The Balkan limits to power and principle

Orbis

Volumn 45, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 93-110

  Macgregor, Douglas A ^a  

^a NATIONAL DEFENSE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035643807     PISSN: 00304387     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0030-4387(00)00060-0     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. 1 The author thanks Ambassador Robert Oakley; Col. William R. Phillips, U.S. Army; Col. Richard Roan, U.S. Marine Corps; Steven Meyer, National Defense University; Patrick Balestrieri, SHAPE; Lt. Col. Scott Bethel, U.S. Air Force; Lt. Col. Jerry Cummings, U.S. Army; Maj. Mark Elfendahl, U.S. Army; Maj. Simon Underwood, British Army; and Capt. Ray Eiriz, U.S. Army, for their recommendations and suggestions.
2. 2 Michael Howard, War and the Liberal Conscience (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1994), p. 84.
3. 3 Ivo H. Daalder, Getting to Dayton: The Making of America's Bosnia Policy (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2000), p. 123.
4. 4 Richard Holbrooke, To End a War (New York: Random House, 1998), p. 363.
5. 5 Ibid., p. 241.
6. 6 Jeffrey Smith, "Outside Efforts Do Little to Mend Fractured Bosnia," Washington Post, Jan. 23, 2000. Also see Alex Djilas's response to Noel Malcolm, "Djilas Replies," Foreign Affairs, Jan./Feb. 1999, p. 138; and Misha Glenny, The Balkans, Nationalism, War and the Great Powers, 1804-1999 (New York: Viking Press, 2000).
7. 6 Jeffrey Smith, "Outside Efforts Do Little to Mend Fractured Bosnia," Washington Post, Jan. 23, 2000. Also see Alex Djilas's response to Noel Malcolm, "Djilas Replies," Foreign Affairs, Jan./Feb. 1999, p. 138; and Misha Glenny, The Balkans, Nationalism, War and the Great Powers, 1804-1999 (New York: Viking Press, 2000).
8. 6 Jeffrey Smith, "Outside Efforts Do Little to Mend Fractured Bosnia," Washington Post, Jan. 23, 2000. Also see Alex Djilas's response to Noel Malcolm, "Djilas Replies," Foreign Affairs, Jan./Feb. 1999, p. 138; and Misha Glenny, The Balkans, Nationalism, War and the Great Powers, 1804-1999 (New York: Viking Press, 2000).
9. 7 Ariane Barth et al, "Das Geschäft ist alles: Wie sich Albaner-Clans mit der italienischen Mafia arrangierten" (Business is everything: How Albanian clans came to terms with the Italian mafia), Der Spiegel, no. 31, 1999, pp. 43-67. Current fundraising for the KLA is believed to center on the International Islamic Front, founded by Osama bin Laden, the Saudi terrorist leader in Afghanistan, which has a wing in Britain. See David Bamber and Chris Hastings, "KLA Raises Money in Britain for Arms," Daily Telegraph (London), Apr. 23, 2000.
10. 7 Ariane Barth et al, "Das Geschäft ist alles: Wie sich Albaner-Clans mit der italienischen Mafia arrangierten" (Business is everything: How Albanian clans came to terms with the Italian mafia), Der Spiegel, no. 31, 1999, pp. 43-67. Current fundraising for the KLA is believed to center on the International Islamic Front, founded by Osama bin Laden, the Saudi terrorist leader in Afghanistan, which has a wing in Britain. See David Bamber and Chris Hastings, "KLA Raises Money in Britain for Arms," Daily Telegraph (London), Apr. 23, 2000.
11. 8 John Barry and Evan Thomas, "The Kosovo Cover-up," Newsweek, May 15, 2000.
12. 9 House Armed Services Committee, Hearing on United States Policy toward Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Statement of Secretary William Cohen, 106th Cong., 1st Sess., Apr. 15, 1999, HASC 106-13.
13. 10 Statement on Kosovo issued by the heads of state and government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Washington, D.C., Apr. 23-24, 1999. Press Communiqué S-1, (99) 62, Apr. 23, 1999, pp. 1-3.
14. 11 According to the Gallup/CNN/USA Today poll results released on May 26, 1999, 82 percent of Americans polled supported the idea of temporary suspension of air strikes in order to reach agreement through negotiation. Only 40 percent supported the use of American ground forces, down from much higher levels of support recorded in April. See "Poll Releases: May 26, 1999, Support for U.S. Kosovo Involvement Drops" (http://www.gallup.com/poll/releases/pr990526.asp).
15. 12 Edward N. Luttwak, "How a Splendid Little War Failed," Los Angeles Times, Mar. 23, 2000.
16. 13 Fred Charles Ikle, Every War Must End (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991), p. 85.
17. 14 At the invitation of the KFOR commander, Lt. Gen. Sir Michael Jackson, this author visited the sites where those weapons turned in by the KLA were stored. In most cases, the surrendered weapons were old and in poor condition, many dating back to World War II. Modern automatic weapons remain under KLA control today. KFOR authorities were well aware of this fact and reported this to the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers, Europe (SHAPE).
18. 15 Bernard Edinger, "Analysis-Kosovo Crisis Looks Dim at Sharp Edge," Reuters, Feb. 17, 2000.
19. 16 See Norbert Mappes-Niedek, "Mehr ein Sumpf des Verbrechens als eine Insel der Stabilität" (A swamp of crime rather than an island of stability), Der Standard (Vienna), June 12, 2000, which outlines the dramatic upsurge in prostitution, heroin trafficking, and smuggling and notes that Albanians have committed 1,027 murders in the months since NATO's occupation of the province began in June 1999.
20. 17 Elena Becatoros, "Albanians Lose Trust in Peacekeepers," Associated Press, Feb. 19, 2000.
21. 18 Elaine Grossman, "US Military Debates Link between Kosovo Air War, Stated Objectives," Inside the Pentagon, Apr. 20, 2000, p. 1.
22. 19 While not totally prohibited, all out-of-sector operations by U.S. forces must have prior approval by the chairman of the Joint Chiefs. The U.S. components of the Strategic Reserve Force do not require such prior approval, but during the recent Dynamic Response exercise the U.S. exercise area was altered late in the planning to ensure that U.S. forces remained in their own sector.
23. 20 Jason Sherman, "Not There Yet," Armed Forces Journal International, Aug. 2000, p. 10.
24. 21 Elena Becatoros, "With Morale Low, Some in Kosovo's UN Police Force Decide to Go Home," Philadelphia Inquirer, Feb. 11, 2000.
25. 22 On May 9, 2000, the Senate Appropriations Committee approved an amendment terminating funding for the U.S. presence in Kosovo after July 1, 2001, unless Congress specifically authorizes its continuation. Moreover, unless the European Commission, the EU, and the European members of NATO have made specific commitments of assistance to Kosovo by July 15, 2000, funds are available after that date only for the purpose of U.S. withdrawal.
26. 23 Jeremy Grant, "Analysis - Western Thaw with Belgrade May Radicalize Kosovo," Reuters, Oct. 10, 2000.
27. 24 Jakkie Cilliers, "Regional African Peacekeeping Capacity: Mythical Construct or Essential Tool?" in From Peacekeeping to Complex Emergencies: Peace Support Missions in Africa, ed. Jakkie Cilliers and Greg Mills (Pretoria, S. Africa: Institute for Security Studies and the Government of Sweden, 1999), p. 145.
28. 25 James E. Safton, The United States Army and Reconstruction 1865-1877 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1980), p. 254.
29. 26 Steven Komarow, "Warning: Airstrikes Not Solution in Kosovo," USA Today, Sept. 16, 1998.
30. 27 Amos Perlmutter, "Kosovo as Viewed from London," Washington Times, Mar. 22, 2000. Also see William Pfaff, "After NATO's Lies about Kosovo, It's Time to Come Clean," International Herald Tribune, May 11, 2000. Lars-Eric Nelson, "The Big Air War in Kosovo Was Costly Scandal," New York Daily News, May 12, 2000.
31. 27 Amos Perlmutter, "Kosovo as Viewed from London," Washington Times, Mar. 22, 2000. Also see William Pfaff, "After NATO's Lies about Kosovo, It's Time to Come Clean," International Herald Tribune, May 11, 2000. Lars-Eric Nelson, "The Big Air War in Kosovo Was Costly Scandal," New York Daily News, May 12, 2000.
32. 27 Amos Perlmutter, "Kosovo as Viewed from London," Washington Times, Mar. 22, 2000. Also see William Pfaff, "After NATO's Lies about Kosovo, It's Time to Come Clean," International Herald Tribune, May 11, 2000. Lars-Eric Nelson, "The Big Air War in Kosovo Was Costly Scandal," New York Daily News, May 12, 2000.
33. 28 William Pfaff, "Germany's Special Relationship with U.S. Is Ending Badly," International Herald Tribune, Mar. 28, 2000.
34. 29 John Keegan, "The U.S. Is Not Amused by Our Redundant Military Gestures," Daily Telegraph, Dec. 6, 1999. Also see William Pfaff, "Falling Out over European Defense," International Herald Tribune, Apr. 13, 2000.
35. 29 John Keegan, "The U.S. Is Not Amused by Our Redundant Military Gestures," Daily Telegraph, Dec. 6, 1999. Also see William Pfaff, "Falling Out over European Defense," International Herald Tribune, Apr. 13, 2000.
36. 30 J. F. C. Fuller, The Conduct of War 1789-1961 (Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1981), p. 217.
37. 31 For a good summation of this thinking, see Michael O'Hanlon, "Can High Technology Bring U.S. Troops Home?" Foreign Policy, Winter 1998-99, p. 73.