGI PLATEAU; NEW ZEALAND; PACIFIC OCEAN;

FORAMINIFERA;

EID: 0035682885     PISSN: 00288306     EISSN: 11758791     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00288306.2001.9514955     Document Type: Article

References (134)

1. Akimoto, K., 1994. Cenozoic benthic foraminiferal biostratigraphy, paleobathymetry, paleoenvironments and paleoceano-graphy of the New Hebrides Island Arc and North d'Entrecasteaux Ridge area. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program Scientific Results, 134:265–291.
2. Albani, A. D., and Yassini, I., 1989. Taxonomy and distribution of shallow-water lagenid Foraminiferida from the southeastern coast of Australia. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 40:369–401.
3. Ayress, M., Neil, H., Passlow, V., and Swanson, K., 1997. Benthonic ostracods and deep watermasses:A qualitative comparison of Southwest Pacific, Southern and Atlantic Oceans. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 131:287–302.
4. Ballance, P. F., ed. 1993. South Pacific sedimentary basins, Sedimentary basins of the world 2 413Amsterdam:Elsevier.
5. Banner, F. T., Simmonds, M. D., and Whittaker, J. E., 1991. The Mesozoic Chrysalidinidae (Foraminifera, Textulariacea) of the Middle East:the Redmond (Aramco) taxa and their relatives. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology, 47:101–152.
6. Barrows, T. T., Juggins, S., De Deckker, P., Thiede, J., and Martinez, J. I., 2000. Sea-surface temperatures of the Southwest Pacific Ocean during the Last Glacial Maximum. Paleoceanography, 15:95–109.
7. Bé, A. W. H., 1977. “An ecological, zoogeographic and taxonomic review of Recent planktonic foraminifera”. In Oceanic micropaleontology, Edited by:Ramsay, A. T. S., 1–100. London:Academic Press.
8. Boersma, A., 1984. Handbook of common Tertiary Uvigerina, 163Stony Point, New York:Microclimates Press.
9. Boersma, A., 1986. Biostratigraphy and biogeography of Tertiary bathyal benthic foraminifers:Tasman Sea, Coral Sea, and on the Chatham Rise (Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 90). Kennett, J. P. et al. Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 90:961–1036.
10. Boltovskoy, E., Giussani, G., Watanabe, S., and Wright, R., 1980. Atlas of benthic shelf foraminifera of the Southwest Atlantic, 147The Hague:Junk Publishers.
11. Bradford-Grieve, J. M., Lewis, K. B., and Stanton, B. R., 1991. Advances in New Zealand oceanography, 1967–1991. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 25:429–441.
12. Brady, H. B., 1884. Report on the Foraminifera dredged by HMS Challenger, during the years 1873–1876, Reports of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of HMS Challenger, Zoology 9 814
13. Brönnimann, P., and Whittaker, J. E., 1988. The Trochamminacea of the Discovery reports, 152British Museum (Natural History).
14. Buzas, M. A., and Gibson, T. G., 1969. Species diversity:Benthonic foraminifera in western North Atlantic. Science, 163:72–75.
15. Buzas, M. A., Culver, S. J., and Jorissen, F. J., 1993. A statistical evaluation of the microhabitats of living (stained) infaunal benthic foraminifera. Marine Micropaleontology, 20:311–320.
16. Cameron, A. A., 1995. Recent foraminifera from the continental shelf and slope off Kaikoura, New Zealand. New Zealand Natural Sciences, 22:27–42.
17. Carter, L., and Carter, R. M., 1993. “Sedimentary evolution of the Bounty Trough:a Cretaceous rift basin, southwestern Pacific Ocean”. In South Pacific sedimentary basins, Sedimentary basins of the world, 2 Edited by:Ballance, P. F., 51–67. Amsterdam:Elsevier.
18. Carter, L., and McCave, I. N., 1994. Development of sediment drifts approaching an active plate margin under the SW Pacific deep western boundary current. Paleoceanography, 9:1061–1085.
19. Carter, L., Neil, H. L., and McCave, I. N., 2000. Glacial to interglacial changes in non-carbonate and carbonate accumulation in the SW Pacific Ocean, New Zealand. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 162:333–356.
20. Chapman, F., and Parr, W. J., 1937. “Foraminifera”. In Scientific Reports of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1–190. 1911–14, (C) 1 (2)
21. Chiswell, S. M., 1994. Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler measurements over the Chatham Rise. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 30:1–17.
22. Clark, F. E., 1994. New species and a new genus of Neogene benthic Foraminifera from the Southwest Pacific Ocean. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 24(2):110–122.
23. Collen, J. D. H., 1972. Studies in the Wanganui series:Pliocene foraminifera from Wanganui Basin, Wellington, New Zealand:Victoria University of Wellington. Unpublished PhD thesis
24. Corliss, B. H., 1985. Microhabitats of benthic foraminifera within deep-sea sediments. Nature, 314:435–438.
25. Corliss, B. H., 1991. Morphology and microhabitat preferences of benthic foraminifera from the northwest Atlantic Ocean. Marine Micropaleontology, 17:195–236.
26. Crundwell, M. P., Scott, G. H., and Thrasher, G. P., Calibration of paleobathymetry indicators by integrated seismic and paleontological analysis of foreset sequences, Taranaki Basin, New Zealand. 1994 New Zealand Petroleum Conference Proceedings. pp.169–178.
27. Cullen, D. J., 1965. Autochthonous rocks from the Chatham Rise, east of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 8:465–474.
28. Culver, S. J., 1988. New foraminiferal depth zonation of the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Palaios, 3:69–85.
29. Culver, S. J., and Buzas, M. A., 2000. Global latitudinal species diversity gradient in deep-sea benthic foraminifera. Deep-Sea Research, 147:259–275.
30. Cushman, J. A., 1933. The foraminifera of the tropical Pacific collections of the “Albatross”, 1899–1900. Part 2:Lagenidae to Alveolinellidae. United States National Museum Bulletin, 161:79
31. Cushman, J. A., and McCulloch, I., 1939. A report on some arenaceous foraminifera. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 6(1)
32. Cushman, J. A., and McCulloch, I., 1950. Reports on the collections obtained by Allan Hancock Expeditions of Velero III off the coast of Mexico, Central America, South America and Galapagos Islands in 1932–1941, and Velero IV in 1949. Some Lagenidae in the collections of the Allan Hancock Foundation. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 6:295–364.
33. Dawson, E. W., 1992. The marine fauna of New Zealand:Index to the fauna:1. Protozoa, New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 99 368
34. De Stigter, H. C., 1996. Recent and fossil benthic foraminifera in the Adriatic Sea:distribution patterns in relation to organic carbon flux and oxygen concentration at the seabed. Geologica Ultraiectina, 144:254
35. Eade, J. V., 1967. New Zealand Recent Foraminifera of the families Islandiellidae and Cassidulinidae. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 1:421–454.
36. Fenner, J., Carter, L., and Stewart, R. B., 1992. Late Quaternary paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic change over northern Chatham Rise, New Zealand. Marine Geology, 108:383–404.
37. Gary, A. C., Healy-Williams, N., and Ehrlich, R., 1989. Watermass relationships and morphologic variability in the benthic foraminifer Bolivina albatrossi Cushman, northern Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 19:210–221.
38. Gibson, T. G., 1989. Planktonic-benthonic foraminiferal ratios:modern patterns and Tertiary applicability. Marine Micropaleontology, 15:29–52.
39. Gibson, T. G., and Buzas, M. A., 1973. Species diversity:Patterns in modern and Miocene foraminifera of the eastern margin of North America. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 84:217–238.
40. Hayek, L-A. C., and Buzas, M. A., 1997. Surveying natural populations, 563New York:Columbia University Press.
41. Haynes, J. R., 1973. Cardigan Bay foraminifera (cruises of the R.V. Antur, 1962–1964). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, supplement 4
42. Hayward, B. W., 1986. A guide to paleoenvironmental assessment using New Zealand Cenozoic foraminiferal faunas, New Zealand Geological Survey Report Pal 109 73
43. Hayward, B. W., 1990. Use of foraminiferal data in analysis of Taranaki Basin, New Zealand. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 20:71–83.
44. Hayward, B. W., and Brook, F. J., 1994. Foraminiferal paleoecology and initial subsidence of the early Miocene Waitemata Basin, Waiheke Island, Auckland. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 37:11–24.
45. Hayward, B. W., and Buzas, M. A., 1979. Taxonomy and paleoecology of early Miocene benthic foraminifera of northern New Zealand and the north Tasman Sea. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 36:154
46. Hayward, B. W., and Grace, R. V., 1981. Soft bottom macrofauna and foraminiferal microfauna off Cuvier Island, north-east New Zealand. Tane, 27:43–54.
47. Hayward, B. W., and Grenfell, H. R., 1999. Chatham Island foraminifera (Protista), New Zealand. New Zealand Natural History, 24:69–88.
48. Hayward, B. W., Grenfell, H. R., Reid, C. M., and Hayward, K. A., 1999. Recent New Zealand shallow-water benthic foraminifera:taxonomy, ecologic distribution, biogeography, and use in paleoenvironmental assessment, Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences Monograph 21 258
49. Hayward, B. W., Carter, R., Grenfell, H. R., Neil, H., and Hayward, J. J., “Factors influencing the distribution patterns of Recent deep-sea benthic foraminifera, east of New Zealand”. South-west Pacific Ocean. in prep.
50. Haywick, D. W., and Henderson, R. A., 1991. A foraminiferal paleobathymetry of Plio-Pleistocene cyclothemic sequences, Petane Group, New Zealand. Palaios, 6:586–599.
51. Heath, R. A., 1985. A review of the physical oceanography of the seas around New Zealand—1982. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 19:70–124.
52. Hedley, R. H., Hurdle, C. M., and Burdett, I. D. J., 1965. A foraminiferal fauna from the western continental shelf, North Island, New Zealand. Memoirs of the New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, 25:46
53. Heron-Allen, E., and Earland, A., 1912. On some foraminifera from the North Sea, etc., dredged by the Fisheries Cruiser “Goldseeker” (International North Sea Investigations— Scotland); Part I—On some new Astrorhizidae and their shell-structure. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, London, 1912:382–389.
54. Heron-Allen, E., and Earland, A., 1913. Clare Island Survey:Part 64. Foraminifera. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 31(3):1–188.
55. Heron-Allen, E., and Earland, A., 1922. “Protozoa, Part 2. Foraminifera”. In Natural History Reports of the British Antarctic (“Terra Nova”) Expedition, 1910 Vol. 6, 25–268. (2)
56. Heron-Allen, E., and Earland, A., 1932. Foraminifera, Part I—The ice-free area of the Falkland Islands and adjacent seas. “Discovery” Reports, 4A:291–459.
57. Herzer, R. H., 1981. Ellesmere sediments, New Zealand Oceanographic Institute. Chart 1:200,000 sediments
58. Hofker, J., 1972. Primitive agglutinated foraminifera, Leiden, Netherlands:E. J. Brill.
59. Hoglund, H., 1947. Foraminifera in the Gullmar Fjord and the Skagerak. Zoologiska Bidrag fran Uppsala, 26:328
60. Horn, H. S., 1966. Measurement of “overlap” in comparative ecologic studies. American Naturalist, 100:419–424.
61. Hornibrook, N. de B., 1952. Sediments from the Chatham Rise, Part 2:Recent and fossil microfaunas. New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology, B34:184–188.
62. Hornibrook, N. de B., Brazier, R. C., and Strong, C. P., 1989. Manual of New Zealand Permian to Pleistocene foraminiferal biostratigraphy. New Zealand Geological Survey Paleontological Bulletin, 56:175
63. Hoskins, R. H., 1978. New Zealand middle Miocene foraminifera:The Waiauan stage, United Kingdom:University of Exeter. Unpublished PhD thesis
64. Hutson, W. H., 1979. The Agulhas Current during the late Pleistocene:Analysis of modern faunal analogues. Science, 207:64–66.
65. Imbrie, J., and Kipp, N. G., 1971. “A new micropaleontological method for quantitative paleoclimatology:application to a late Pleistocene Caribbean core”. In Late Cenozoic glacial ages, Edited by:Turekian, K. K., 71–181. New Haven, Connecticut:Yale University Press.
66. Jones, R. W., 1984. A revised classification of the unilocular Nodosariida and Buliminida (Foraminifera). Revista Espanola de Micropaleontologia, 16:91–160.
67. Jones, R. W., 1994. The Challenger Foraminifera, 149Oxford Science Publications.
68. Jorissen, F. J., Barmawidjaja, D. M., Puskaric, S., and van der Zwaan, G. J., 1992. Vertical distribution of benthic foraminifera in the northern Adriatic Sea. The relation with the organic flux. Marine Micropaleontology, 19:131–146.
69. Kamp, P. J. J., Journeaux, T. D., and Morgans, H. E. G., 1998. Cyclostratigraphy of middle Pliocene mid-shelf to upper slope strata, eastern Wanganui Basin (New Zealand); correlations to the deep sea isotope record. Sedimentary Geology, 117:165–192.
70. Kawagata, S., 1999. Late Quaternary bathyal benthic foraminifera from three Tasman Sea cores, southwest Pacific Ocean, Science Reports of the Institute of Geoscience Vol. B20, 1–46. Tsukuba University.
71. Kennett, J. P., 1962. The Kapitean Stage (upper Miocene) at Cape Foulwind, West Coast. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 5:620–625.
72. Kennett, J. P., 1966a. Stratigraphy and fauna of the type section and neighbouring sections of the Kapitean Stage, Greymouth. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Geology, 4:1–77.
73. Kennett, J. P., 1966b. Faunal succession in two upper Miocene-lower Pliocene sections, Marlborough, New Zealand. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Geology, 3:197–213.
74. Kennett, J. P., and Casey, R. E., 1969. Foraminiferal evidence for a pre-middle Eocene age of the Chatham Rise, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 3:20–28.
75. King, P. R., Scott, G. H., and Robinson, P. H., 1993. Description, correlation and depositional history of Miocene sediments outcropping along North Taranaki coast, Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences Monograph 5 199
76. Knox, G. A., 1951. A rock bottom fauna from 80 fathoms off Banks Peninsula. Records of Canterbury (N.Z.) Museum, 6:41–51.
77. Kurihara, K., and Kennett, J. P., 1986. Neogene benthic foraminifers. Distribution in depth traverse, Southwest Pacific. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 90:1037–1077.
78. Lewis, K. B., 1979. Foraminifera on the continental shelf and slope off southern Hawkes Bay, New Zealand, New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 84 45
79. Loeblich, A. R., and Tappan, H., 1987. Foraminiferal genera and their classification, 2 vols, 1182New York:Van Nostrand Reinhold.
80. Loeblich, A. R., and Tappan, H., Studies in benthic foraminifera. Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium on Benthic Foraminifera. 1990, Sendai. Present status of foraminiferal classification, Edited by:Takayanagi, Y., and Saito, T., pp.93–102. Tokai University Press.
81. Loeblich, A. R., and Tappan, H., 1994. Foraminifera of the Sahul Shelf and Timor Sea, Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research Special Publication 31 661
82. MacArthur, R. H., and MacArthur, J. W., 1961. On bird species diversity. Ecology, 42:594–598.
83. McCave, I. N., and Carter, L., 1997. Recent sedimentation beneath the Deep Western Boundary Current off northern New Zealand. Deep Sea Research, 44:1203–1237.
84. McCulloch, I., 1977. Qualitative observations on Recent foraminiferal tests with emphasis on the Eastern Pacific, 3 vols, Los Angeles:University of Southern California.
85. McCulloch, I., 1981. Qualitative observations on Recent foraminiferal tests. Part IV, with emphasis on the Allan Hancock Atlantic Expedition collections, 364Los Angeles:University of Southern California.
86. McDougall, J. C., 1982. Bounty sediments, Oceanic Series New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Chart. 1:1 000 000
87. Mitchell, J. S., Carter, L., and McDougall, J. C., 1989. New Zealand region sediments, 1:6,000,000, New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Miscellaneous Series 65 1 map
88. Morista, M., 1959. Measuring of interspecific association and similarity between communities. Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, series E (Biology), 3:65–80.
89. Morris, R. M., 1964. Sediments of Chatham Rise, New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 26 39
90. Murray, J. W., 1973. Distribution and ecology of living benthic foraminiferids, 288London:Heinemann.
91. Murray, J. W., 1991. Ecology and paleoecology of benthic foraminifera, 397Avon, Longman Scientific and Technical.
92. Murray, J. W., 1995. “Microfossil indicators of ocean water masses”. In Marine paleoenvironmental analysis from fossils, Geological Society Special Publication 83 Edited by:Bosence, D. W. J., and Allison, P. A., 245–264.
93. Naish, T., and Kamp, P. J. J., 1997. Foraminiferal depth palaeoecology of Late Pliocene shelf sequences and systems tracts, Wanganui Basin, New Zealand. Sedimentary Geology, 110:237–255.
94. Nodder, S. D., and Northcote, L. C., 2001. Episodic paniculate fluxes at southern temperate mid-latitudes (42–45°S) in the subtropical front region, east of New Zealand. Deep Sea Research I, 48:833–864.
95. Nodder, S., Pilditch, C., Probert, K., and Northcote, L., Benthic-pelagic coupling across the Subtropical Front, Chatham Rise. New Zealand Marine Sciences Society Conference. pp.92 Programme and Abstracts.
96. Nomura, R., 1983a. Cassidulinidae (Foraminiferida) from the Uppermost Cenozoic of Japan (Part 1), Tohoku University Science Report, 2nd Series (Geology) Vol. 53, 1–101.
97. Nomura, R., 1983b. Cassidulinidae (Foraminiferida) from the Uppermost Cenozoic of Japan (Part 2), Tohoku University Science Report, 2nd Series (Geology) Vol. 54, 1–93.
98. Oki, K., 1989. Ecological analysis of benthonic foraminifera in Kagoshima Bay, South Kyushu, Japan. South Pacific Study, 10:1–191.
99. Parr, W. J., 1950. Foraminifera. Reports of the British, Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition 1929–1931, series B (Zoology and Botany), 5:233–392.
100. Patterson, R. T., Burbidge, S. M., and Luternauer, J. L., 1998. Atlas of common benthic foraminiferal species for Quaternary shelf environments of Western Canada. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin, 503
101. Prell, W. L., 1985. The stability of low-latitude sea-surface temperatures:an evaluation of the CLIMAP reconstruction with emphasis on the positive SST anomalies, Report TR025 60Washington, D.C.:United States Department of Energy.
102. Probert, K., and McKnight, D. G., 1993. Biomass of bathyal macrobenthos in the region of the Subtropical Convergence, Chatham Rise, New Zealand. Deep Sea Research I, 40:1003–1007.
103. Reid, C.M., and Hayward, B. W., 1997. Near-shore foraminifera from Taiwawe Bay, Northland, New Zealand. Tane, 36:113–130.
104. Rohlf, F. J., 1989. NTSYS-pc, numerical analysis and multivariate analysis system, New York:Exeter Software.
105. Saidova, K. M., 1975. Bentosniye foraminifery Tikhogo Okeana, 3 vols, Moscow:P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
106. Sars, G. O., 1872. Undersøgelser over Hardangerfjordens Fauna. Forhandlinger i Videnskasselsbet i Kristiana, 1871:246–255.
107. Schnitker, D., 1980. Quaternary deep-sea benthic foraminifers and bottom water masses. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 8:243–320.
108. Scott, G. H., 1970. Miocene foraminiferal biotopes in New Zealand:Waitemata Group, Kaipara, Northland. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 13:316–342.
109. Scott, G. H., 1971. Miocene foraminiferal environments:Tarakohe Mudstone, western Nelson. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 14:121–132.
110. Sen Gupta, B. K., Shin, I. C., and Wendler, S. T., 1987. Relevance of specimen size in distribution studies of deep-sea benthic foraminifera. Palaios, 2:332–338.
111. Sequenza, G., 1880. Le formazioni Terziarie nella provincia di Reggio (Calabria), Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali, Ser. 3 Vol. 6, 1–446. Roma:Atti Reale Accademie dei Lincei.
112. Sidebottom, H., 1912. Lagenae of the Southwest Pacific Ocean, from soundings taken by HMS Waterwich, 1895. Journal of the Queckett Microscopical Club, 2(11):70375–44.
113. Sidebottom, H., 1913. Lagenae of the Southwest Pacific Ocean (supplementary paper). Journal of the Queckett Microscopical Club, 2(12):73161–210.
114. Silvestri, A., 1904. Forme nuove o poco conosciute di Protozoi Miocenici piemontesi, Vol. 39, 4–15. Torino, Italia:Atti dell'Accademia della Scienze. (1903–04)
115. Smart, C. W., King, S. C., Gooday, A. J., Murray, J. W., and Thomas, E., 1994. A benthic foraminiferal proxy of pulsed organic matter paleofluxes. Marine Micropaleontology, 23:89–100.
116. Sneath, P. H. A., and Sokal, R. R., 1973. Numerical taxonomy, 573San Francisco:Freeman.
117. Spencer, R. S., 1996. A model for improving the precision of paleobathymetric estimates:an example from the northwest Gulf of Mexico. Marine Micropaleontology, 28:263–282.
118. Ter Braak, C. J. F., 1985. Canoco—a fortran programme for canonical correspondence analysis and detrended correspondence analysis:IWIS-TNO Wageningen, The Netherlands
119. Thomas, E., and Gooday, A. J., 1996. Cenozoic deep-sea benthic foraminifera:tracers for changes in oceanic productivity?. Geology, 24:355–358.
120. Thompson, I. C., 1975. Recent foraminifera and superficial sediments on an area of the continental shelf and upper slope east of the North Island, New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand:University of Auckland. Unpublished MSc thesis
121. Tomzack, M., and Godfrey, J. S., 1994. Regional oceanography:an introduction, 422London:Pergamon Press.
122. Ujiié, H., 1995. Benthic foraminifera common in the bathyal surface sediments of the Ryukyu Island Arc region, Northwest Pacific. Bulletin of the College of Science, University of the Ryukyus, 60:51–111.
123. van der Zwaan, G. J., Duijnstee, I. A. P., den Dulk, M., Ernst, S. R., Jannink, N. T., and Kowenhoven, T. J., 1999. Benthic foraminifers:proxies or problems? A review of paleo-ecological concepts. Earth-Science Reviews, 46:213–236.
124. Van Morkhoven, F. P. C. M., Berggren, W. A., and Edwards, A. S., 1986. Cenozoic cosmopolitan deep-water benthic foraminifera, Bulletin des centres de recherches exploration-production Elf-Aquitaine Memoir 11 421
125. Vella, P., 1957. Studies in New Zealand foraminifera; Part I— Foraminifera from Cook Strait. Part II—Upper Miocene to Recent species of the genus Notorotalia. New Zealand Geological Survey Paleontological Bulletin, 28:64
126. Vella, P., 1962. Determining depths of New Zealand Tertiary seas:An introduction to depth paleoecology. Tuatara, 10:19–40.
127. Vella, P., 1963. Some Foraminifera from the Upper Miocene and Pliocene of Wairarapa, New Zealand. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Geology, 1:285–296.
128. Weaver, P. P. E., Neil, H., and Carter, L., 1997. Sea surface temperature estimates from the Southwest Pacific based on planktonic foraminifera and oxygen isotopes. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 131:241–256.
129. Wells, P. E., 1985. Recent agglutinated benthonic Foraminifera (suborder Textulariina) of Wellington Harbour, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 19:575–599.
130. Williams, C. B., 1964. Patterns in the balance of nature, 324London:Academic Press.
131. Wood, R. A., Andrews, P. B., and Herzer, R. H., 1989. Cretaceous and Cenozoic geology of the Chatham Rise region, South Island, New Zealand, New Zealand Geological Survey Basin Studies 3 75
132. Yassini, I., and Jones, B. G., 1995. Foraminiferida and Ostracoda from estuarine and shelf environments on the southeastern coast of Australia, 484University of Wollongong Press.
133. Yoder, J. A., Ackleson, S. G., Barber, R. T., Flament, P., and Balch, W. M., 1994. A line in the sea. Nature, 371:689–692.
134. Zobel, B., 1984. Foraminiferal age of phosphorite nodules from the Chatham Rise (SO-17 Cruise). Geologisches Jahrbuch Reiche D, 65:99–105.