An ecological investigation of the incidence of cancer in Welsh children for the period 1985-1994 in relation to residence near the coastline

Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A: Statistics in Society

Volumn 164, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 29-43

  Steward, John ^a   John, Gareth ^a  

^a Welsh Cancer Intell/Survlnc U   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Childhood cancer; Ecological studies; Stone's method

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035648975     PISSN: 09641998     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1467-985X.00183     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Alexander, F. E., Cartwright, R. A., McKinney, P. A. and Ricketts, T. J. (1990a) Leukaemia incidence, social class and estuaries: an ecological analysis. J. Publ. Hlth Med., 12, 109-117.
2. Alexander, F. E., Ricketts, T. J., McKinney, P. A. and Cartwright, R. A. (1990b) Community lifestyle characteristics and risk of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children. Lancet, 336, 1461-1465.
3. Beral, V., Roman, E. and Bobrow, M. (eds) (1993) Childhood Cancer and Nuclear Installations. London: British Medical Journal.
4. Birch, J. M. and Marsden, H. B. (1987) A classification scheme for childhood cancer. Int. J. Cancer, 40, 620-624.
5. Bithell, J. F. (1991) Estimation of relative risk functions. Statist. Med., 10, 1745-1751.
6. -(1992) Statistical methods for analysing point source exposures. In Geographical and Environmental Epidemiology (ed. P. Elliott), pp. 221-230. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
7. Bithell, J. F. and Stewart, A. M. (1975) Prenatal radiation and childhood malignancy: a review of British data from the Oxford survey. Br. J. Cancer, 31, 271-287.
8. Bramhall, R. (ed.) (1997) The Health Effects of Low Level Radiation: Proc. Symp. London, April 24th, 1996. Aberystwyth: Green Audit (Wales).
9. Breslow, N. E. and Day, N. E. (1987) Statistical Methods in Cancer Research, vol. II, The Design and Analysis of Cohort Studies. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer.
10. Busby, C. (1995) The Wings of Death: Nuclear Pollution and Human Health. Aberystwyth: Green Audit (Wales).
11. Busby, C., Kocjan, B., Mannion, E. and Scot Cato, M. (1998) Proximity to the Irish Sea and leukaemia incidence in children. Occasional Paper 98/4. Green Audit Wales, Aberystwyth. (Available from http://www.llrc/org/.)
12. Busby, C. and Scot Cato, M. (2000) Increases in leukaemia in infants in Wales and Scotland following Chernobyl: evidence for errors in statutory risk estimates (UK). En. Environ., 11, 127-139.
13. Clayton, D., Bernadinelli, L. and Montomoli, C. (1993) Spatial correlation in ecological analysis. Int. J. Epidem., 22, 1193-1202.
14. Committee on Medical Aspects of Radiation in the Environment (1999) Committee on Medical Aspects of Radiation in the Environment statement on the incidence of childhood cancer in Wales, July 21st, 1999. Department of Health, London. (Available from http://www.doh.gov.uk/comarewales.htm/.)
15. Darby, S. C., Olsen, J. H., Doll, R., Thakrar, B., Nully Brown, P. and Storm, H. H. (1992) Trends in childhood leukaemia in the Nordic countries in relation to fallout from atmospheric nuclear weapons testing. Br. Med. J., 304, 1005-1009.
16. Dickinson, H. O. and Parker, L. (1999) Quantifying the effect of population mixing on childhood leukaemia risk: the Seascale cluster. Br. J. Cancer, 81, 144-151.
17. Diggle, P., Morris, S. and Morton-Jones, T. (1999) Case control isotonic regression for investigation of elevation in risk around a point source. Statist. Med., 18, 1605-1613.
18. Doll, R. (1995) Hazards of ionising radiation: 100 years of observation on man. Br. J. Cancer, 72, 1339-1349.
19. -(1999) The Seascale cluster: a probable explanation. Br. J. Cancer, 81, 3-5.
20. Dutton, S. J., Bithell, J. F., Neary, N. M. and Vincent, T. J. (1994) Calculation of small area expectations for childhood leukaemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma 1966-87: application to assessing the risk near nuclear installations. Technical Report JFB-TR. Childhood Cancer Research Group, Oxford.
21. Eakins, J. D., Lally, A. E., Burton, P. J., Kilworth, D. R. and Pratley, F. A. (1982) Studies of Environmental Radioactivity in Cumbria, Part 5, The Magnitude and Mechanism of Enrichment of Sea Spray with Actinides in West Cumbria. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
22. Edwards, A. A. and Cox, R. (2000) Commentary on the second event theory of Busby et al. Int. J. Radian Biol., 76, 119-125.
23. Environmental Systems Research Institute (1996) Arc View: ESRI Mapping and GIS Software. Redlands: Environmental Systems Research Institute.
24. Esteve, J., Benhamou, E. and Raymond, L. (1994) Statistical Methods in Cancer Research, vol. IV, Descriptive Epidemiology. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer.
25. Global Mapping Solutions (1999) Proaddress: Geocoding Software. Reading: Global Mapping Solutions. (Available from info@gmsl.com.)
26. Greaves, M. F. (1988) Speculations on the cause of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Leukaemia, 2, 120-125.
27. Kinlen, L. J. (1995) Epidemiological evidence for an infective basis in childhood leukaemias. Br. J. Cancer, 71, 1-5.
28. Kneale, G. W. and Stewart, A. M. (1987) Childhood cancers in the UK and their relation to background radiation. In Radiation and Health: the Biological Effects of Low Level Exposure to Ionising Radiation, pp. 203-220. Chichester: Wiley.
29. Little, J. (1999) Epidemiology of Childhood Cancer. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer.
30. Mathsoft (1999) S-Plus 2000: Software for Statistical Analysis. Seattle: Mathsoft.
31. Morton-Jones, T., Diggle, P. and Elliott, P. (1999) Investigation of excess environmental risk around putative sources: Stone's test with covariate adjustment. Statist. Med., 18, 189-197.
32. National Health Service Management Information Group (1992) Manual of the International Classification of Diseases Injuries and Causes of Death, 9th Revision with UK Amendments and Extensions. Leeds: National Health Service Management Executive.
33. National Radiological Protection Board (1988) Gamma-radiation levels outdoors in Great Britain. Technical Report NRPB-R191. National Radiological Protection Board, Didcot.
34. Office for National Statistics (1993) Cancer Registration Statistics, Series MBI No. 26, annual reference volumes 1985 to 1993. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
35. Parkin, D. M., Chen, V. W., Ferlay, J., Galceran, J., Storm, H. H. and Whelan, S. L. (1994) Comparability and quality control in cancer registration. Technical Report 19. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon.
36. Parkin, D. M., Kramarova, E., Draper, G. J., Masuyer, E., Michaelis, J., Neglia, J., Qureshi, S. and Stiller, C. A. (1998) International Incidence of Childhood Cancer, vol. II. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer.
37. Pobel, D. and Viel, J. F. (1997) A case control study of leukaemia among young people near La Hague nuclear reprocessing plant: the environmental hypothesis revisited. Br. Med. J., 314, 101-106.
38. Richardson, S. (1992) Statistical methods for geographical correlation studies. In Geographical and Environmental Epidemiology (ed. P. Elliott), pp. 195-201. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
39. Richardson, S., Monfort, C., Green, M., Draper, G. and Muirhead, C. (1995) Spatial variations of natural radiation and childhood leukaemia in Great Britain. Statist. Med., 14, 2487-2501.
40. Richardson, S., Stucker, I. and Hemon, D. (1987) Comparison of relative risks obtained in ecological and individual studies: some methodological considerations. Int. J. Epidem., 16, 111-120.
41. Selvin, S. (1998) Modern Applied Biostatislical Methods using S-Plus, pp. 141-194. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
42. Steward, J. A., Jones, D. A., Beer, H. and John, G. (1999) Results of a preliminary study to test the Irish Sea hypothesis of Busby et al. Technical Report. Welsh Cancer Intelligence and Surveillance Unit, Cardiff. (Available from john.steward@velindre-tr.wales.nhs.uk.)
43. Stiller, C. A. and Boyle, P. J. (1996) Effect of population mixing and socio-economic status in England and Wales 1979-85 on lymphoblastic leukaemia in children. Br. Med. J., 313, 1297-1300.
44. Stiller, C. A., O'Connor, C. M., Vincent, T. J. and Draper, G. J. (1991) The National Registry of Childhood Tumours and the leukaemia/lymphoma data for 1966-83. In Geographical Epidemiology of Childhood Leukaemia and non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Great Britain 1966-83 (ed. G. J. Draper). London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
45. Stone, R. A. (1988) Investigations of excess environmental risks around putative sources: statistical problems and a proposed test. Statist. Med., 1, 649-660.
46. Venables, W. N. and Ripley, B. D. (1999) Modern Applied Statistics with S-plus, 3rd edn. New York: Springer.