Framing greater France between the wars

Journal of Historical Sociology

Volumn 14, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 198-225

  Wilder, Gary ^a  

^a POMONA COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035631819     PISSN: 09521909     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1467-6443.00142     Document Type: Review

References (160)

1. For a cultural historical use of the category imperial nation-state, see Antoinette Burton, Burdens of History: British Feminists, Indian Women, and Imperial Culture 1865-1915 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994). In contrast, my use of the term focuses on the political form of the French nation-state in relation to its overseas empire.
2. Crucial accounts include Raoul Girardet, L'Idée coloniale en France de 1871 à 1962 (Paris: La Table Ronde, 1972), Charles-Robert Ageron, France coloniale ou parti colonial? (Paris: PUF, 1978), Herman Lebovics, True France: The Wars Over Cultural Identity, 1900-1945 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992). While these studies focus on the questions about the breadth and effectiveness of colonial ideology, I will focus on the work this discourse does in relation to the imperial nation-state as a political form.
3. Crucial accounts include Raoul Girardet, L'Idée coloniale en France de 1871 à 1962 (Paris: La Table Ronde, 1972), Charles-Robert Ageron, France coloniale ou parti colonial? (Paris: PUF, 1978), Herman Lebovics, True France: The Wars Over Cultural Identity, 1900-1945 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992). While these studies focus on the questions about the breadth and effectiveness of colonial ideology, I will focus on the work this discourse does in relation to the imperial nation-state as a political form.
4. Crucial accounts include Raoul Girardet, L'Idée coloniale en France de 1871 à 1962 (Paris: La Table Ronde, 1972), Charles-Robert Ageron, France coloniale ou parti colonial? (Paris: PUF, 1978), Herman Lebovics, True France: The Wars Over Cultural Identity, 1900-1945 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992). While these studies focus on the questions about the breadth and effectiveness of colonial ideology, I will focus on the work this discourse does in relation to the imperial nation-state as a political form.
5. Ibid, 96-110.
6. Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870-1914 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1976). See also Claude Nicolet, La République en France. État des lieux. (Paris: Seuil, 1992), Jean-Marie Mayeur and Madeleine Rebérioux, The Third Republic from its Origins to the Great War, 1871-1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987) and David Thomson, Democracy in France: The Third and Fourth Republics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1958). It is important to note that like territorial colonialism, republican imperialism was a two-sided process that worked to produce a system of differences as well as an order of equivalence. This included the distinction between citizen and foreigner as well as distinctions between French nationals, not all of whom were granted citizenship. At precisely the moment when the democratic revolution had instituted a regime of juridical equality, republicanism created new categories of persons who were not recognized as genuine individuals, denied membership in abstract universal humanity, and defined by their particularity. The point here is not that these groups were excluded from politics because they were different, but that republicanism defined them as categorically different forms of life. See Pierre Rosanvallon, Le Sacre du citoyen (Paris: Gallimard, 1992), 105-45, William H. Sewell, Jr., "Le Citoyen/La Citoyenne: Activity, Passivity, and the Revolutionary Concept of Citizenship," in Colin Lucas, (ed.), The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1987), Joan Wallach Scott, Only Paradoxes to Offer: French Feminists and the Rights of Man (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996), 1-55, Geneviève Fraisse, Reason's Muse: Sexual Difference and the Birth of French Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), Laurent Dubois, "'A Colony of Citizens': Revolution and Slave Emancipation in the French Caribbean, 1789-1802." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Mighigan, 1998.
7. Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870-1914 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1976). See also Claude Nicolet, La République en France. État des lieux. (Paris: Seuil, 1992), Jean-Marie Mayeur and Madeleine Rebérioux, The Third Republic from its Origins to the Great War, 1871-1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987) and David Thomson, Democracy in France: The Third and Fourth Republics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1958). It is important to note that like territorial colonialism, republican imperialism was a two-sided process that worked to produce a system of differences as well as an order of equivalence. This included the distinction between citizen and foreigner as well as distinctions between French nationals, not all of whom were granted citizenship. At precisely the moment when the democratic revolution had instituted a regime of juridical equality, republicanism created new categories of persons who were not recognized as genuine individuals, denied membership in abstract universal humanity, and defined by their particularity. The point here is not that these groups were excluded from politics because they were different, but that republicanism defined them as categorically different forms of life. See Pierre Rosanvallon, Le Sacre du citoyen (Paris: Gallimard, 1992), 105-45, William H. Sewell, Jr., "Le Citoyen/La Citoyenne: Activity, Passivity, and the Revolutionary Concept of Citizenship," in Colin Lucas, (ed.), The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1987), Joan Wallach Scott, Only Paradoxes to Offer: French Feminists and the Rights of Man (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996), 1-55, Geneviève Fraisse, Reason's Muse: Sexual Difference and the Birth of French Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), Laurent Dubois, "'A Colony of Citizens': Revolution and Slave Emancipation in the French Caribbean, 1789-1802." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Mighigan, 1998.
8. Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870-1914 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1976). See also Claude Nicolet, La République en France. État des lieux. (Paris: Seuil, 1992), Jean-Marie Mayeur and Madeleine Rebérioux, The Third Republic from its Origins to the Great War, 1871-1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987) and David Thomson, Democracy in France: The Third and Fourth Republics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1958). It is important to note that like territorial colonialism, republican imperialism was a two-sided process that worked to produce a system of differences as well as an order of equivalence. This included the distinction between citizen and foreigner as well as distinctions between French nationals, not all of whom were granted citizenship. At precisely the moment when the democratic revolution had instituted a regime of juridical equality, republicanism created new categories of persons who were not recognized as genuine individuals, denied membership in abstract universal humanity, and defined by their particularity. The point here is not that these groups were excluded from politics because they were different, but that republicanism defined them as categorically different forms of life. See Pierre Rosanvallon, Le Sacre du citoyen (Paris: Gallimard, 1992), 105-45, William H. Sewell, Jr., "Le Citoyen/La Citoyenne: Activity, Passivity, and the Revolutionary Concept of Citizenship," in Colin Lucas, (ed.), The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1987), Joan Wallach Scott, Only Paradoxes to Offer: French Feminists and the Rights of Man (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996), 1-55, Geneviève Fraisse, Reason's Muse: Sexual Difference and the Birth of French Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), Laurent Dubois, "'A Colony of Citizens': Revolution and Slave Emancipation in the French Caribbean, 1789-1802." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Mighigan, 1998.
9. Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870-1914 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1976). See also Claude Nicolet, La République en France. État des lieux. (Paris: Seuil, 1992), Jean-Marie Mayeur and Madeleine Rebérioux, The Third Republic from its Origins to the Great War, 1871-1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987) and David Thomson, Democracy in France: The Third and Fourth Republics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1958). It is important to note that like territorial colonialism, republican imperialism was a two-sided process that worked to produce a system of differences as well as an order of equivalence. This included the distinction between citizen and foreigner as well as distinctions between French nationals, not all of whom were granted citizenship. At precisely the moment when the democratic revolution had instituted a regime of juridical equality, republicanism created new categories of persons who were not recognized as genuine individuals, denied membership in abstract universal humanity, and defined by their particularity. The point here is not that these groups were excluded from politics because they were different, but that republicanism defined them as categorically different forms of life. See Pierre Rosanvallon, Le Sacre du citoyen (Paris: Gallimard, 1992), 105-45, William H. Sewell, Jr., "Le Citoyen/La Citoyenne: Activity, Passivity, and the Revolutionary Concept of Citizenship," in Colin Lucas, (ed.), The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1987), Joan Wallach Scott, Only Paradoxes to Offer: French Feminists and the Rights of Man (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996), 1-55, Geneviève Fraisse, Reason's Muse: Sexual Difference and the Birth of French Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), Laurent Dubois, "'A Colony of Citizens': Revolution and Slave Emancipation in the French Caribbean, 1789-1802." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Mighigan, 1998.
10. Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870-1914 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1976). See also Claude Nicolet, La République en France. État des lieux. (Paris: Seuil, 1992), Jean-Marie Mayeur and Madeleine Rebérioux, The Third Republic from its Origins to the Great War, 1871-1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987) and David Thomson, Democracy in France: The Third and Fourth Republics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1958). It is important to note that like territorial colonialism, republican imperialism was a two-sided process that worked to produce a system of differences as well as an order of equivalence. This included the distinction between citizen and foreigner as well as distinctions between French nationals, not all of whom were granted citizenship. At precisely the moment when the democratic revolution had instituted a regime of juridical equality, republicanism created new categories of persons who were not recognized as genuine individuals, denied membership in abstract universal humanity, and defined by their particularity. The point here is not that these groups were excluded from politics because they were different, but that republicanism defined them as categorically different forms of life. See Pierre Rosanvallon, Le Sacre du citoyen (Paris: Gallimard, 1992), 105-45, William H. Sewell, Jr., "Le Citoyen/La Citoyenne: Activity, Passivity, and the Revolutionary Concept of Citizenship," in Colin Lucas, (ed.), The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1987), Joan Wallach Scott, Only Paradoxes to Offer: French Feminists and the Rights of Man (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996), 1-55, Geneviève Fraisse, Reason's Muse: Sexual Difference and the Birth of French Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), Laurent Dubois, "'A Colony of Citizens': Revolution and Slave Emancipation in the French Caribbean, 1789-1802." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Mighigan, 1998.
11. Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870-1914 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1976). See also Claude Nicolet, La République en France. État des lieux. (Paris: Seuil, 1992), Jean-Marie Mayeur and Madeleine Rebérioux, The Third Republic from its Origins to the Great War, 1871-1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987) and David Thomson, Democracy in France: The Third and Fourth Republics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1958). It is important to note that like territorial colonialism, republican imperialism was a two-sided process that worked to produce a system of differences as well as an order of equivalence. This included the distinction between citizen and foreigner as well as distinctions between French nationals, not all of whom were granted citizenship. At precisely the moment when the democratic revolution had instituted a regime of juridical equality, republicanism created new categories of persons who were not recognized as genuine individuals, denied membership in abstract universal humanity, and defined by their particularity. The point here is not that these groups were excluded from politics because they were different, but that republicanism defined them as categorically different forms of life. See Pierre Rosanvallon, Le Sacre du citoyen (Paris: Gallimard, 1992), 105-45, William H. Sewell, Jr., "Le Citoyen/La Citoyenne: Activity, Passivity, and the Revolutionary Concept of Citizenship," in Colin Lucas, (ed.), The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1987), Joan Wallach Scott, Only Paradoxes to Offer: French Feminists and the Rights of Man (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996), 1-55, Geneviève Fraisse, Reason's Muse: Sexual Difference and the Birth of French Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), Laurent Dubois, "'A Colony of Citizens': Revolution and Slave Emancipation in the French Caribbean, 1789-1802." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Mighigan, 1998.
12. Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870-1914 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1976). See also Claude Nicolet, La République en France. État des lieux. (Paris: Seuil, 1992), Jean-Marie Mayeur and Madeleine Rebérioux, The Third Republic from its Origins to the Great War, 1871-1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987) and David Thomson, Democracy in France: The Third and Fourth Republics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1958). It is important to note that like territorial colonialism, republican imperialism was a two-sided process that worked to produce a system of differences as well as an order of equivalence. This included the distinction between citizen and foreigner as well as distinctions between French nationals, not all of whom were granted citizenship. At precisely the moment when the democratic revolution had instituted a regime of juridical equality, republicanism created new categories of persons who were not recognized as genuine individuals, denied membership in abstract universal humanity, and defined by their particularity. The point here is not that these groups were excluded from politics because they were different, but that republicanism defined them as categorically different forms of life. See Pierre Rosanvallon, Le Sacre du citoyen (Paris: Gallimard, 1992), 105-45, William H. Sewell, Jr., "Le Citoyen/La Citoyenne: Activity, Passivity, and the Revolutionary Concept of Citizenship," in Colin Lucas, (ed.), The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1987), Joan Wallach Scott, Only Paradoxes to Offer: French Feminists and the Rights of Man (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996), 1-55, Geneviève Fraisse, Reason's Muse: Sexual Difference and the Birth of French Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), Laurent Dubois, "'A Colony of Citizens': Revolution and Slave Emancipation in the French Caribbean, 1789-1802." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Mighigan, 1998.
13. Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870-1914 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1976). See also Claude Nicolet, La République en France. État des lieux. (Paris: Seuil, 1992), Jean-Marie Mayeur and Madeleine Rebérioux, The Third Republic from its Origins to the Great War, 1871-1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987) and David Thomson, Democracy in France: The Third and Fourth Republics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1958). It is important to note that like territorial colonialism, republican imperialism was a two-sided process that worked to produce a system of differences as well as an order of equivalence. This included the distinction between citizen and foreigner as well as distinctions between French nationals, not all of whom were granted citizenship. At precisely the moment when the democratic revolution had instituted a regime of juridical equality, republicanism created new categories of persons who were not recognized as genuine individuals, denied membership in abstract universal humanity, and defined by their particularity. The point here is not that these groups were excluded from politics because they were different, but that republicanism defined them as categorically different forms of life. See Pierre Rosanvallon, Le Sacre du citoyen (Paris: Gallimard, 1992), 105-45, William H. Sewell, Jr., "Le Citoyen/La Citoyenne: Activity, Passivity, and the Revolutionary Concept of Citizenship," in Colin Lucas, (ed.), The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1987), Joan Wallach Scott, Only Paradoxes to Offer: French Feminists and the Rights of Man (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996), 1-55, Geneviève Fraisse, Reason's Muse: Sexual Difference and the Birth of French Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), Laurent Dubois, "'A Colony of Citizens': Revolution and Slave Emancipation in the French Caribbean, 1789-1802." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Mighigan, 1998.
14. Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870-1914 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1976). See also Claude Nicolet, La République en France. État des lieux. (Paris: Seuil, 1992), Jean-Marie Mayeur and Madeleine Rebérioux, The Third Republic from its Origins to the Great War, 1871-1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987) and David Thomson, Democracy in France: The Third and Fourth Republics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1958). It is important to note that like territorial colonialism, republican imperialism was a two-sided process that worked to produce a system of differences as well as an order of equivalence. This included the distinction between citizen and foreigner as well as distinctions between French nationals, not all of whom were granted citizenship. At precisely the moment when the democratic revolution had instituted a regime of juridical equality, republicanism created new categories of persons who were not recognized as genuine individuals, denied membership in abstract universal humanity, and defined by their particularity. The point here is not that these groups were excluded from politics because they were different, but that republicanism defined them as categorically different forms of life. See Pierre Rosanvallon, Le Sacre du citoyen (Paris: Gallimard, 1992), 105-45, William H. Sewell, Jr., "Le Citoyen/La Citoyenne: Activity, Passivity, and the Revolutionary Concept of Citizenship," in Colin Lucas, (ed.), The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1987), Joan Wallach Scott, Only Paradoxes to Offer: French Feminists and the Rights of Man (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996), 1-55, Geneviève Fraisse, Reason's Muse: Sexual Difference and the Birth of French Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), Laurent Dubois, "'A Colony of Citizens': Revolution and Slave Emancipation in the French Caribbean, 1789-1802." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Mighigan, 1998.
15. 18th Century Vol. III: The Perspective of the World (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), Eric R. Wolf, Europe and the People Without History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery (London: Andre Deutche, 1964), Philip D. Curtin, The Rise and Fall of the Plantation Complex: Essays in Atlantic History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), Sidney W. Mintz, Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History (New York: Penguin, 1985), Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Empire, 1875-1914 (New York: Vintage, 1989), Giovanni Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Time (London: Verso, 1994). For classic theories for capitalist driven imperialist expansion see V. I. Lenin, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism (New York: International Publishers, 1939), J. A. Hobson, Imperialism: A Study (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1965 [1938]), Anthony Brewer, Marxist Theories of Imperialism: A Critical Survey, Second Edition (London: Routledge: 1990). For overviews of the African context, see Ralph Austen, African Economic History (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1987).
16. 18th Century Vol. III: The Perspective of the World (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), Eric R. Wolf, Europe and the People Without History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery (London: Andre Deutche, 1964), Philip D. Curtin, The Rise and Fall of the Plantation Complex: Essays in Atlantic History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), Sidney W. Mintz, Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History (New York: Penguin, 1985), Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Empire, 1875-1914 (New York: Vintage, 1989), Giovanni Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Time (London: Verso, 1994). For classic theories for capitalist driven imperialist expansion see V. I. Lenin, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism (New York: International Publishers, 1939), J. A. Hobson, Imperialism: A Study (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1965 [1938]), Anthony Brewer, Marxist Theories of Imperialism: A Critical Survey, Second Edition (London: Routledge: 1990). For overviews of the African context, see Ralph Austen, African Economic History (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1987).
17. 18th Century Vol. III: The Perspective of the World (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), Eric R. Wolf, Europe and the People Without History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery (London: Andre Deutche, 1964), Philip D. Curtin, The Rise and Fall of the Plantation Complex: Essays in Atlantic History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), Sidney W. Mintz, Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History (New York: Penguin, 1985), Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Empire, 1875-1914 (New York: Vintage, 1989), Giovanni Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Time (London: Verso, 1994). For classic theories for capitalist driven imperialist expansion see V. I. Lenin, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism (New York: International Publishers, 1939), J. A. Hobson, Imperialism: A Study (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1965 [1938]), Anthony Brewer, Marxist Theories of Imperialism: A Critical Survey, Second Edition (London: Routledge: 1990). For overviews of the African context, see Ralph Austen, African Economic History (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1987).
18. 18th Century Vol. III: The Perspective of the World (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), Eric R. Wolf, Europe and the People Without History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery (London: Andre Deutche, 1964), Philip D. Curtin, The Rise and Fall of the Plantation Complex: Essays in Atlantic History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), Sidney W. Mintz, Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History (New York: Penguin, 1985), Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Empire, 1875-1914 (New York: Vintage, 1989), Giovanni Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Time (London: Verso, 1994). For classic theories for capitalist driven imperialist expansion see V. I. Lenin, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism (New York: International Publishers, 1939), J. A. Hobson, Imperialism: A Study (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1965 [1938]), Anthony Brewer, Marxist Theories of Imperialism: A Critical Survey, Second Edition (London: Routledge: 1990). For overviews of the African context, see Ralph Austen, African Economic History (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1987).
19. 18th Century Vol. III: The Perspective of the World (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), Eric R. Wolf, Europe and the People Without History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery (London: Andre Deutche, 1964), Philip D. Curtin, The Rise and Fall of the Plantation Complex: Essays in Atlantic History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), Sidney W. Mintz, Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History (New York: Penguin, 1985), Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Empire, 1875-1914 (New York: Vintage, 1989), Giovanni Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Time (London: Verso, 1994). For classic theories for capitalist driven imperialist expansion see V. I. Lenin, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism (New York: International Publishers, 1939), J. A. Hobson, Imperialism: A Study (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1965 [1938]), Anthony Brewer, Marxist Theories of Imperialism: A Critical Survey, Second Edition (London: Routledge: 1990). For overviews of the African context, see Ralph Austen, African Economic History (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1987).
20. 18th Century Vol. III: The Perspective of the World (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), Eric R. Wolf, Europe and the People Without History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery (London: Andre Deutche, 1964), Philip D. Curtin, The Rise and Fall of the Plantation Complex: Essays in Atlantic History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), Sidney W. Mintz, Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History (New York: Penguin, 1985), Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Empire, 1875-1914 (New York: Vintage, 1989), Giovanni Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Time (London: Verso, 1994). For classic theories for capitalist driven imperialist expansion see V. I. Lenin, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism (New York: International Publishers, 1939), J. A. Hobson, Imperialism: A Study (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1965 [1938]), Anthony Brewer, Marxist Theories of Imperialism: A Critical Survey, Second Edition (London: Routledge: 1990). For overviews of the African context, see Ralph Austen, African Economic History (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1987).
21. 18th Century Vol. III: The Perspective of the World (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), Eric R. Wolf, Europe and the People Without History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery (London: Andre Deutche, 1964), Philip D. Curtin, The Rise and Fall of the Plantation Complex: Essays in Atlantic History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), Sidney W. Mintz, Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History (New York: Penguin, 1985), Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Empire, 1875-1914 (New York: Vintage, 1989), Giovanni Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Time (London: Verso, 1994). For classic theories for capitalist driven imperialist expansion see V. I. Lenin, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism (New York: International Publishers, 1939), J. A. Hobson, Imperialism: A Study (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1965 [1938]), Anthony Brewer, Marxist Theories of Imperialism: A Critical Survey, Second Edition (London: Routledge: 1990). For overviews of the African context, see Ralph Austen, African Economic History (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1987).
22. 18th Century Vol. III: The Perspective of the World (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), Eric R. Wolf, Europe and the People Without History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery (London: Andre Deutche, 1964), Philip D. Curtin, The Rise and Fall of the Plantation Complex: Essays in Atlantic History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), Sidney W. Mintz, Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History (New York: Penguin, 1985), Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Empire, 1875-1914 (New York: Vintage, 1989), Giovanni Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Time (London: Verso, 1994). For classic theories for capitalist driven imperialist expansion see V. I. Lenin, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism (New York: International Publishers, 1939), J. A. Hobson, Imperialism: A Study (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1965 [1938]), Anthony Brewer, Marxist Theories of Imperialism: A Critical Survey, Second Edition (London: Routledge: 1990). For overviews of the African context, see Ralph Austen, African Economic History (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1987).
23. 18th Century Vol. III: The Perspective of the World (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), Eric R. Wolf, Europe and the People Without History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery (London: Andre Deutche, 1964), Philip D. Curtin, The Rise and Fall of the Plantation Complex: Essays in Atlantic History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), Sidney W. Mintz, Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History (New York: Penguin, 1985), Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Empire, 1875-1914 (New York: Vintage, 1989), Giovanni Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Time (London: Verso, 1994). For classic theories for capitalist driven imperialist expansion see V. I. Lenin, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism (New York: International Publishers, 1939), J. A. Hobson, Imperialism: A Study (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1965 [1938]), Anthony Brewer, Marxist Theories of Imperialism: A Critical Survey, Second Edition (London: Routledge: 1990). For overviews of the African context, see Ralph Austen, African Economic History (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1987).
24. 18th Century Vol. III: The Perspective of the World (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), Eric R. Wolf, Europe and the People Without History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery (London: Andre Deutche, 1964), Philip D. Curtin, The Rise and Fall of the Plantation Complex: Essays in Atlantic History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), Sidney W. Mintz, Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History (New York: Penguin, 1985), Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Empire, 1875-1914 (New York: Vintage, 1989), Giovanni Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Time (London: Verso, 1994). For classic theories for capitalist driven imperialist expansion see V. I. Lenin, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism (New York: International Publishers, 1939), J. A. Hobson, Imperialism: A Study (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1965 [1938]), Anthony Brewer, Marxist Theories of Imperialism: A Critical Survey, Second Edition (London: Routledge: 1990). For overviews of the African context, see Ralph Austen, African Economic History (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1987).
25. 18th Century Vol. III: The Perspective of the World (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), Eric R. Wolf, Europe and the People Without History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery (London: Andre Deutche, 1964), Philip D. Curtin, The Rise and Fall of the Plantation Complex: Essays in Atlantic History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), Sidney W. Mintz, Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History (New York: Penguin, 1985), Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Empire, 1875-1914 (New York: Vintage, 1989), Giovanni Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Time (London: Verso, 1994). For classic theories for capitalist driven imperialist expansion see V. I. Lenin, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism (New York: International Publishers, 1939), J. A. Hobson, Imperialism: A Study (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1965 [1938]), Anthony Brewer, Marxist Theories of Imperialism: A Critical Survey, Second Edition (London: Routledge: 1990). For overviews of the African context, see Ralph Austen, African Economic History (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1987).
26. For a theoretical discussion of the contradictions created by nation-states that expand beyond their own demographic and territorial boundaries see Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1951), 123-57, 185-221. Other examinations of the disjuncture between national democratic and colonial administrative institutions can be found in Chaterjee, The Nation and its Fragments (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1993), 14-34; Bernard S. Cohn, "Law and the Colonial State," in Colonialism and its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996) pp. 57-75; and Mahmood Mamdani, Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996). Chatterjee demonstrates the "paradox that the racial difference between ruler and ruled should become most prominent precisely in that period in the last quarter of the nineteenth century" when the colonial state was engaged in the "objectification and normalization of the colonized" within seemingly universal systems of codified law, rationalized bureaucracy, and scientific knowledge. Ibid, 19-20.
27. For a theoretical discussion of the contradictions created by nation-states that expand beyond their own demographic and territorial boundaries see Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1951), 123-57, 185-221. Other examinations of the disjuncture between national democratic and colonial administrative institutions can be found in Chaterjee, The Nation and its Fragments (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1993), 14-34; Bernard S. Cohn, "Law and the Colonial State," in Colonialism and its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996) pp. 57-75; and Mahmood Mamdani, Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996). Chatterjee demonstrates the "paradox that the racial difference between ruler and ruled should become most prominent precisely in that period in the last quarter of the nineteenth century" when the colonial state was engaged in the "objectification and normalization of the colonized" within seemingly universal systems of codified law, rationalized bureaucracy, and scientific knowledge. Ibid, 19-20.
28. For a theoretical discussion of the contradictions created by nation-states that expand beyond their own demographic and territorial boundaries see Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1951), 123-57, 185-221. Other examinations of the disjuncture between national democratic and colonial administrative institutions can be found in Chaterjee, The Nation and its Fragments (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1993), 14-34; Bernard S. Cohn, "Law and the Colonial State," in Colonialism and its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996) pp. 57-75; and Mahmood Mamdani, Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996). Chatterjee demonstrates the "paradox that the racial difference between ruler and ruled should become most prominent precisely in that period in the last quarter of the nineteenth century" when the colonial state was engaged in the "objectification and normalization of the colonized" within seemingly universal systems of codified law, rationalized bureaucracy, and scientific knowledge. Ibid, 19-20.
29. For a theoretical discussion of the contradictions created by nation-states that expand beyond their own demographic and territorial boundaries see Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1951), 123-57, 185-221. Other examinations of the disjuncture between national democratic and colonial administrative institutions can be found in Chaterjee, The Nation and its Fragments (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1993), 14-34; Bernard S. Cohn, "Law and the Colonial State," in Colonialism and its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996) pp. 57-75; and Mahmood Mamdani, Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996). Chatterjee demonstrates the "paradox that the racial difference between ruler and ruled should become most prominent precisely in that period in the last quarter of the nineteenth century" when the colonial state was engaged in the "objectification and normalization of the colonized" within seemingly universal systems of codified law, rationalized bureaucracy, and scientific knowledge. Ibid, 19-20.
30. For a theoretical discussion of the contradictions created by nation-states that expand beyond their own demographic and territorial boundaries see Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1951), 123-57, 185-221. Other examinations of the disjuncture between national democratic and colonial administrative institutions can be found in Chaterjee, The Nation and its Fragments (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1993), 14-34; Bernard S. Cohn, "Law and the Colonial State," in Colonialism and its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996) pp. 57-75; and Mahmood Mamdani, Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996). Chatterjee demonstrates the "paradox that the racial difference between ruler and ruled should become most prominent precisely in that period in the last quarter of the nineteenth century" when the colonial state was engaged in the "objectification and normalization of the colonized" within seemingly universal systems of codified law, rationalized bureaucracy, and scientific knowledge. Ibid, 19-20.
31. Henri Brunschwig, French Colonialism, 1871-1914, Myths and Realities (London: Pall Mall, 1966), 20-30, Jules Ferry, Le Tonkin et la mère patrie (Paris: Victor-Havard, 1890).
32. Henri Brunschwig, French Colonialism, 1871-1914, Myths and Realities (London: Pall Mall, 1966), 20-30, Jules Ferry, Le Tonkin et la mère patrie (Paris: Victor-Havard, 1890).
33. For an overview of Third Republican imperial expansion, see Denise Bouche, Histoire de la colonisation francaise. Flux et reflux (1815-1962) (Paris: Fayard, 1991), 53-95.
34. Alice Conklin's monograph on successive Governors General in French West Africa analyzes the empire in terms of republicanism. See A Mission to Civilize: The Republican Idea of Empire in France and West Africa, 1895-1930 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997). Whereas her work focuses on the way that republican ideology shaped colonial policy, I am more interested in the structural relationship between colonial and republican political systems that together compose the French imperial nation-state.
35. For an institutional history of the École Coloniale and the development of the administrative bureaucracy in French West Africa, see William B. Cohen, Rulers of Empire: The French Colonial Service in Africa (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1971).
36. Ibid, 18. The lack of political uniformity among the colonies meant that there existed an ongoing tension between the republican desire to unify and integrate the empire and the de facto decentralization deriving from the heterogeneity in forms of colonies. Even after the creation of the Ministry of Colonies, the protectorates in Tunisia and Morocco remained under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Algeria, long regarded (but never fully treated) as a department of metropolitan France, remained under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Colonies. Cf. Cohen, Rulers of Empire, 3-4; Jacques Thobie, Gilbert Meynier, Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch, Charles-Robert Ageron, eds., Histoire de la France Coloniale, 1914-1990 (Paris: Armand Colin, 1990), 7-13.
37. Ibid, 18. The lack of political uniformity among the colonies meant that there existed an ongoing tension between the republican desire to unify and integrate the empire and the de facto decentralization deriving from the heterogeneity in forms of colonies. Even after the creation of the Ministry of Colonies, the protectorates in Tunisia and Morocco remained under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Algeria, long regarded (but never fully treated) as a department of metropolitan France, remained under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Colonies. Cf. Cohen, Rulers of Empire, 3-4; Jacques Thobie, Gilbert Meynier, Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch, Charles-Robert Ageron, eds., Histoire de la France Coloniale, 1914-1990 (Paris: Armand Colin, 1990), 7-13.
38. Ibid, 18. The lack of political uniformity among the colonies meant that there existed an ongoing tension between the republican desire to unify and integrate the empire and the de facto decentralization deriving from the heterogeneity in forms of colonies. Even after the creation of the Ministry of Colonies, the protectorates in Tunisia and Morocco remained under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Algeria, long regarded (but never fully treated) as a department of metropolitan France, remained under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Colonies. Cf. Cohen, Rulers of Empire, 3-4; Jacques Thobie, Gilbert Meynier, Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch, Charles-Robert Ageron, eds., Histoire de la France Coloniale, 1914-1990 (Paris: Armand Colin, 1990), 7-13.
39. Thobie, Histoire de la France Coloniale, 12.
40. Bouche, Histoire de la colonisation, 187-203, 234-273, Conklin, A Mission to Civilize.
41. Bouche, Histoire de la colonisation, 187-203, 234-273, Conklin, A Mission to Civilize.
42. Raoul Girardet, L'idée coloniale en France de 1781 à 1962 (Paris: La Table Ronde, 1972), 51-171. The most public spokesman for this republican imperial doctrine was of course Jules Ferry. Synthesizing contemporary positions expressed by geographical societies, missionaries, colonial commercial houses, and nationalist republicans, Ferry elaborated an economic, political, and moral defense of imperialism in his introduction to Le Tonkin et la mère patrie (Paris: Victor-Havard, 1890).
43. Raoul Girardet, L'idée coloniale en France de 1781 à 1962 (Paris: La Table Ronde, 1972), 51-171. The most public spokesman for this republican imperial doctrine was of course Jules Ferry. Synthesizing contemporary positions expressed by geographical societies, missionaries, colonial commercial houses, and nationalist republicans, Ferry elaborated an economic, political, and moral defense of imperialism in his introduction to Le Tonkin et la mère patrie (Paris: Victor-Havard, 1890).
44. Raymond Betts, Assimilation and Association in French Colonial Theory, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1961).
45. See Gary Wilder, "Greater France Between the Wars: Negritude, Colonial Humanism, and the Imperial Nation-State" (Ph.D. disssertation, University of Chicago, 1999).
46. David Thomson, Democracy in France Since 1870 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1969), 183; Maurice Agulhon, The French Republic, 1879-1992 (Oxford: Blackwell Press, 1993), 178-80.
47. David Thomson, Democracy in France Since 1870 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1969), 183; Maurice Agulhon, The French Republic, 1879-1992 (Oxford: Blackwell Press, 1993), 178-80.
48. See Myron Echenberg, Colonial Conscripts: The Tirailleurs Sénégalais in French West Africa, 1857-1960 (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1991) and the articles on representations of tirailleurs in Nicolas Bancel, Pascal Blanchard, and Armelle Chatelier, (eds.), Images et colonies (1880-1962) (Paris: BDIC, 1993).
49. See Myron Echenberg, Colonial Conscripts: The Tirailleurs Sénégalais in French West Africa, 1857-1960 (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1991) and the articles on representations of tirailleurs in Nicolas Bancel, Pascal Blanchard, and Armelle Chatelier, (eds.), Images et colonies (1880-1962) (Paris: BDIC, 1993).
50. William Shirer, The Collapse of the Third Republic: An Inquiry into the Fall of France in 1940 (New York: De Capo Press, 1969), 153-71, 188-96; Serge Bernstein, La France des années 30 (Paris: Armand Colin, 1988), 53-77; Thomson, Democracy in France, 170-210; Agulhon, The French Republic, 178-210.
51. William Shirer, The Collapse of the Third Republic: An Inquiry into the Fall of France in 1940 (New York: De Capo Press, 1969), 153-71, 188-96; Serge Bernstein, La France des années 30 (Paris: Armand Colin, 1988), 53-77; Thomson, Democracy in France, 170-210; Agulhon, The French Republic, 178-210.
52. William Shirer, The Collapse of the Third Republic: An Inquiry into the Fall of France in 1940 (New York: De Capo Press, 1969), 153-71, 188-96; Serge Bernstein, La France des années 30 (Paris: Armand Colin, 1988), 53-77; Thomson, Democracy in France, 170-210; Agulhon, The French Republic, 178-210.
53. William Shirer, The Collapse of the Third Republic: An Inquiry into the Fall of France in 1940 (New York: De Capo Press, 1969), 153-71, 188-96; Serge Bernstein, La France des années 30 (Paris: Armand Colin, 1988), 53-77; Thomson, Democracy in France, 170-210; Agulhon, The French Republic, 178-210.
54. For an overview of the thirties as a period of national crisis see Eugen Weber, The Hollow Years: France in the 1930s (New York: Norton: 1994). Shirer, The Collapse of the Third Republic, 199-250; Bernstein, La France des années 30, 69-77, 103-112;
55. For an overview of the thirties as a period of national crisis see Eugen Weber, The Hollow Years: France in the 1930s (New York: Norton: 1994). Shirer, The Collapse of the Third Republic, 199-250; Bernstein, La France des années 30, 69-77, 103-112;
56. For an overview of the thirties as a period of national crisis see Eugen Weber, The Hollow Years: France in the 1930s (New York: Norton: 1994). Shirer, The Collapse of the Third Republic, 199-250; Bernstein, La France des années 30, 69-77, 103-112;
57. Agulhon, The French Republic, ibid
58. Jackson, Julian, The Popular Front in France: Defending Democracy, 1934-38 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988)
59. Thomson, Democracy in France, ibid.
60. Wilder, "Greater France", 131-353. For a different interpretation of interwar administration as more authoritarian rather than welfare oriented see Conklin, A Mission to Civilize, 142-173. She documents the popular revolts in West Africa over military conscription during World War One that contributed to growing social disorder and led to new colonial policies. See also G. Wesley Johnson, The Emergence of Black Politics in Senegal: The Struggle for Power in the Four Communes, 1900-1920 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1971).
61. Wilder, "Greater France", 131-353. For a different interpretation of interwar administration as more authoritarian rather than welfare oriented see Conklin, A Mission to Civilize, 142-173. She documents the popular revolts in West Africa over military conscription during World War One that contributed to growing social disorder and led to new colonial policies. See also G. Wesley Johnson, The Emergence of Black Politics in Senegal: The Struggle for Power in the Four Communes, 1900-1920 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1971).
62. Wilder, "Greater France", 131-353. For a different interpretation of interwar administration as more authoritarian rather than welfare oriented see Conklin, A Mission to Civilize, 142-173. She documents the popular revolts in West Africa over military conscription during World War One that contributed to growing social disorder and led to new colonial policies. See also G. Wesley Johnson, The Emergence of Black Politics in Senegal: The Struggle for Power in the Four Communes, 1900-1920 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1971).
63. Cf. Lebovics, True France, 51-97.
64. Cf. Agathe Larcher, "La voie étroite des réformes coloniales et la "Collaboration Franco-Annamite" (1917-1928). " Revue francaise d'histoire d'outre-mer 82, no. 309: 387-420.
65. Rejecting the dominant historiographical understanding of French imperialism as being motivated primarily by political rather than economic forces, and the empire as more a source of prestige than profits, Jacques Marseille argues that "the colonial empire indeed became, since before the First World War, a privileged field of expansion for French capitalism." He continues, "From 1880 to 1930, although the great majority of public opinion remained indifferent to the colonies, the "mise en valeur" undertaken was indeed the expression of a capitalism as a certain stage of its development," Empire colonial et capitalisme francais. Histoire d'un divorce (Paris: Albin Michel, 1984), 368, 369.
66. Albert Sarraut, La mise en valeur des colonies francaises (Paris: Payot, 1923), 579-96; Raymond Buell, The Native Problem in Africa, Vol. 1 (New York: MacMillan, 1927), 937-38.
67. Albert Sarraut, La mise en valeur des colonies francaises (Paris: Payot, 1923), 579-96; Raymond Buell, The Native Problem in Africa, Vol. 1 (New York: MacMillan, 1927), 937-38.
68. Sarraut, La mise en valeur, 20.
69. Ibid, 581.
70. Ibid.
71. Ibid.
72. And for an early formulation that anticipates in part the problematic opened by Sarraut, without developing the idea of la plus grande France, see Louis Vignon, Un Programme de politique colonial. Les Questions Indigènes, (Paris: Plon, 1919).
73. Sarraut, La mise en valeur, 581.
74. Ibid, 19.
75. Ibid, 88.
76. Ibid, 17.
77. Ibid.
78. Ibid, 88.
79. Henri Brenier et al, La Politique colonile de la France (Paris: Félix Alcan, 1924), v-viii.
80. Ibid, 93.
81. Ibid, 159.
82. Ibid, 171.
83. On colonialism and family rhetoric see Richard D. E. Burton La Famille Coloniale: La Martinique et la Mère Patrie, 1789-1992 (Paris: Harmattan, 1994) and Francoise Vergés, Monsters and Revolutionaries: Colonial Family Romance and Métissage (Durham: Duke University Press, 1999).
84. On colonialism and family rhetoric see Richard D. E. Burton La Famille Coloniale: La Martinique et la Mère Patrie, 1789-1992 (Paris: Harmattan, 1994) and Francoise Vergés, Monsters and Revolutionaries: Colonial Family Romance and Métissage (Durham: Duke University Press, 1999).
85. Thobie, L'Histoire de la France coloniale, 153.
86. Octave Homberg, La France des cinq parties du monde (Paris: Plon, 1927), 2-3.
87. Ibid, 6-7.
88. Ibid, 294-95.
89. On the phantasmatic character of colonial ideology see Panivong Norindr, Phantasmatic Indochina: French Colonial Ideology in Architecture, Film, and Literature (Durham: Duke University Press, 1996).
90. Girardet, L'Idée coloniale, Ageron, France coloniale.
91. Girardet, L'Idée coloniale, Ageron, France coloniale.
92. Sarraut, La mise en valeur, 17.
93. Brenier, La politique coloniale, vi-vii.
94. Homberg, La France des cinque parties, 14.
95. Ibid, 183-85.
96. Léon Archimbaud, La plus grande France (Paris: Hachette, 1928) 36, 39-50.
97. Ibid, 36.
98. Ibid, 7-36. This is the focus of Lebovics' discussion of Greater France in True France.
99. Barety in Brenier, La politique coloniale, 76.
100. Ibid, 79, 81.
101. Ibid, 167-68.
102. Of course some colonies, such as Algeria and the Antilles, were formally declared departments but they always retained a distinctly colonial form of government. See Gary Wilder, "Practicing Citizenship in Imperial Paris." John L. and Jean Comaroff (eds.), Civil Society and the Political Imagination in Africa (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000).
103. Duchène in Brenier, La politique coloniale, 168, 170. See also Albert Duchène, La politique coloniale de la France. Le Ministre des Colonies depuis Richelieu (Paris: Payot, 1928) for a more sustained history of French colonial policy from this point of view.
104. Duchène in Brenier, La politique coloniale, 168, 170. See also Albert Duchène, La politique coloniale de la France. Le Ministre des Colonies depuis Richelieu (Paris: Payot, 1928) for a more sustained history of French colonial policy from this point of view.
105. See Foucault's discussions of bio-politics and governmentality as modern modes of power concerned with living populations in "Faire vivre et laisser mourir: la naissance du racisme," Les Temps Modernes, (February 1991): 37-61; "Governmentality," in The Foucault Effect, 87-104; "The Political Technologies of Individuals." In Technologies of the Self, eds. Luther H. Martin, Huck Gutman, and Patrick H. Hutton. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1988; "The Subject and Power. In Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics, eds." in Hubert L. Dreyfus and Paul Rabinow. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982; The History of Sexuality, Volume 1: An Introduction. New York: Vintage, 1980. See also Rosanvallon, L'État en France, 139-95.
106. See Foucault's discussions of bio-politics and governmentality as modern modes of power concerned with living populations in "Faire vivre et laisser mourir: la naissance du racisme," Les Temps Modernes, (February 1991): 37-61; "Governmentality," in The Foucault Effect, 87-104; "The Political Technologies of Individuals." In Technologies of the Self, eds. Luther H. Martin, Huck Gutman, and Patrick H. Hutton. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1988; "The Subject and Power. In Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics, eds." in Hubert L. Dreyfus and Paul Rabinow. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982; The History of Sexuality, Volume 1: An Introduction. New York: Vintage, 1980. See also Rosanvallon, L'État en France, 139-95.
107. See Foucault's discussions of bio-politics and governmentality as modern modes of power concerned with living populations in "Faire vivre et laisser mourir: la naissance du racisme," Les Temps Modernes, (February 1991): 37-61; "Governmentality," in The Foucault Effect, 87-104; "The Political Technologies of Individuals." In Technologies of the Self, eds. Luther H. Martin, Huck Gutman, and Patrick H. Hutton. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1988; "The Subject and Power. In Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics, eds." in Hubert L. Dreyfus and Paul Rabinow. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982; The History of Sexuality, Volume 1: An Introduction. New York: Vintage, 1980. See also Rosanvallon, L'État en France, 139-95.
108. See Foucault's discussions of bio-politics and governmentality as modern modes of power concerned with living populations in "Faire vivre et laisser mourir: la naissance du racisme," Les Temps Modernes, (February 1991): 37-61; "Governmentality," in The Foucault Effect, 87-104; "The Political Technologies of Individuals." In Technologies of the Self, eds. Luther H. Martin, Huck Gutman, and Patrick H. Hutton. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1988; "The Subject and Power. In Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics, eds." in Hubert L. Dreyfus and Paul Rabinow. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982; The History of Sexuality, Volume 1: An Introduction. New York: Vintage, 1980. See also Rosanvallon, L'État en France, 139-95.
109. See Foucault's discussions of bio-politics and governmentality as modern modes of power concerned with living populations in "Faire vivre et laisser mourir: la naissance du racisme," Les Temps Modernes, (February 1991): 37-61; "Governmentality," in The Foucault Effect, 87-104; "The Political Technologies of Individuals." In Technologies of the Self, eds. Luther H. Martin, Huck Gutman, and Patrick H. Hutton. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1988; "The Subject and Power. In Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics, eds." in Hubert L. Dreyfus and Paul Rabinow. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982; The History of Sexuality, Volume 1: An Introduction. New York: Vintage, 1980. See also Rosanvallon, L'État en France, 139-95.
110. See Foucault's discussions of bio-politics and governmentality as modern modes of power concerned with living populations in "Faire vivre et laisser mourir: la naissance du racisme," Les Temps Modernes, (February 1991): 37-61; "Governmentality," in The Foucault Effect, 87-104; "The Political Technologies of Individuals." In Technologies of the Self, eds. Luther H. Martin, Huck Gutman, and Patrick H. Hutton. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1988; "The Subject and Power. In Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics, eds." in Hubert L. Dreyfus and Paul Rabinow. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982; The History of Sexuality, Volume 1: An Introduction. New York: Vintage, 1980. See also Rosanvallon, L'État en France, 139-95.
111. Sarraut, La mise en valeur, 102.
112. Ibid, 103.
113. Ibid.
114. Ibid.
115. Ibid, 96-104.
116. Ibid, 113.
117. Ibid, 122. Here, Sarraut refers to these natives simply as "members of the same family, the great human family," perhaps in order to evade the contradiction posed by juridically unequal members of the same national family.
118. Brenier, La politique coloniale, 90-91.
119. Sarraut, La mise en valeur, 100.
120. Ibid, 96-97.
121. See Philippe Dewitte, Les mouvements nègres en France 1919-1939 (Paris: Harmattan, 1985), James Spiegler "Aspects of Nationalist Thought Among French-Speaking West Africans, 1921-1939" (Ph.D. dissertation, Nuffleld College, Oxford University, 1968), Wilder, "Practicing Citizenship in Imperial Paris".
122. See Philippe Dewitte, Les mouvements nègres en France 1919-1939 (Paris: Harmattan, 1985), James Spiegler "Aspects of Nationalist Thought Among French-Speaking West Africans, 1921-1939" (Ph.D. dissertation, Nuffleld College, Oxford University, 1968), Wilder, "Practicing Citizenship in Imperial Paris".
123. See Philippe Dewitte, Les mouvements nègres en France 1919-1939 (Paris: Harmattan, 1985), James Spiegler "Aspects of Nationalist Thought Among French-Speaking West Africans, 1921-1939" (Ph.D. dissertation, Nuffleld College, Oxford University, 1968), Wilder, "Practicing Citizenship in Imperial Paris".
124. Barety in Brenier, La politique coloniale, 85.
125. Sarraut, Grandeur et servitude coloniales (Paris: Éditions du Sagitaire, 1931).
126. Ibid, 192.
127. Ibid, 193-95.
128. Ibid, 153.
129. Ibid, 153-61.
130. Arthur Girault, Principes de colonisation et de législation coloniale. Cinquième édition (Paris: Sirey, 1927). This first edition of this text was published in 1895.
131. Ibid, 389-92, 407-8, 556-57.
132. Ibid, 557.
133. Ibid, 650.
134. Ibid, 657.
135. Ibid, 527-28.
136. Charles Michelet, "L'empire francaise et la consitution impériale," Outre-Mer, 4ème année, no. 1, March 1932, 30-48.
137. Pierre Lampué, "Les relations d'ordre constitutionnel et administratif entre la métropole et les territoires d'outre-mer," Outre-Mer, 9 ème année, no. 2, June 1936, 134-53.
138. Robert Delavignette, Les paysans noirs (Paris: Éditions Stock, 1931), Soudan-Paris-Borgogne (Paris: Grasset, 1935), Service africain (Paris: Gallimard, 1946).
139. Robert Delavignette, Les paysans noirs (Paris: Éditions Stock, 1931), Soudan-Paris-Borgogne (Paris: Grasset, 1935), Service africain (Paris: Gallimard, 1946).
140. Robert Delavignette, Les paysans noirs (Paris: Éditions Stock, 1931), Soudan-Paris-Borgogne (Paris: Grasset, 1935), Service africain (Paris: Gallimard, 1946).
141. Delavignette, Paysans noirs, 247-58, Service africain. Ralph Ellison takes a similar position in his conception of a radically multiracial America, which resonates in many ways with th interwar figure of Greater France, especially Delavignette's vision. For example, "Despite his racial difference and social status, something indisputably American about Negroes not only raised doubts about the white man's value system but aroused the troubling suspicion that whatever else the true American is, he is also somehow black," Going to the Territory (New York: Vintage Books, 1986), 111.
142. Delavignette, Soudan-Paris-Borgogne; 232.
143. Ibid, 199.
144. Ibid, 10.
145. Ibid, 241-43.
146. Michel Foucault, "Of Other Spaces," Diacritics 16:1 Spring 1986, 24.
147. Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space. Translated by Donald Nicholson-Smith. (Oxford: Blackwell Press, 1991).
148. On the 1931 Exposition, see Charles-Robert Ageron, "L'Exposition Coloniale de 1931: Mythe républicaine ou mythe impérial?" in Pierre Nora, (ed.), Les lieux de mémoire I: La République (Paris: Éditions Gallimard, 1984), 561-91; Raoul Girardet, "L'Apothéose de la 'Plus Grande France': L'idée coloniale devant l'opinion francaise (1930-1935)," Revue francaise de science politique Vol. XVIII No. 6 December 1968, 1085-1113, Catherine Hodeir and Michel Pierre, L'Exposition Coloniale (Bruxelles: Éditions Complexe, 1991), Herman Lebovics, True France: The Wars Over Cultural Identity, 1900-1945 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992, 51-97; Panivong Norindr, Phantasmatic Indochina: French Colonial Ideology in Architecture, Film, and Literature (Durham: Duke University Press, 1996), 14-71.
149. On the 1931 Exposition, see Charles-Robert Ageron, "L'Exposition Coloniale de 1931: Mythe républicaine ou mythe impérial?" in Pierre Nora, (ed.), Les lieux de mémoire I: La République (Paris: Éditions Gallimard, 1984), 561-91; Raoul Girardet, "L'Apothéose de la 'Plus Grande France': L'idée coloniale devant l'opinion francaise (1930-1935)," Revue francaise de science politique Vol. XVIII No. 6 December 1968, 1085-1113, Catherine Hodeir and Michel Pierre, L'Exposition Coloniale (Bruxelles: Éditions Complexe, 1991), Herman Lebovics, True France: The Wars Over Cultural Identity, 1900-1945 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992, 51-97; Panivong Norindr, Phantasmatic Indochina: French Colonial Ideology in Architecture, Film, and Literature (Durham: Duke University Press, 1996), 14-71.
150. On the 1931 Exposition, see Charles-Robert Ageron, "L'Exposition Coloniale de 1931: Mythe républicaine ou mythe impérial?" in Pierre Nora, (ed.), Les lieux de mémoire I: La République (Paris: Éditions Gallimard, 1984), 561-91; Raoul Girardet, "L'Apothéose de la 'Plus Grande France': L'idée coloniale devant l'opinion francaise (1930-1935)," Revue francaise de science politique Vol. XVIII No. 6 December 1968, 1085-1113, Catherine Hodeir and Michel Pierre, L'Exposition Coloniale (Bruxelles: Éditions Complexe, 1991), Herman Lebovics, True France: The Wars Over Cultural Identity, 1900-1945 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992, 51-97; Panivong Norindr, Phantasmatic Indochina: French Colonial Ideology in Architecture, Film, and Literature (Durham: Duke University Press, 1996), 14-71.
151. On the 1931 Exposition, see Charles-Robert Ageron, "L'Exposition Coloniale de 1931: Mythe républicaine ou mythe impérial?" in Pierre Nora, (ed.), Les lieux de mémoire I: La République (Paris: Éditions Gallimard, 1984), 561-91; Raoul Girardet, "L'Apothéose de la 'Plus Grande France': L'idée coloniale devant l'opinion francaise (1930-1935)," Revue francaise de science politique Vol. XVIII No. 6 December 1968, 1085-1113, Catherine Hodeir and Michel Pierre, L'Exposition Coloniale (Bruxelles: Éditions Complexe, 1991), Herman Lebovics, True France: The Wars Over Cultural Identity, 1900-1945 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992, 51-97; Panivong Norindr, Phantasmatic Indochina: French Colonial Ideology in Architecture, Film, and Literature (Durham: Duke University Press, 1996), 14-71.
152. On the 1931 Exposition, see Charles-Robert Ageron, "L'Exposition Coloniale de 1931: Mythe républicaine ou mythe impérial?" in Pierre Nora, (ed.), Les lieux de mémoire I: La République (Paris: Éditions Gallimard, 1984), 561-91; Raoul Girardet, "L'Apothéose de la 'Plus Grande France': L'idée coloniale devant l'opinion francaise (1930-1935)," Revue francaise de science politique Vol. XVIII No. 6 December 1968, 1085-1113, Catherine Hodeir and Michel Pierre, L'Exposition Coloniale (Bruxelles: Éditions Complexe, 1991), Herman Lebovics, True France: The Wars Over Cultural Identity, 1900-1945 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992, 51-97; Panivong Norindr, Phantasmatic Indochina: French Colonial Ideology in Architecture, Film, and Literature (Durham: Duke University Press, 1996), 14-71.
153. While Lebovics, in True France, usefully links the Exposition with Greater France, he does not address this doubled dimension.
154. Governor-General Olivier, "Philosophie de l'Exposition Coloniale," Revue des deux mondes, November 15, 1931, 283.
155. Governor-General Olivier, "Les Origines et les buts de l'Exposition Coloniale," Revue des deux mondes, May 1, 1931, 54.
156. Girardet, L'idée coloniale, 125.
157. Paul-Émile Cadilhac, "Promenade à travers les cinq continents," L'Illustration, May 23, 1931, 67.
158. Ibid, 68.
159. Jacques Derrida, "Différance" in Margins of Philosophy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), 1-27, and Of Grammatology (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974), 144-64.
160. Jacques Derrida, "Différance" in Margins of Philosophy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), 1-27, and Of Grammatology (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974), 144-64.