Environmental security: The search for strategic legitimacy

Armed Forces and Society

Volumn 27, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 373-395

  Foster, Gregory D ^a  

^a NATIONAL DEFENSE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035632156     PISSN: 0095327X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X0102700303     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Lester R. Brown, Redefining National Security, Worldwatch Paper 14 (Washington: Worldwatch Institute, October 1977), 37.
2. Jessica Tuchman Mathews, "Redefining Security," Foreign Affairs (Spring 1989): 162-177. Similarly, see Richard H. Ullman, "Redefining Security," International Security (Summer 1983): 129-153.
3. Jessica Tuchman Mathews, "Redefining Security," Foreign Affairs (Spring 1989): 162-177. Similarly, see Richard H. Ullman, "Redefining Security," International Security (Summer 1983): 129-153.
4. Milton Viorst, "The Coming Instability," The Washington Quarterly (Autumn 1997): 153-167.
5. The traditional military-dominant conception of security gives little, if any, credence to a noncanonical future that might include "green wars" in which environmental concerns, constraints, objectives, or constraints figure centrally. For recent attempts at clarifying the meaning of environmental security, see, for example, the series of essays in Miriam R. Lowi and Brian R. Shaw, eds., Environment and Security: Discourses and Practices (New York: St. Martin's, 2000); Daniel H. Deudney and Richard A. Matthew, eds., Contested Grounds: Security and Conflict in the New Environmental Politics (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1999); and Alexander Carius and Kurt M. Lietzmann, eds., Environmental Change and Security: A European Perspective (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1999).
6. The traditional military-dominant conception of security gives little, if any, credence to a noncanonical future that might include "green wars" in which environmental concerns, constraints, objectives, or constraints figure centrally. For recent attempts at clarifying the meaning of environmental security, see, for example, the series of essays in Miriam R. Lowi and Brian R. Shaw, eds., Environment and Security: Discourses and Practices (New York: St. Martin's, 2000); Daniel H. Deudney and Richard A. Matthew, eds., Contested Grounds: Security and Conflict in the New Environmental Politics (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1999); and Alexander Carius and Kurt M. Lietzmann, eds., Environmental Change and Security: A European Perspective (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1999).
7. The traditional military-dominant conception of security gives little, if any, credence to a noncanonical future that might include "green wars" in which environmental concerns, constraints, objectives, or constraints figure centrally. For recent attempts at clarifying the meaning of environmental security, see, for example, the series of essays in Miriam R. Lowi and Brian R. Shaw, eds., Environment and Security: Discourses and Practices (New York: St. Martin's, 2000); Daniel H. Deudney and Richard A. Matthew, eds., Contested Grounds: Security and Conflict in the New Environmental Politics (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1999); and Alexander Carius and Kurt M. Lietzmann, eds., Environmental Change and Security: A European Perspective (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1999).
8. The EPA definition is contained in the agency's "Terms of Environment" at 〈http:// www.epa.gov/OCEPAterms〉. The Defense Department definition is in Department of Defense Directive 4715.1, "Environmental Security," February 24, 1996, which can be accessed at 〈http://www.denix.osd.mil/denix〉.
9. The EPA definition is contained in the agency's "Terms of Environment" at 〈http:// www.epa.gov/OCEPAterms〉. The Defense Department definition is in Department of Defense Directive 4715.1, "Environmental Security," February 24, 1996, which can be accessed at 〈http://www.denix.osd.mil/denix〉.
10. "China's First Environmental Law," Beijing Review, No. 45 (1979): 24.
11. "Beijing Declaration on Environment, Development," Beijing Review (8-14 July, 1991): 10-14.
12. See Al Gore, Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1992), esp. 29; and Eileen B. Claussen, "U.S. Foreign Policy and the Environment: Engagement for the Next Century," SAIS Review (Winter-Spring 1997): 93-105.
13. See Al Gore, Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1992), esp. 29; and Eileen B. Claussen, "U.S. Foreign Policy and the Environment: Engagement for the Next Century," SAIS Review (Winter-Spring 1997): 93-105.
14. For one such characterization, see Richard A. Matthew, "A Clean, Secure Future," Forum for Applied Research and Public Policy (Winter 1998): 115-119. The rejectionist school includes Daniel Deudney, "The Case Against Linking Environmental Degradation and National Security," Millennium (Winter 1990): 461-476; and Marc A. Levy, "Is the Environment a National Security Issue?" International Security (Fall 1995): 35-62.
15. For one such characterization, see Richard A. Matthew, "A Clean, Secure Future," Forum for Applied Research and Public Policy (Winter 1998): 115-119. The rejectionist school includes Daniel Deudney, "The Case Against Linking Environmental Degradation and National Security," Millennium (Winter 1990): 461-476; and Marc A. Levy, "Is the Environment a National Security Issue?" International Security (Fall 1995): 35-62.
16. For one such characterization, see Richard A. Matthew, "A Clean, Secure Future," Forum for Applied Research and Public Policy (Winter 1998): 115-119. The rejectionist school includes Daniel Deudney, "The Case Against Linking Environmental Degradation and National Security," Millennium (Winter 1990): 461-476; and Marc A. Levy, "Is the Environment a National Security Issue?" International Security (Fall 1995): 35-62.
17. See, notably, the work of Thomas F. Homer-Dixon, most recently including his Environment, Scarcity, and Violence (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).
18. Norman Myers, Ultimate Security: The Environmental Basis of Political Stability (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993): 31-32.
19. United Nations Development Program, Human Development Report 1994 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994): 22-40.
20. Barbara Rose Johnston, "Environmental Degradation and Human Rights Abuse," in Who Pays the Price? The Sociocultural Context of Environmental Crisis, ed. B.R. Johnston (Washington: Island Press, 1994): 7-15.
21. Gerald B. Thomas, "U.S. Environmental Security Policy: Broad Concern or Narrow Interests," Journal of Environment and Development (December 1997): 397-425. Also see William R. Moomaw, "International Environmental Policy and the Softening of Sovereignty," The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs (Summer/Fall 1997): 7-15.
22. Gerald B. Thomas, "U.S. Environmental Security Policy: Broad Concern or Narrow Interests," Journal of Environment and Development (December 1997): 397-425. Also see William R. Moomaw, "International Environmental Policy and the Softening of Sovereignty," The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs (Summer/Fall 1997): 7-15.
23. Jon Barnett, "Reclaiming Security," Peace Review (September 1997): 405-410.
24. Jerome C. Glenn, Theodore J. Gordon, and Renat Perelet, Defining Environmental Security: Implications for the U.S. Army (Atlanta: Army Environmental Policy Institute, December 1998), 19.
25. For a discussion of this structure, see Alan Dupont, The Environment and Security in Pacific Asia, Adelphi Paper 319 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, June 1998), 8.
26. The World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 290-307.
27. Commission on Global Governance, Our Global Neighborhood (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995, 78, 95-97.
28. Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, Preventing Deadly Conflict (New York: Carnegie Corporation of New York, December 1997), 87.
29. The White House, A National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement, July 1994, 15, and February 1995, 18.
30. The White House, A National Security Strategy for a New Century (May 1997): 10, 11, and October 1998, 6, 13.
31. The White House, A National Security Strategy for a New Century, December 1999, 3.
32. William J. Clinton, "Address to the 48th United Nations General Assembly," September 27, 1993; and
33. "Remarks on Earth Day 1994," April 21, 1994.
34. Madeleine K. Albright, "Environmental Diplomacy: The Environment and U.S. Foreign Policy," Press Remarks on Earth Day, U.S. Department of State, 22 April, 1997.
35. Warren Christopher, "Integrating Environment Issues Into the Department's Core Foreign Policy Goals," Memorandum, U.S. Department of State, 14 February, 1996.
36. U.S. Department of State, "Environmental Diplomacy," Fact Sheet, Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, 20 November, 1998.
37. U.S. Agency for International Development, "Protecting the Environment," Fact Sheet, undated, 〈http://www.info.usaid.gov/environment〉.
38. John M. Deutch, "Worldwide Threat Assessment Brief," presented before the Select Committee on Intelligence, U.S. Senate, 22 February, 1996.
39. John M. Deutch, "The Environment on the Intelligence Agenda," speech at the World Affairs Council, Los Angeles, California, 25 July, 1996.
40. Sherri Wasserman Goodman, "The Environment and National Security," speech at the National Defense University, Washington, D.C., 8 August, 1996.
41. Homer-Dixon, "Correspondence: Environment and Security," International Security (Winter 1996/96): 189-194.
42. Homer-Dixon, "The Project on Environment, Population and Security: Key Findings of Research," Environmental Change and Security Project Report, Issue 2 (Washington: Woodrow Wilson Center, Spring 1996), 45-48.
43. Ibid.
44. Ibid.