The socio-economic impact of regime change in Eastern Europe: Gypsy marginality in the 1990s

East European Politics and Societies

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 64-113

  Barany, Zoltan ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0035622327     PISSN: 08883254     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/088832501766276542     Document Type: Article

References (336)

1. Rompres (Bucharest), 22 May 1992.
2. See Alexander Kolev, "Census Taking in a Bulgarian Gypsy Mahala," Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society (series 5)4:1 (1994): 33-46.
3. See, for instance, Sándor Oláh, "Szimbólikus elhatárolódás egy település cigány lakói között," in Egy más mellett élés: A magyar-román, magyar-cigány kapcsolatokról (Csikszereda: Pro-Print, 1996), 219; and author's interview with Rumyana Kolarova, professor of politics at the University of Sofia (Sofia, 6 March 1995).
4. The Romanies in Central and Eastern Europe: Illusions and Reality (Princeton: Project on Ethnic Relations, 1992), 19. It bears mentioning that only a fraction of Slovak Jews declare their ethnicity in a census because they "don't want to stick out having experienced the difficulties of being 'others.'" Interview with Ágnes Horváthová, Head of Secretariat, Slovak Helsinki Commission (Bratislava, 8 September 1999).
5. Zoltan Barany "The Roma in Macedonia: Ethnic Politics and the Marginal Condition in a Balkan State," Ethnic and Racial Studies 18:3 (1995): 517-18; Basic Statistical Data (Skopje: Statistical Office of Macedonia, 1992), 12; and author's interview with Professor Cvetko Šmilevski (Skopje, 9 March 1994).
6. Zoltan Barany "The Roma in Macedonia: Ethnic Politics and the Marginal Condition in a Balkan State," Ethnic and Racial Studies 18:3 (1995): 517-18; Basic Statistical Data (Skopje: Statistical Office of Macedonia, 1992), 12; and author's interview with Professor Cvetko Šmilevski (Skopje, 9 March 1994).
7. Linnet Myers, "Poverty-Stricken Romanian Gypsies Caught in Battle between Germany, Poland," Chicago Tribune, 14 September 1993; and author's interview with Macedonian political-sociologist Georgi Spasov (Skopje, 9 March 1994).
8. See Carol Silverman, "Negotiating 'Gypsiness': Strategy in Context," Journal of American Folklore 101:401 (1988): 261-75; and Michael Stewart, "Gypsies, Work and Civil Society," Journal of Communist Studies 6:2 (1990): 152-53.
9. See Carol Silverman, "Negotiating 'Gypsiness': Strategy in Context," Journal of American Folklore 101:401 (1988): 261-75; and Michael Stewart, "Gypsies, Work and Civil Society," Journal of Communist Studies 6:2 (1990): 152-53.
10. Imre Szilágyi, "A horvátországi romák helyzete," Regio 7:3 (1996): 72-73.
11. See for instance, Csaba Tabajdi, Az önazonosság labirintusa: A magyar kül-és kisebbségpolitika rendszerváltása (Budapest: CP Studio, 1998), 670.
12. See, for instance, János Ladányi and Iván Szelényi, "Ki a cigány?" Kritika 26:12 (1997): 3-6; and Gábor Havas, István Kemény, and Gábor Kertesi, "A relatív cigány a klasszifikációs küzdötéren," Kritika 27:3 (1998): 31-35.
13. See, for instance, János Ladányi and Iván Szelényi, "Ki a cigány?" Kritika 26:12 (1997): 3-6; and Gábor Havas, István Kemény, and Gábor Kertesi, "A relatív cigány a klasszifikációs küzdötéren," Kritika 27:3 (1998): 31-35.
14. "Kristallnacht in jedem Dorf," Die Tageszeitung (Berlin), 29 August 1992.
15. Tibor Nagy, "Az Únióbeli tagság feltétele: Javuljon a romák helyzete," Cigany Hírlap - Romano Zhurnalo 2:5 (1996): 1.
16. Andrzej Mirga and Nicolae Gheorghe, The Roma in the Twenty-First Century: A Policy Paper (Princeton, N.J.: PER, 1997), 5. In a 1991 article Gheorghe "estimated" the East European Romani population at "about 3-5 million." See his "Roma-Gypsy Ethnicity in Eastern Europe," Social Research 58:4 (1991): 829.
17. Andrzej Mirga and Nicolae Gheorghe, The Roma in the Twenty-First Century: A Policy Paper (Princeton, N.J.: PER, 1997), 5. In a 1991 article Gheorghe "estimated" the East European Romani population at "about 3-5 million." See his "Roma-Gypsy Ethnicity in Eastern Europe," Social Research 58:4 (1991): 829.
18. See Anna Jurová, "Cigányok-romák Szlovákiában 1945 után," Regio 7:2 (1996): 35-36.
19. Elena and Cǎtǎlin Zamfir, The Romany Population (Bucharest: Centre of Economic Information and Documentation, 1993), 7; and Látlelet a magyarországi cigányság helyzetérol (Budapest: Miniszterelnöki Hivatal, 1996), 9.
20. Elena and Cǎtǎlin Zamfir, The Romany Population (Bucharest: Centre of Economic Information and Documentation, 1993), 7; and Látlelet a magyarországi cigányság helyzetérol (Budapest: Miniszterelnöki Hivatal, 1996), 9.
21. Author's interview with Éva Orsós, chairwoman of the National Ethnic and Minority Office (Budapest, 25 July 1996).
22. Michal Vašečka, "The Roma," in Gregoríj Mešeznikov, Michal Ivantyšyn, and Tom Nicholson, eds., Slovakia 1998-1999: A Global Report on the State of Society (Bratislava: Institute of Public Affairs, 1999), 414; and interview with Vašečka (Bratislava, 10 September 1999).
23. See, for instance, László Gáspárovich, "Akik a magyar Malcolm X-ek lehetnek, Pesti Hírlap, 17 February 1994, 11; and Otto Ulč, "Integration of the Gypsies in Czechoslovakia," Ethnic Groups 9:2 (1991): 111.
24. See, for instance, László Gáspárovich, "Akik a magyar Malcolm X-ek lehetnek, Pesti Hírlap, 17 February 1994, 11; and Otto Ulč, "Integration of the Gypsies in Czechoslovakia," Ethnic Groups 9:2 (1991): 111.
25. Elena Marushiakova and Vesselin Popov, Gypsies (Roma) in Bulgaria (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang Verlag, 1997), 121; interview with Ilona Tomova (Sofia, 15 November 1999); and Strategy of the Government of the Slovak Republic for the Solution of the Problems of the Roma National Minority (Bratislava: Government Publications, 1999), 17.
26. Elena Marushiakova and Vesselin Popov, Gypsies (Roma) in Bulgaria (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang Verlag, 1997), 121; interview with Ilona Tomova (Sofia, 15 November 1999); and Strategy of the Government of the Slovak Republic for the Solution of the Problems of the Roma National Minority (Bratislava: Government Publications, 1999), 17.
27. Vašečka, "The Roma," 411.
28. See interview with Emilija Simoska, who was Macedonia's minister of education in December 1994-January 1996 (Skopje, 23 November 1999).
29. Strategy of the Government for the Solution of the Problems of the Roma National Minority (Bratislava: Government Publications, 1999), 14.
30. See, for instance, Ilona Tomova, "Változások és gondok a bolgár cigányközösségben," Regio 7:3 (1996): 63.
31. Interview with Andrzej Mirga (Kraków, 14 June 1994).
32. See, for instance, Arne B. Mann, "Motivation: The Inevitable Condition of Successful Education of Romany Children" (paper for the Council of Europe, Špisska Nova Veš, 14-17 September 1994); Arne B. Mann, "Rroma (Gypsies) in Municipalities" (paper for the hearing of the Council of Europe, Strasbourg, 7 December 1995); author's interviews with Roma throughout Eastern Europe (1990-2000), János Wolfart, chairman of the National Ethnic and Minorities Office (Budapest, 9 June 1994); Elena Zamfir (Bucharest, 13 March 1995); Jurová, "Cigányok-romák Szlovákiában," 64-65; and Ilona Tomova, The Gypsies in the Transition Period (Sofia: International Centre for Minority Studies and Intercultural Relations, 1995), 60.
33. See, for instance, Arne B. Mann, "Motivation: The Inevitable Condition of Successful Education of Romany Children" (paper for the Council of Europe, Špisska Nova Veš, 14-17 September 1994); Arne B. Mann, "Rroma (Gypsies) in Municipalities" (paper for the hearing of the Council of Europe, Strasbourg, 7 December 1995); author's interviews with Roma throughout Eastern Europe (1990-2000), János Wolfart, chairman of the National Ethnic and Minorities Office (Budapest, 9 June 1994); Elena Zamfir (Bucharest, 13 March 1995); Jurová, "Cigányok-romák Szlovákiában," 64-65; and Ilona Tomova, The Gypsies in the Transition Period (Sofia: International Centre for Minority Studies and Intercultural Relations, 1995), 60.
34. See, for instance, Arne B. Mann, "Motivation: The Inevitable Condition of Successful Education of Romany Children" (paper for the Council of Europe, Špisska Nova Veš, 14-17 September 1994); Arne B. Mann, "Rroma (Gypsies) in Municipalities" (paper for the hearing of the Council of Europe, Strasbourg, 7 December 1995); author's interviews with Roma throughout Eastern Europe (1990-2000), János Wolfart, chairman of the National Ethnic and Minorities Office (Budapest, 9 June 1994); Elena Zamfir (Bucharest, 13 March 1995); Jurová, "Cigányok-romák Szlovákiában," 64-65; and Ilona Tomova, The Gypsies in the Transition Period (Sofia: International Centre for Minority Studies and Intercultural Relations, 1995), 60.
35. See, for instance, Arne B. Mann, "Motivation: The Inevitable Condition of Successful Education of Romany Children" (paper for the Council of Europe, Špisska Nova Veš, 14-17 September 1994); Arne B. Mann, "Rroma (Gypsies) in Municipalities" (paper for the hearing of the Council of Europe, Strasbourg, 7 December 1995); author's interviews with Roma throughout Eastern Europe (1990-2000), János Wolfart, chairman of the National Ethnic and Minorities Office (Budapest, 9 June 1994); Elena Zamfir (Bucharest, 13 March 1995); Jurová, "Cigányok-romák Szlovákiában," 64-65; and Ilona Tomova, The Gypsies in the Transition Period (Sofia: International Centre for Minority Studies and Intercultural Relations, 1995), 60.
36. See, for instance, Arne B. Mann, "Motivation: The Inevitable Condition of Successful Education of Romany Children" (paper for the Council of Europe, Špisska Nova Veš, 14-17 September 1994); Arne B. Mann, "Rroma (Gypsies) in Municipalities" (paper for the hearing of the Council of Europe, Strasbourg, 7 December 1995); author's interviews with Roma throughout Eastern Europe (1990-2000), János Wolfart, chairman of the National Ethnic and Minorities Office (Budapest, 9 June 1994); Elena Zamfir (Bucharest, 13 March 1995); Jurová, "Cigányok-romák Szlovákiában," 64-65; and Ilona Tomova, The Gypsies in the Transition Period (Sofia: International Centre for Minority Studies and Intercultural Relations, 1995), 60.
37. See, for instance, Arne B. Mann, "Motivation: The Inevitable Condition of Successful Education of Romany Children" (paper for the Council of Europe, Špisska Nova Veš, 14-17 September 1994); Arne B. Mann, "Rroma (Gypsies) in Municipalities" (paper for the hearing of the Council of Europe, Strasbourg, 7 December 1995); author's interviews with Roma throughout Eastern Europe (1990-2000), János Wolfart, chairman of the National Ethnic and Minorities Office (Budapest, 9 June 1994); Elena Zamfir (Bucharest, 13 March 1995); Jurová, "Cigányok-romák Szlovákiában," 64-65; and Ilona Tomova, The Gypsies in the Transition Period (Sofia: International Centre for Minority Studies and Intercultural Relations, 1995), 60.
38. o Drom: Magazine for and about Roma and Sinti in Europe (Amsterdam), special issue in English, September 1994, 12.
39. Tomova, The Gypsies, 58.
40. Struggling for Ethnic Identity: Czechoslovakia's Endangered Gypsies (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1992), 42.
41. Tomova, The Gypsies, 58; "Cigány nép-kép," Hírmondó, 10 April 1996; Monika Horáková, "Open Letter to the British Helsinki Human Rights Group," European Roma Rights Center information service, 2 April 1999.
42. Tomova, The Gypsies, 58; "Cigány nép-kép," Hírmondó, 10 April 1996; Monika Horáková, "Open Letter to the British Helsinki Human Rights Group," European Roma Rights Center information service, 2 April 1999.
43. Tomova, The Gypsies, 58; "Cigány nép-kép," Hírmondó, 10 April 1996; Monika Horáková, "Open Letter to the British Helsinki Human Rights Group," European Roma Rights Center information service, 2 April 1999.
44. Romnews, no. 24 (25 April 1996); and George Jahn, "Gypsies Remain Outcasts," Associated Press (Budapest), 27 March 1998.
45. Romnews, no. 24 (25 April 1996); and George Jahn, "Gypsies Remain Outcasts," Associated Press (Budapest), 27 March 1998.
46. See, for instance, Dimitrina Mihailova, "Socialization Problems of the Gypsy Child in the Bulgarian Society," in The Ethnic Situation in Bulgaria (Sofia: Club'90 Publishers, 1993), 27-31; Mann, "Motivation," 2; "Roma in Hungary: Views of Several Specialists" Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board, Canada (Ottawa, February 1999), 2-3. In a Bulgarian survey 79% of teachers regarded Romani pupils as "disobedient, authoritarian, irresponsible, very aggressive, and having no conscience" (See Ivan P. Ivanov, "Institutionalized Racism and Its Victims," Ethno Reporter [Sofia], no. 3 [September 1998], 33).
47. See, for instance, Dimitrina Mihailova, "Socialization Problems of the Gypsy Child in the Bulgarian Society," in The Ethnic Situation in Bulgaria (Sofia: Club'90 Publishers, 1993), 27-31; Mann, "Motivation," 2; "Roma in Hungary: Views of Several Specialists" Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board, Canada (Ottawa, February 1999), 2-3. In a Bulgarian survey 79% of teachers regarded Romani pupils as "disobedient, authoritarian, irresponsible, very aggressive, and having no conscience" (See Ivan P. Ivanov, "Institutionalized Racism and Its Victims," Ethno Reporter [Sofia], no. 3 [September 1998], 33).
48. See, for instance, Dimitrina Mihailova, "Socialization Problems of the Gypsy Child in the Bulgarian Society," in The Ethnic Situation in Bulgaria (Sofia: Club'90 Publishers, 1993), 27-31; Mann, "Motivation," 2; "Roma in Hungary: Views of Several Specialists" Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board, Canada (Ottawa, February 1999), 2-3. In a Bulgarian survey 79% of teachers regarded Romani pupils as "disobedient, authoritarian, irresponsible, very aggressive, and having no conscience" (See Ivan P. Ivanov, "Institutionalized Racism and Its Victims," Ethno Reporter [Sofia], no. 3 [September 1998], 33).
49. See, for instance, Dimitrina Mihailova, "Socialization Problems of the Gypsy Child in the Bulgarian Society," in The Ethnic Situation in Bulgaria (Sofia: Club'90 Publishers, 1993), 27-31; Mann, "Motivation," 2; "Roma in Hungary: Views of Several Specialists" Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board, Canada (Ottawa, February 1999), 2-3. In a Bulgarian survey 79% of teachers regarded Romani pupils as "disobedient, authoritarian, irresponsible, very aggressive, and having no conscience" (See Ivan P. Ivanov, "Institutionalized Racism and Its Victims," Ethno Reporter [Sofia], no. 3 [September 1998], 33).
50. Interviews with David Murphy of the Nova Škola Foundation (Prague, 23 August 1999); and Marta Miklušáková (Prague, 26 August 1999).
51. Interview with Savelina Danova, Executive Director of the Human Rights Project (Sofia, 11 November 1999).
52. Interview with Marta Miklušáková (Prague, 26 August 1999). See also Kathleen Knox, "Programs Aim to Improve Education for Romanies," Prague Post, 18-24 August 1993; and Tom Gross, "Improving Romany Life Helps All," Prague Post, 25-31 August 1993.
53. Interview with Marta Miklušáková (Prague, 26 August 1999). See also Kathleen Knox, "Programs Aim to Improve Education for Romanies," Prague Post, 18-24 August 1993; and Tom Gross, "Improving Romany Life Helps All," Prague Post, 25-31 August 1993.
54. Interview with Marta Miklušáková (Prague, 26 August 1999). See also Kathleen Knox, "Programs Aim to Improve Education for Romanies," Prague Post, 18-24 August 1993; and Tom Gross, "Improving Romany Life Helps All," Prague Post, 25-31 August 1993.
55. Seminar of the Roma Advisory Council, Project on Ethnic Relations (Sofia, 18-19 October 1996), 20.
56. Interview with Vladimír Adam (Brno, 2 September 1999).
57. Interview with Vašečka (Bratislava, 10 September 1999).
58. Interviews with Milena Hübschmannová (Prague, 17 June 1994), and Cǎtǎlin Zamfir (Bucharest, 1 June 1996).
59. Rompres (Bucharest), 7 April 1993; Tomova,The Gypsies, 60; and Imre Szilágyi, "A romák Szlovéniában," Regio 7:2 (1996): 90.
60. Rompres (Bucharest), 7 April 1993; Tomova,The Gypsies, 60; and Imre Szilágyi, "A romák Szlovéniában," Regio 7:2 (1996): 90.
61. Rompres (Bucharest), 7 April 1993; Tomova,The Gypsies, 60; and Imre Szilágyi, "A romák Szlovéniában," Regio 7:2 (1996): 90.
62. Jahn "Gypsies Remain Outcasts"; interview with Ilona Tomova (Sofia, 8 March 1994); Jasna Žugel, "Integracija romske skupnosti v slovensko družbo," in Romi na Slovenskem (Ljubljana: Institute of Ethnic Studies, 1991), 113-21.
63. Jahn "Gypsies Remain Outcasts"; interview with Ilona Tomova (Sofia, 8 March 1994); Jasna Žugel, "Integracija romske skupnosti v slovensko družbo," in Romi na Slovenskem (Ljubljana: Institute of Ethnic Studies, 1991), 113-21.
64. Jahn "Gypsies Remain Outcasts"; interview with Ilona Tomova (Sofia, 8 March 1994); Jasna Žugel, "Integracija romske skupnosti v slovensko družbo," in Romi na Slovenskem (Ljubljana: Institute of Ethnic Studies, 1991), 113-21.
65. Interview with Cǎtǎlin Zamfir (Bucharest, 8 November 1999).
66. See also Gábor Noszkai, "Romák délkelet-európában: Románia," Amaro Drom, March 1995, 12.
67. Tomova, The Gypsies, 59;
68. and the Project on Ethnic Relations' Sofia Seminar (18-19 October 1996), 17.
69. "Cigány nép-kép"; Péter Molnár and Szilvia Szego, "Cigányok Magyarországon," Társadalmi Szemle 50:6 (1995): 73; interview with Bekir Arif, president of the Progressive Democratic party of the Roma (Shuto Orizari, 13 March 1994); and Szilágyi, "A horvátországi romák helyzete," 75.
70. "Cigány nép-kép"; Péter Molnár and Szilvia Szego, "Cigányok Magyarországon," Társadalmi Szemle 50:6 (1995): 73; interview with Bekir Arif, president of the Progressive Democratic party of the Roma (Shuto Orizari, 13 March 1994); and Szilágyi, "A horvátországi romák helyzete," 75.
71. "Cigány nép-kép"; Péter Molnár and Szilvia Szego, "Cigányok Magyarországon," Társadalmi Szemle 50:6 (1995): 73; interview with Bekir Arif, president of the Progressive Democratic party of the Roma (Shuto Orizari, 13 March 1994); and Szilágyi, "A horvátországi romák helyzete," 75.
72. Jahn, "Gypsies Remain Outcasts"; Imre Vajda, "Zsanav aba te ginav," Amaro Drom, August 1994, 30.
73. Jahn, "Gypsies Remain Outcasts"; Imre Vajda, "Zsanav aba te ginav," Amaro Drom, August 1994, 30.
74. "Cigány nép-kép."
75. Gross, "Improving Romany"; Anna Koptová and Miroslav Lacko, Human and Civil Rights of Roma in Slovakia and the Czech Republic (1993), cited in Transitions 4:4 (1997): 38; and "Cigány nép-kép,"
76. Gross, "Improving Romany"; Anna Koptová and Miroslav Lacko, Human and Civil Rights of Roma in Slovakia and the Czech Republic (1993), cited in Transitions 4:4 (1997): 38; and "Cigány nép-kép,"
77. Gross, "Improving Romany"; Anna Koptová and Miroslav Lacko, Human and Civil Rights of Roma in Slovakia and the Czech Republic (1993), cited in Transitions 4:4 (1997): 38; and "Cigány nép-kép,"
78. Interviews with Bekir Arif (Shuto Orizari, 13 March 1994); Ilona Tomova (Sofia, 8 March 1995); Laura Conway, Report on the Status of Romani Education in the Czech Republic (Prague: Citizens' Solidarity and Tolerance Movement - HOST, 1996), 37; Péter Radó, A kisebbségi oktatás fejlesztése (Budapest: MKM, 1995), 25 .
79. Interviews with Bekir Arif (Shuto Orizari, 13 March 1994); Ilona Tomova (Sofia, 8 March 1995); Laura Conway, Report on the Status of Romani Education in the Czech Republic (Prague: Citizens' Solidarity and Tolerance Movement - HOST, 1996), 37; Péter Radó, A kisebbségi oktatás fejlesztése (Budapest: MKM, 1995), 25 .
80. Interviews with Bekir Arif (Shuto Orizari, 13 March 1994); Ilona Tomova (Sofia, 8 March 1995); Laura Conway, Report on the Status of Romani Education in the Czech Republic (Prague: Citizens' Solidarity and Tolerance Movement - HOST, 1996), 37; Péter Radó, A kisebbségi oktatás fejlesztése (Budapest: MKM, 1995), 25 .
81. Interviews with Bekir Arif (Shuto Orizari, 13 March 1994); Ilona Tomova (Sofia, 8 March 1995); Laura Conway, Report on the Status of Romani Education in the Czech Republic (Prague: Citizens' Solidarity and Tolerance Movement - HOST, 1996), 37; Péter Radó, A kisebbségi oktatás fejlesztése (Budapest: MKM, 1995), 25 .
82. Elena Zamfir, The Situation of Child and Family in Romania (Bucharest: Romanian Government 1995), 100-101; Project on Ethnic Relations, The Roma in Bulgaria: Collaborative Efforts between Local Authorities and Nongovernmental Organizations (Princeton N.J.: Project on Ethnic Relations, 1998), 12.
83. Elena Zamfir, The Situation of Child and Family in Romania (Bucharest: Romanian Government 1995), 100-101; Project on Ethnic Relations, The Roma in Bulgaria: Collaborative Efforts between Local Authorities and Nongovernmental Organizations (Princeton N.J.: Project on Ethnic Relations, 1998), 12.
84. István Kemény, Gábor Havas, and Gábor Kertesi, Beszámoló a magyarországi roma (cigány) népesség helyzetével foglalkozó 1993 októbere és 1994 februárja között végzett kutatásról (Budapest: MTA Szociológiai Intézet, 1994), 8.
85. Tomova, The Gypsies, 71; Cǎtǎlin Zamfir, Marius Augustin Pop, and Elena Zamfir, Romania '89-'93: Dynamics of Welfare and Social Protection (Bucharest: UNICEF-Romania, 1994), 64.
86. Tomova, The Gypsies, 71; Cǎtǎlin Zamfir, Marius Augustin Pop, and Elena Zamfir, Romania '89-'93: Dynamics of Welfare and Social Protection (Bucharest: UNICEF-Romania, 1994), 64.
87. The Situation of the Roma in the Republic of Macedonia (Skopje: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1999), 3.
88. Romnews, no. 24, 25 April 1996.
89. Tomova, The Gypsies, 71; and Gross, "Improving Romany Life."
90. Tomova, The Gypsies, 71; and Gross, "Improving Romany Life."
91. "Mégis, ki képviseli a romákat?" Köztársaság, 3 July 1992; Tomova, The Gypsies, 71; and "Plovdiv: Huts and Satellites," translation of an article in Népszabadság, 18 August 1997, in http://www.romapage.c3.hu/engrsk14.htm.
92. "Mégis, ki képviseli a romákat?" Köztársaság, 3 July 1992; Tomova, The Gypsies, 71; and "Plovdiv: Huts and Satellites," translation of an article in Népszabadság, 18 August 1997, in http://www.romapage.c3.hu/engrsk14.htm.
93. "Mégis, ki képviseli a romákat?" Köztársaság, 3 July 1992; Tomova, The Gypsies, 71; and "Plovdiv: Huts and Satellites," translation of an article in Népszabadság, 18 August 1997, in http://www.romapage.c3.hu/engrsk14.htm.
94. Interviews with György Rostás-Farkas (Budapest, 7 June 1994); Andrzej Mirga (Kraków, 14 June 1994); and with Roma across the region throughout the 1990s
95. Interviews with György Rostás-Farkas (Budapest, 7 June 1994); Andrzej Mirga (Kraków, 14 June 1994); and with Roma across the region throughout the 1990s.
96. Interviews with György Rostás-Farkas (Budapest, 7 June 1994); Andrzej Mirga (Kraków, 14 June 1994); and with Roma across the region throughout the 1990s.
97. See "Szakképzetlen munkaero nem kell," Népszabadság, 24 June 1999.
98. Tomova, The Gypsies, 73.
99. "Ózdon ketyeg az etnikai bomba," Napi Magyarország, 18 September 1999. See also Pável Bratinka, Report on the Situation of the Romani Community in the Czech Republic (Prague, 1997, mimeo), 24.
100. "Ózdon ketyeg az etnikai bomba," Napi Magyarország, 18 September 1999. See also Pável Bratinka, Report on the Situation of the Romani Community in the Czech Republic (Prague, 1997, mimeo), 24.
101. Jurová, "Cigányok-romák Szlovákiában," 54.
102. See, for instance, András Bíró's statement in "Roma in Hungary: Views of Several Specialists," Immigration and Refugee Board, Canada (Ottawa, February 1999), 14-15.
103. Gábor Kertesi, "Cigányok a munkaeropiacon," Közgazdasági Szemle 41:11 (1994): 1018-19.
104. Report on Human Rights in the ČR in 1998 (Prague: Council on Human Rights, 1999), 16.
105. Interviews with Bulgarian businessmen (Dimitrovgrad, 4 March 1995).
106. Interviews with Roma throughout Eastern Europe.
107. Vera Mutafchieva, "The Turk, the Jew, and the Gypsy," in Antonina Zhelyazkova, ed., Relations of Compatibility and Incompatibility between Christians and Muslims in Bulgaria (Sofia: International Centre for Minority Studies and Intercultural Relations, 1995), 60.
108. Interview with Trajko Petrovski of the Institute of Folklore, Skopje (Arlington, Texas, 27 March 1998).
109. Tomova, The Gypsies, 55.
110. Tomova, The Gypsies, 47-57.
111. Interview with Eva Orsós; "Poor Diet, Lack of Education Affect Roma Children," Associated Press (Bucharest), 14 June 1998; and Gábor Matúz and Ferenc Sinkovics, "Te is! Te is! Neked is!" Demokrata 2:37 (1998): 21.
112. Interview with Eva Orsós; "Poor Diet, Lack of Education Affect Roma Children," Associated Press (Bucharest), 14 June 1998; and Gábor Matúz and Ferenc Sinkovics, "Te is! Te is! Neked is!" Demokrata 2:37 (1998): 21.
113. Elena Zamfir, Situation of Child and Family, 53, 102; Szilágyi, "A romak Szlovéniában," 89; and Judith Ingram, "Hungary's Gypsy Women: Scapegoats in a New Democracy," Ms. Magazine, September-October 1991, 19.
114. Elena Zamfir, Situation of Child and Family, 53, 102; Szilágyi, "A romak Szlovéniában," 89; and Judith Ingram, "Hungary's Gypsy Women: Scapegoats in a New Democracy," Ms. Magazine, September-October 1991, 19.
115. Elena Zamfir, Situation of Child and Family, 53, 102; Szilágyi, "A romak Szlovéniában," 89; and Judith Ingram, "Hungary's Gypsy Women: Scapegoats in a New Democracy," Ms. Magazine, September-October 1991, 19.
116. "Can Hungary Hug Its Gypsies?" Economist, 20 March 1999, 57; Tomova, The Gypsies, 30.
117. "Can Hungary Hug Its Gypsies?" Economist, 20 March 1999, 57; Tomova, The Gypsies, 30.
118. Tomova, The Gypsies, 38; Barbara Demick, "Anti-Gypsy Pogroms Rampant in Romania," Philadelphia Inquirer, 29 November 1993; and interview with film editor Marius Tabacu (Cluj, 25 October 1999).
119. Tomova, The Gypsies, 38; Barbara Demick, "Anti-Gypsy Pogroms Rampant in Romania," Philadelphia Inquirer, 29 November 1993; and interview with film editor Marius Tabacu (Cluj, 25 October 1999).
120. Tomova, The Gypsies, 38; Barbara Demick, "Anti-Gypsy Pogroms Rampant in Romania," Philadelphia Inquirer, 29 November 1993; and interview with film editor Marius Tabacu (Cluj, 25 October 1999).
121. Zamfir et al., Romania '89-'93, 68.
122. Matúz and Sinkovics, "Te is! Te is! Neked is!" 20.
123. József Udvardy, "Elhaltan és boldogan?" Heti Világgazdaság, 28 August 1999, 91-93.
124. "Bulgarian Gypsies Threaten 'Human Torch' Protest," AFP (Sofia), 30 June 1998.
125. Interview with Elena Marushiakova and Vesselin Popov (Sofia, 13 November 1999); and Michal Vašečka, "The Romanies in Slovakia," in Luboš Vagač, ed., National Human Development Report for Slovakia 1998 (Bratislava: United Nations Development Program, 1998), 64.
126. Interview with Elena Marushiakova and Vesselin Popov (Sofia, 13 November 1999); and Michal Vašečka, "The Romanies in Slovakia," in Luboš Vagač, ed., National Human Development Report for Slovakia 1998 (Bratislava: United Nations Development Program, 1998), 64.
127. See interview with Marta Miklušáková (Prague, 26 August 1999); and Bratinka, Report on the Situation of the Romani Community.
128. See interview with Marta Miklušáková (Prague, 26 August 1999); and Bratinka, Report on the Situation of the Romani Community.
129. "Update on Romanian Adoptions," Romani-Jewish Alliance Newsletter, April 1992, 2; "Internet Adoption Scandal in Hungary," OMRI Daily Digest, part 2, no. 116 (14 June 1996).
130. "Update on Romanian Adoptions," Romani-Jewish Alliance Newsletter, April 1992, 2; "Internet Adoption Scandal in Hungary," OMRI Daily Digest, part 2, no. 116 (14 June 1996).
131. "Romania Acting to Keep Families Together," New York Times, 15 December 1996.
132. Interview with Jarka Balážová (Prague, 14 August 1996); presentation by Simona Farcaş at the Gypsy Lore Society Meeting (Arlington, Texas, 27 March 1998); and Nándor Fehérvári, "A szegénységgel kellett mindig szembenéznem," Új Magyarország, 11 April 1996.
133. Interview with Jarka Balážová (Prague, 14 August 1996); presentation by Simona Farcaş at the Gypsy Lore Society Meeting (Arlington, Texas, 27 March 1998); and Nándor Fehérvári, "A szegénységgel kellett mindig szembenéznem," Új Magyarország, 11 April 1996.
134. Interview with Jarka Balážová (Prague, 14 August 1996); presentation by Simona Farcaş at the Gypsy Lore Society Meeting (Arlington, Texas, 27 March 1998); and Nándor Fehérvári, "A szegénységgel kellett mindig szembenéznem," Új Magyarország, 11 April 1996.
135. Gábor Czene, "Foglyai egy országrésznek," Népszabadság, 1 December 1998; The Roma in Bulgaria: Collaborative Efforts, 8; interview with Neždet Mustafa, mayor of Shuto Orizari (Shuto Orizari, 24 November 1999); Szilágyi, "A romák Szlovéniában," 88; and Peter Winkler, "Roma Ethnic Group in Slovenia," in Miran Komac, ed., Protection of Ethnic Communities in the Republic of Slovenia (Ljubljana: Institute for Ethnic Studies, 1999), 72.
136. Gábor Czene, "Foglyai egy országrésznek," Népszabadság, 1 December 1998; The Roma in Bulgaria: Collaborative Efforts, 8; interview with Neždet Mustafa, mayor of Shuto Orizari (Shuto Orizari, 24 November 1999); Szilágyi, "A romák Szlovéniában," 88; and Peter Winkler, "Roma Ethnic Group in Slovenia," in Miran Komac, ed., Protection of Ethnic Communities in the Republic of Slovenia (Ljubljana: Institute for Ethnic Studies, 1999), 72.
137. Gábor Czene, "Foglyai egy országrésznek," Népszabadság, 1 December 1998; The Roma in Bulgaria: Collaborative Efforts, 8; interview with Neždet Mustafa, mayor of Shuto Orizari (Shuto Orizari, 24 November 1999); Szilágyi, "A romák Szlovéniában," 88; and Peter Winkler, "Roma Ethnic Group in Slovenia," in Miran Komac, ed., Protection of Ethnic Communities in the Republic of Slovenia (Ljubljana: Institute for Ethnic Studies, 1999), 72.
138. Gábor Czene, "Foglyai egy országrésznek," Népszabadság, 1 December 1998; The Roma in Bulgaria: Collaborative Efforts, 8; interview with Neždet Mustafa, mayor of Shuto Orizari (Shuto Orizari, 24 November 1999); Szilágyi, "A romák Szlovéniában," 88; and Peter Winkler, "Roma Ethnic Group in Slovenia," in Miran Komac, ed., Protection of Ethnic Communities in the Republic of Slovenia (Ljubljana: Institute for Ethnic Studies, 1999), 72.
139. Gábor Czene, "Foglyai egy országrésznek," Népszabadság, 1 December 1998; The Roma in Bulgaria: Collaborative Efforts, 8; interview with Neždet Mustafa, mayor of Shuto Orizari (Shuto Orizari, 24 November 1999); Szilágyi, "A romák Szlovéniában," 88; and Peter Winkler, "Roma Ethnic Group in Slovenia," in Miran Komac, ed., Protection of Ethnic Communities in the Republic of Slovenia (Ljubljana: Institute for Ethnic Studies, 1999), 72.
140. Carol J. Williams, "Eastern Europe Upheaval Means Even Bleaker Times for Gypsies," Los Angeles Times, 20 December 1991.
141. Zamfir et al., Romania '89-93, 65.
142. "Cigány nép-kép;" Zamfir et al., ibid., 13.
143. Tomova, "Változások és gondok," 61.
144. Interviews with Éva Orsós (Budapest), Bekir Arif (Shuto Orizari), Michal Vašečka (Bratislava), Milena Hübschmannová (Prague), and Nicoleta Biţu (Bucharest).
145. The Roma in Bulgaria, 22-23.
146. Jetske Mijs, "'A Child is Not Born with Teeth': Roma in Albania Must Be Patient," o Drom, September 1994, 20.
147. There are many documented cases. See, for instance, interview with Georgi Spasov (Skopje, 8 March 1994) and Ilija Atseski (Skopje, 14 March 1994); "Roma in the Czech Republic: Selected Issues," Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board, Canada (Ottawa, December 1997), 14-15; "Belgian Experts Criticise Conditions of Slovak Romanies," CTK (Czech News Agency) dispatch (Bratislava), 24 February 1999.
148. There are many documented cases. See, for instance, interview with Georgi Spasov (Skopje, 8 March 1994) and Ilija Atseski (Skopje, 14 March 1994); "Roma in the Czech Republic: Selected Issues," Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board, Canada (Ottawa, December 1997), 14-15; "Belgian Experts Criticise Conditions of Slovak Romanies," CTK (Czech News Agency) dispatch (Bratislava), 24 February 1999.
149. There are many documented cases. See, for instance, interview with Georgi Spasov (Skopje, 8 March 1994) and Ilija Atseski (Skopje, 14 March 1994); "Roma in the Czech Republic: Selected Issues," Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board, Canada (Ottawa, December 1997), 14-15; "Belgian Experts Criticise Conditions of Slovak Romanies," CTK (Czech News Agency) dispatch (Bratislava), 24 February 1999.
150. "Czech Post Denies Mail Service to Romani Housing Estate," OMRI Daily Digest, part 2, no. 109 (5 June 1996).
151. Interview with Professor Thomas Keil of the University of Louisville (Bucharest, 2 June 1996); Boris Kalnoky, "Und täglich wartet Jussif auf ein Wunder," Die Welt, 19 June 1993.
152. Interview with Professor Thomas Keil of the University of Louisville (Bucharest, 2 June 1996); Boris Kalnoky, "Und täglich wartet Jussif auf ein Wunder," Die Welt, 19 June 1993.
153. "Im Schlachthof für menschliche Seelen," Frankfurter Rundschau, 23 November 1990.
154. See, for instance, Ulrich Glauber, "Sie wollen normale Bürger sein," Frankfurter Rundschau, 13 October 1993.
155. "Ketton áll a vásár," Demokrata 1:7 (1997): 10.
156. Gypsy activist Emil Sčuka admits that the Romani crime rate was "as much as three times higher" among the Gypsy population than among non-Gypsies (See "Gypsies Concerned over Rising Racist Tensions," Associated Press [Prague], 1 March 1991). Adam Bartosz writes that "there is a growing number of audacious and violent assaults in public places and acts of fraud that usually escape detection by the police" (Bartosz, "Social and Political Status of the Roma in Poland," Roma 40 [January 1994]: 20).
157. Gypsy activist Emil Sčuka admits that the Romani crime rate was "as much as three times higher" among the Gypsy population than among non-Gypsies (See "Gypsies Concerned over Rising Racist Tensions," Associated Press [Prague], 1 March 1991). Adam Bartosz writes that "there is a growing number of audacious and violent assaults in public places and acts of fraud that usually escape detection by the police" (Bartosz, "Social and Political Status of the Roma in Poland," Roma 40 [January 1994]: 20).
158. Hugh Poulton, "The Rest of the Balkans," in Hugh Miall, ed., Minority Rights in Europe: Prospects for a Transnational Regime (New York: Council of Foreign Relations Press, 1994), 84; Tomova, The Gypsies, 83.
159. Hugh Poulton, "The Rest of the Balkans," in Hugh Miall, ed., Minority Rights in Europe: Prospects for a Transnational Regime (New York: Council of Foreign Relations Press, 1994), 84; Tomova, The Gypsies, 83.
160. Tom Gross, "Gypsies Fall Victim to Czech Racism," Sunday Telegraph, 24 October 1993; and Rainer Koch, "CSFR-Roma fürchten Trennungsfolgen," Der Standard, 12 August 1992.
161. Tom Gross, "Gypsies Fall Victim to Czech Racism," Sunday Telegraph, 24 October 1993; and Rainer Koch, "CSFR-Roma fürchten Trennungsfolgen," Der Standard, 12 August 1992.
162. "The Next Great Trek of the Gypsies," World Press Review, November 1990, 43.
163. Péter Szuhay, "Arson on Gypsy Row," Hungarian Quarterly 36:138 (1995): 90.
164. "Plovdiv: Huts and Satellites."
165. Gypsy activist Marcel Courtiade quoted in Linnet Myers, "Circling the Wagons," Chicago Tribune, 28 December 1992.
166. See, for instance, OMRI Daily Digest, part 2: no. 37 (21 February 1996); Yantra Radilova, "Christian or Muslim: They're of an Ilk," Demokratsiya '91 (Sofia), 7 November 1991.
167. See, for instance, OMRI Daily Digest, part 2: no. 37 (21 February 1996); Yantra Radilova, "Christian or Muslim: They're of an Ilk," Demokratsiya '91 (Sofia), 7 November 1991.
168. See a series of articles by Gábor Matúz: "Fegyverbe!?" (1) Pesti Hírlap, 26 January 1994 and "Fegyverbe!?" (2) Pesti Hírlap, 27 January, 1994; "A polgármesternö és bandája," Pesti Hírlap, 17 February 1994; "Én azt akarom, hogy itt csend, nyugalom, és béke legyen," Pesti Hírlap, 18 February 1994; "Lovas rendort, munkát, kenyeret," Pesti Hírlap, 23 February 1994; Henry Kamm, "Gypsies and the Czechs," New York Times, 8 December 1993; "Vastagh Pál polgármesterek közt," MTI (Orosháza), 26 August 1994; "Pacea arabo-ţiganeasca," Adevǎul, 23 May 1995; "Mafia ţiganeasca," Libertatea, 24 May 1995; "Gádoros, a szabad préda," Demokrata 1:7 (1997): 34-36.
169. See a series of articles by Gábor Matúz: "Fegyverbe!?" (1) Pesti Hírlap, 26 January 1994 and "Fegyverbe!?" (2) Pesti Hírlap, 27 January, 1994; "A polgármesternö és bandája," Pesti Hírlap, 17 February 1994; "Én azt akarom, hogy itt csend, nyugalom, és béke legyen," Pesti Hírlap, 18 February 1994; "Lovas rendort, munkát, kenyeret," Pesti Hírlap, 23 February 1994; Henry Kamm, "Gypsies and the Czechs," New York Times, 8 December 1993; "Vastagh Pál polgármesterek közt," MTI (Orosháza), 26 August 1994; "Pacea arabo-ţiganeasca," Adevǎul, 23 May 1995; "Mafia ţiganeasca," Libertatea, 24 May 1995; "Gádoros, a szabad préda," Demokrata 1:7 (1997): 34-36.
170. See a series of articles by Gábor Matúz: "Fegyverbe!?" (1) Pesti Hírlap, 26 January 1994 and "Fegyverbe!?" (2) Pesti Hírlap, 27 January, 1994; "A polgármesternö és bandája," Pesti Hírlap, 17 February 1994; "Én azt akarom, hogy itt csend, nyugalom, és béke legyen," Pesti Hírlap, 18 February 1994; "Lovas rendort, munkát, kenyeret," Pesti Hírlap, 23 February 1994; Henry Kamm, "Gypsies and the Czechs," New York Times, 8 December 1993; "Vastagh Pál polgármesterek közt," MTI (Orosháza), 26 August 1994; "Pacea arabo-ţiganeasca," Adevǎul, 23 May 1995; "Mafia ţiganeasca," Libertatea, 24 May 1995; "Gádoros, a szabad préda," Demokrata 1:7 (1997): 34-36.
171. See a series of articles by Gábor Matúz: "Fegyverbe!?" (1) Pesti Hírlap, 26 January 1994 and "Fegyverbe!?" (2) Pesti Hírlap, 27 January, 1994; "A polgármesternö és bandája," Pesti Hírlap, 17 February 1994; "Én azt akarom, hogy itt csend, nyugalom, és béke legyen," Pesti Hírlap, 18 February 1994; "Lovas rendort, munkát, kenyeret," Pesti Hírlap, 23 February 1994; Henry Kamm, "Gypsies and the Czechs," New York Times, 8 December 1993; "Vastagh Pál polgármesterek közt," MTI (Orosháza), 26 August 1994; "Pacea arabo-ţiganeasca," Adevǎul, 23 May 1995; "Mafia ţiganeasca," Libertatea, 24 May 1995; "Gádoros, a szabad préda," Demokrata 1:7 (1997): 34-36.
172. See a series of articles by Gábor Matúz: "Fegyverbe!?" (1) Pesti Hírlap, 26 January 1994 and "Fegyverbe!?" (2) Pesti Hírlap, 27 January, 1994; "A polgármesternö és bandája," Pesti Hírlap, 17 February 1994; "Én azt akarom, hogy itt csend, nyugalom, és béke legyen," Pesti Hírlap, 18 February 1994; "Lovas rendort, munkát, kenyeret," Pesti Hírlap, 23 February 1994; Henry Kamm, "Gypsies and the Czechs," New York Times, 8 December 1993; "Vastagh Pál polgármesterek közt," MTI (Orosháza), 26 August 1994; "Pacea arabo-ţiganeasca," Adevǎul, 23 May 1995; "Mafia ţiganeasca," Libertatea, 24 May 1995; "Gádoros, a szabad préda," Demokrata 1:7 (1997): 34-36.
173. See a series of articles by Gábor Matúz: "Fegyverbe!?" (1) Pesti Hírlap, 26 January 1994 and "Fegyverbe!?" (2) Pesti Hírlap, 27 January, 1994; "A polgármesternö és bandája," Pesti Hírlap, 17 February 1994; "Én azt akarom, hogy itt csend, nyugalom, és béke legyen," Pesti Hírlap, 18 February 1994; "Lovas rendort, munkát, kenyeret," Pesti Hírlap, 23 February 1994; Henry Kamm, "Gypsies and the Czechs," New York Times, 8 December 1993; "Vastagh Pál polgármesterek közt," MTI (Orosháza), 26 August 1994; "Pacea arabo-ţiganeasca," Adevǎul, 23 May 1995; "Mafia ţiganeasca," Libertatea, 24 May 1995; "Gádoros, a szabad préda," Demokrata 1:7 (1997): 34-36.
174. See a series of articles by Gábor Matúz: "Fegyverbe!?" (1) Pesti Hírlap, 26 January 1994 and "Fegyverbe!?" (2) Pesti Hírlap, 27 January, 1994; "A polgármesternö és bandája," Pesti Hírlap, 17 February 1994; "Én azt akarom, hogy itt csend, nyugalom, és béke legyen," Pesti Hírlap, 18 February 1994; "Lovas rendort, munkát, kenyeret," Pesti Hírlap, 23 February 1994; Henry Kamm, "Gypsies and the Czechs," New York Times, 8 December 1993; "Vastagh Pál polgármesterek közt," MTI (Orosháza), 26 August 1994; "Pacea arabo-ţiganeasca," Adevǎul, 23 May 1995; "Mafia ţiganeasca," Libertatea, 24 May 1995; "Gádoros, a szabad préda," Demokrata 1:7 (1997): 34-36.
175. See a series of articles by Gábor Matúz: "Fegyverbe!?" (1) Pesti Hírlap, 26 January 1994 and "Fegyverbe!?" (2) Pesti Hírlap, 27 January, 1994; "A polgármesternö és bandája," Pesti Hírlap, 17 February 1994; "Én azt akarom, hogy itt csend, nyugalom, és béke legyen," Pesti Hírlap, 18 February 1994; "Lovas rendort, munkát, kenyeret," Pesti Hírlap, 23 February 1994; Henry Kamm, "Gypsies and the Czechs," New York Times, 8 December 1993; "Vastagh Pál polgármesterek közt," MTI (Orosháza), 26 August 1994; "Pacea arabo-ţiganeasca," Adevǎul, 23 May 1995; "Mafia ţiganeasca," Libertatea, 24 May 1995; "Gádoros, a szabad préda," Demokrata 1:7 (1997): 34-36.
176. See a series of articles by Gábor Matúz: "Fegyverbe!?" (1) Pesti Hírlap, 26 January 1994 and "Fegyverbe!?" (2) Pesti Hírlap, 27 January, 1994; "A polgármesternö és bandája," Pesti Hírlap, 17 February 1994; "Én azt akarom, hogy itt csend, nyugalom,
177. See a series of articles by Gábor Matúz: "Fegyverbe!?" (1) Pesti Hírlap, 26 January 1994 and "Fegyverbe!?" (2) Pesti Hírlap, 27 January, 1994; "A polgármesternö és bandája," Pesti Hírlap, 17 February 1994; "Én azt akarom, hogy itt csend, nyugalom, és béke legyen," Pesti Hírlap, 18 February 1994; "Lovas rendort, munkát, kenyeret," Pesti Hírlap, 23 February 1994; Henry Kamm, "Gypsies and the Czechs," New York Times, 8 December 1993; "Vastagh Pál polgármesterek közt," MTI (Orosháza), 26 August 1994; "Pacea arabo-ţiganeasca," Adevǎul, 23 May 1995; "Mafia ţiganeasca," Libertatea, 24 May 1995; "Gádoros, a szabad préda," Demokrata 1:7 (1997): 34-36.
178. Susan Greenberg, "The Post-Communist Curse on Slovakia's Gypsies," Guardian, 7 October 1993.
179. "Háromszor lott a rendor," Magyar Nemzet, 16 August 1996; "A bosszú még várat magára," Mai nap, 18 August 1996, 20-21; "Man Accused of Provoking Attack on Policemen Arrested," CTK (Novy Jičin / Ostrava), 17 February 1998; "Three Romanies Face Proceedings Due to Attack on Policemen," CTK (Prague), 28 February 1998.
180. "Háromszor lott a rendor," Magyar Nemzet, 16 August 1996; "A bosszú még várat magára," Mai nap, 18 August 1996, 20-21; "Man Accused of Provoking Attack on Policemen Arrested," CTK (Novy Jičin / Ostrava), 17 February 1998; "Three Romanies Face Proceedings Due to Attack on Policemen," CTK (Prague), 28 February 1998.
181. "Háromszor lott a rendor," Magyar Nemzet, 16 August 1996; "A bosszú még várat magára," Mai nap, 18 August 1996, 20-21; "Man Accused of Provoking Attack on Policemen Arrested," CTK (Novy Jičin / Ostrava), 17 February 1998; "Three Romanies Face Proceedings Due to Attack on Policemen," CTK (Prague), 28 February 1998.
182. "Háromszor lott a rendor," Magyar Nemzet, 16 August 1996; "A bosszú még várat magára," Mai nap, 18 August 1996, 20-21; "Man Accused of Provoking Attack on Policemen Arrested," CTK (Novy Jičin / Ostrava), 17 February 1998; "Three Romanies Face Proceedings Due to Attack on Policemen," CTK (Prague), 28 February 1998.
183. See, for instance, "Und täglich wartet Jussif auf ein Wunder," Die Welt, 19 June 1993; Sharon Fisher, "Romanies in Slovakia," RFE/RL Research Report 2:42 (1993): 56; "Gypsy 'Emperor' Sought in Alleged Romanian Copper Theft," AP (Bucharest), 23 May 1994; and "Gypsy 'Emperor' Arrested in Romania," NCA (Bucharest), 27 May 1994.
184. See, for instance, "Und täglich wartet Jussif auf ein Wunder," Die Welt, 19 June 1993; Sharon Fisher, "Romanies in Slovakia," RFE/RL Research Report 2:42 (1993): 56; "Gypsy 'Emperor' Sought in Alleged Romanian Copper Theft," AP (Bucharest), 23 May 1994; and "Gypsy 'Emperor' Arrested in Romania," NCA (Bucharest), 27 May 1994.
185. See, for instance, "Und täglich wartet Jussif auf ein Wunder," Die Welt, 19 June 1993; Sharon Fisher, "Romanies in Slovakia," RFE/RL Research Report 2:42 (1993): 56; "Gypsy 'Emperor' Sought in Alleged Romanian Copper Theft," AP (Bucharest), 23 May 1994; and "Gypsy 'Emperor' Arrested in Romania," NCA (Bucharest), 27 May 1994.
186. See, for instance, "Und täglich wartet Jussif auf ein Wunder," Die Welt, 19 June 1993; Sharon Fisher, "Romanies in Slovakia," RFE/RL Research Report 2:42 (1993): 56; "Gypsy 'Emperor' Sought in Alleged Romanian Copper Theft," AP (Bucharest), 23 May 1994; and "Gypsy 'Emperor' Arrested in Romania," NCA (Bucharest), 27 May 1994.
187. Tsvetelina Parvanova, "Rights Aides, Police in Rift on Bulgarian Gypsies," Reuters (Sofia), 12 June 1994; and "Bulgarian Gypsies Threaten 'Human Torch' Protest," Agence France-Presse (Sofia), 30 May 1998.
188. Tsvetelina Parvanova, "Rights Aides, Police in Rift on Bulgarian Gypsies," Reuters (Sofia), 12 June 1994; and "Bulgarian Gypsies Threaten 'Human Torch' Protest," Agence France-Presse (Sofia), 30 May 1998.
189. "Cigánybunözés?" Köztársaság, no. 13 (10 July 1992), 40.
190. Stojan Grebenarov, "Gypsy-Bashing," Insider (Sofia), no. 1 (1992): 23.
191. "Karóba húztak cgy asszonyt," Új Magyarország, 11 August 1994.
192. Interview with Marushiakova and Popov (Sofia, 13 November 1999).
193. Isabel Fonseca, Bury Me Standing: The Gypsies and Their Journey (New York: Knopf, 1995), 286-87. See also "Alle hassen die Zigeuner," Der Spiegel 36 (3 September 1990), 45; and Chris Stephen, "Gypsy Emperor in Quest to Find Roots," The Guardian, 22 February 1993. According to Ian Hancock, "Cioabǎ was an engineer. . . . " (See Hancock, "The East European Roots of Romani Nationalism," in David Crowe and John Kolsti, eds., The Gypsies of Eastern Europe [Armonk, N.J.: M. E. Sharpe, 1991], 147).
194. Isabel Fonseca, Bury Me Standing: The Gypsies and Their Journey (New York: Knopf, 1995), 286-87. See also "Alle hassen die Zigeuner," Der Spiegel 36 (3 September 1990), 45; and Chris Stephen, "Gypsy Emperor in Quest to Find Roots," The Guardian, 22 February 1993. According to Ian Hancock, "Cioabǎ was an engineer. . . . " (See Hancock, "The East European Roots of Romani Nationalism," in David Crowe and John Kolsti, eds., The Gypsies of Eastern Europe [Armonk, N.J.: M. E. Sharpe, 1991], 147).
195. Isabel Fonseca, Bury Me Standing: The Gypsies and Their Journey (New York: Knopf, 1995), 286-87. See also "Alle hassen die Zigeuner," Der Spiegel 36 (3 September 1990), 45; and Chris Stephen, "Gypsy Emperor in Quest to Find Roots," The Guardian, 22 February 1993. According to Ian Hancock, "Cioabǎ was an engineer. . . . " (See Hancock, "The East European Roots of Romani Nationalism," in David Crowe and John Kolsti, eds., The Gypsies of Eastern Europe [Armonk, N.J.: M. E. Sharpe, 1991], 147).
196. Isabel Fonseca, Bury Me Standing: The Gypsies and Their Journey (New York: Knopf, 1995), 286-87. See also "Alle hassen die Zigeuner," Der Spiegel 36 (3 September 1990), 45; and Chris Stephen, "Gypsy Emperor in Quest to Find Roots," The Guardian, 22 February 1993. According to Ian Hancock, "Cioabǎ was an engineer. . . . " (See Hancock, "The East European Roots of Romani Nationalism," in David Crowe and John Kolsti, eds., The Gypsies of Eastern Europe [Armonk, N.J.: M. E. Sharpe, 1991], 147).
197. See Stefan Stoian's interview with Radulescu in Baricada (Bucharest), 16 February 1993, 8-9; Lucy Hooker, "Gypsy Emperor Gets Crown but Loses Respect," Guardian, 9 August 1993; "Romania's 'Gypsy Emperor' Crowned and Wed," Rompress (Bucharest), 12 August 1993; Roxana Dascalu, "'Emperor' Iulian Hold Court in Romania," Reuter (Sibiu), 7 June 1994; and John Reed, "Two Men Would Be King of the Gypsies, Counting an Emperor," Wall Street Journal, 12 December 1997.
198. See Stefan Stoian's interview with Radulescu in Baricada (Bucharest), 16 February 1993, 8-9; Lucy Hooker, "Gypsy Emperor Gets Crown but Loses Respect," Guardian, 9 August 1993; "Romania's 'Gypsy Emperor' Crowned and Wed," Rompress (Bucharest), 12 August 1993; Roxana Dascalu, "'Emperor' Iulian Hold Court in Romania," Reuter (Sibiu), 7 June 1994; and John Reed, "Two Men Would Be King of the Gypsies, Counting an Emperor," Wall Street Journal, 12 December 1997.
199. See Stefan Stoian's interview with Radulescu in Baricada (Bucharest), 16 February 1993, 8-9; Lucy Hooker, "Gypsy Emperor Gets Crown but Loses Respect," Guardian, 9 August 1993; "Romania's 'Gypsy Emperor' Crowned and Wed," Rompress (Bucharest), 12 August 1993; Roxana Dascalu, "'Emperor' Iulian Hold Court in Romania," Reuter (Sibiu), 7 June 1994; and John Reed, "Two Men Would Be King of the Gypsies, Counting an Emperor," Wall Street Journal, 12 December 1997.
200. See Stefan Stoian's interview with Radulescu in Baricada (Bucharest), 16 February 1993, 8-9; Lucy Hooker, "Gypsy Emperor Gets Crown but Loses Respect," Guardian, 9 August 1993; "Romania's 'Gypsy Emperor' Crowned and Wed," Rompress (Bucharest), 12 August 1993; Roxana Dascalu, "'Emperor' Iulian Hold Court in Romania," Reuter (Sibiu), 7 June 1994; and John Reed, "Two Men Would Be King of the Gypsies, Counting an Emperor," Wall Street Journal, 12 December 1997.
201. See Stefan Stoian's interview with Radulescu in Baricada (Bucharest), 16 February 1993, 8-9; Lucy Hooker, "Gypsy Emperor Gets Crown but Loses Respect," Guardian, 9 August 1993; "Romania's 'Gypsy Emperor' Crowned and Wed," Rompress (Bucharest), 12 August 1993; Roxana Dascalu, "'Emperor' Iulian Hold Court in Romania," Reuter (Sibiu), 7 June 1994; and John Reed, "Two Men Would Be King of the Gypsies, Counting an Emperor," Wall Street Journal, 12 December 1997.
202. See, for instance, "Und täglich wartet Jussif"; and interview with Krassimir Kanev (Sofia, March 1995).
203. See, for instance, Dan Ionescu, "Violence against Gypsies Escalates," Report on Eastern Europe 2:25 (1991): 25; Hooker, "Gypsy Emperor"; Cornel Radu Constantinescu, "Tigani impanzesc Romania cu castelc-cort supraetajate," Adevǎrul, 12 May 1995.
204. See, for instance, Dan Ionescu, "Violence against Gypsies Escalates," Report on Eastern Europe 2:25 (1991): 25; Hooker, "Gypsy Emperor"; Cornel Radu Constantinescu, "Tigani impanzesc Romania cu castelc-cort supraetajate," Adevǎrul, 12 May 1995.
205. See, for instance, Dan Ionescu, "Violence against Gypsies Escalates," Report on Eastern Europe 2:25 (1991): 25; Hooker, "Gypsy Emperor"; Cornel Radu Constantinescu, "Tigani impanzesc Romania cu castelc-cort supraetajate," Adevǎrul, 12 May 1995.
206. Interview with Trajko Petrovski (Arlington, Texas, 27 March 1998); and György Kerényi, "'Abból, amit a magyar ember kidob'," Magyar Narancs, 18 August 1994, 12-13.
207. Interview with Trajko Petrovski (Arlington, Texas, 27 March 1998); and György Kerényi, "'Abból, amit a magyar ember kidob'," Magyar Narancs, 18 August 1994, 12-13.
208. See the interview in Adevǎrul, 7 October 1996.
209. See, for instance, Karin Popescu, "Romanian Gypsies out to Lynch Pyramid Fund Boss," Reuters (Bucharest), 16 February 1994.
210. Interview with sociologist, János Ladányi, in "Budapesten elkezdodött a gettósodás," Köztársaság, no. 13 (3 July 1992): 18.
211. See, for instance, Tamás Bihari, "Cigány bánat, magyar bánat" (interview with Zsolt Csalog), Vilag, 24 April 1991; interview with János Wolfart (Budapest, 9 June 1994); and Romove v Česke republice (Prague: Socioklub, 1999), 540-41.
212. See, for instance, Tamás Bihari, "Cigány bánat, magyar bánat" (interview with Zsolt Csalog), Vilag, 24 April 1991; interview with János Wolfart (Budapest, 9 June 1994); and Romove v Česke republice (Prague: Socioklub, 1999), 540-41.
213. See, for instance, Tamás Bihari, "Cigány bánat, magyar bánat" (interview with Zsolt Csalog), Vilag, 24 April 1991; interview with János Wolfart (Budapest, 9 June 1994); and Romove v Česke republice (Prague: Socioklub, 1999), 540-41.
214. Interview with Thomas Keil (Bucharest, 2 June 1996); and Marushiakova and Popov, Gypsies (Roma) in Bulgaria, 69.
215. Interview with Thomas Keil (Bucharest, 2 June 1996); and Marushiakova and Popov, Gypsies (Roma) in Bulgaria, 69.
216. Interviews with Roma and with PER's Samuel Abraham (Bratislava, Dunajska Lužna, and Košice, August 1996). On this issue pertaining to the Roma in Slovenia, see Szilágyi, "A romák Szlovéniában," 91.
217. Gábor Kereszty and György Simó, "HelpingSelf-Help: Interview with András Bíró," Hungarian Quarterly 36:140 (1995): 75.
218. See, for instance, Jane Perlez, "Gypsies in Czech Republic Face Discrimination," New York Times, 2 July 1998.
219. Quoted by Linnet Myers in "Poverty-stricken Romanian Gypsies Caught in Battle between Germany, Poland," Chicago Tribune, 14 February 1993. See also Gazeta Wyborcza, 24 August 1994.
220. Quoted by Linnet Myers in "Poverty-stricken Romanian Gypsies Caught in Battle between Germany, Poland," Chicago Tribune, 14 February 1993. See also Gazeta Wyborcza, 24 August 1994.
221. Tamás Bihari, "Cigány bánat, magyar bánat" (interview with Csalog), Vilag, 24 April 1991.
222. Nicolae Gheorghe cited in Burton Bollag, "Gypsy Studies on the Move," Chronicle of Higher Education, 3 August 1994, A38. See also Halász, "Felszámolták a putrirendszert."
223. Nicolae Gheorghe cited in Burton Bollag, "Gypsy Studies on the Move," Chronicle of Higher Education, 3 August 1994, A38. See also Halász, "Felszámolták a putrirendszert."
224. See, for instance, Mary E. McIntosh, Martha Abele MacIver, Daniel G. Abele, and David B. Nolle, "Minority Rights and Majority Rule: Ethnic Tolerance in Romania and Bulgaria," in Leokadia Drobizheva et al., eds. , Ethnic Conflict in the Post-Soviet World: Case Studies and Analysis (Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1996), 37-66; and Krassimir Kanev, "Dynamics of Inter-Ethnic Tensions in Bulgaria and the Balkans," Balkan Forum4:2 (1996): 213-54.
225. See, for instance, Mary E. McIntosh, Martha Abele MacIver, Daniel G. Abele, and David B. Nolle, "Minority Rights and Majority Rule: Ethnic Tolerance in Romania and Bulgaria," in Leokadia Drobizheva et al., eds. , Ethnic Conflict in the Post-Soviet World: Case Studies and Analysis (Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1996), 37-66; and Krassimir Kanev, "Dynamics of Inter-Ethnic Tensions in Bulgaria and the Balkans," Balkan Forum4:2 (1996): 213-54.
226. See Zoltan Barany, "Ethnic Mobilization and the State: The East European Roma," Ethnic and Racial Studies 21:2 (1998): 321-22.
227. Rasma Karklins, "Ethnopolitics and Language Strategies in Latvia" (paper presented at the 1997 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, 28-31 August 1997), 2, 7.
228. Krassimir Kanev, "The Image of the 'Other' in the Relations of the Religious Communities in Bulgaria," in Zhelyazkova, ed., Relations of Compatibility and Incompatibility, 362.
229. See, for instance, Joseph Held, ed., Democracy and Right-Wing Politics in Eastern Europe in the 1990s (Boulder, Colo.: East European Monographs, 1993); Paul Hockenos, Free to Hate: The Rise of the Right in Post-Communist Eastern Europe (New York: Routledge, 1993); Paul Latawski, ed., Contemporary Nationalism in Eastern Europe (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995); and Aleksandar Pavkovic, Halyna Koscharsky, and Adam Czarnota, eds., Nationalism and Postcommunism (Brookfield, Vt.: Dartmouth, 1995).
230. See, for instance, Joseph Held, ed., Democracy and Right-Wing Politics in Eastern Europe in the 1990s (Boulder, Colo.: East European Monographs, 1993); Paul Hockenos, Free to Hate: The Rise of the Right in Post-Communist Eastern Europe (New York: Routledge, 1993); Paul Latawski, ed., Contemporary Nationalism in Eastern Europe (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995); and Aleksandar Pavkovic, Halyna Koscharsky, and Adam Czarnota, eds., Nationalism and Postcommunism (Brookfield, Vt.: Dartmouth, 1995).
231. See, for instance, Joseph Held, ed., Democracy and Right-Wing Politics in Eastern Europe in the 1990s (Boulder, Colo.: East European Monographs, 1993); Paul Hockenos, Free to Hate: The Rise of the Right in Post-Communist Eastern Europe (New York: Routledge, 1993); Paul Latawski, ed., Contemporary Nationalism in Eastern Europe (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995); and Aleksandar Pavkovic, Halyna Koscharsky, and Adam Czarnota, eds., Nationalism and Postcommunism (Brookfield, Vt.: Dartmouth, 1995).
232. See, for instance, Joseph Held, ed., Democracy and Right-Wing Politics in Eastern Europe in the 1990s (Boulder, Colo.: East European Monographs, 1993); Paul Hockenos, Free to Hate: The Rise of the Right in Post-Communist Eastern Europe (New York: Routledge, 1993); Paul Latawski, ed., Contemporary Nationalism in Eastern Europe (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995); and Aleksandar Pavkovic, Halyna Koscharsky, and Adam Czarnota, eds., Nationalism and Postcommunism (Brookfield, Vt.: Dartmouth, 1995).
233. Gross, "Gypsies Fall Victim to Czech Racism."
234. Henry Kamm, "In New Eastern Europe, an Old Anti-Gypsy Bias," New York Times, 29 November 1993.
235. Cited in Dan Ionescu, "The Gypsies Organize," Report on Eastern Europe 1:26 (1990): 40.
236. Interview with Savelina Danova (Sofia, 11 November 1999).
237. Interview with Cǎtǎlin Zamfir (Bucharest, 1 June 1996); and The Roma in Bulgaria, 20-21.
238. Interview with Cǎtǎlin Zamfir (Bucharest, 1 June 1996); and The Roma in Bulgaria, 20-21.
239. These quotes are cited by Ionescu, "The Gypsies Organize," 40.
240. Erika Tarr, "Rasszista lesz a kisfiam?" Demokrata 1:7 (1997): 45.
241. Peter S. Green, "Czech Beauty Queen Hopes to Purge Hometown of Gypsies," Reuters (Prague), 6 April 1993; and Gross, "Gypsies Fall Victim to Czech Racism."
242. Peter S. Green, "Czech Beauty Queen Hopes to Purge Hometown of Gypsies," Reuters (Prague), 6 April 1993; and Gross, "Gypsies Fall Victim to Czech Racism."
243. Dorel Abraham, Ilie Bǎdescu, and Septimiu Chelcea, Enterethnic Relations in Romania (Cluj-Napoca: Editura Carpatica, 1995), 111; and Dan Ungureanu, "Tinerii ii antipatizeaza pe ţigani," Tineretul Liber, 15 February 1994; Judit Hamberger, "A csehországi romák helyzete," Regio 7:2 (1996): 60; and Tatjana Šišková, "Report on 'Education towards Tolerance and against Racism' project in Prague Schools," Czech Center for Conflict Prevention and Resolution (Prague) February 1998, 17.
244. Dorel Abraham, Ilie Bǎdescu, and Septimiu Chelcea, Enterethnic Relations in Romania (Cluj-Napoca: Editura Carpatica, 1995), 111; and Dan Ungureanu, "Tinerii ii antipatizeaza pe ţigani," Tineretul Liber, 15 February 1994; Judit Hamberger, "A csehországi romák helyzete," Regio 7:2 (1996): 60; and Tatjana Šišková, "Report on 'Education towards Tolerance and against Racism' project in Prague Schools," Czech Center for Conflict Prevention and Resolution (Prague) February 1998, 17.
245. Dorel Abraham, Ilie Bǎdescu, and Septimiu Chelcea, Enterethnic Relations in Romania (Cluj-Napoca: Editura Carpatica, 1995), 111; and Dan Ungureanu, "Tinerii ii antipatizeaza pe ţigani," Tineretul Liber, 15 February 1994; Judit Hamberger, "A csehországi romák helyzete," Regio 7:2 (1996): 60; and Tatjana Šišková, "Report on 'Education towards Tolerance and against Racism' project in Prague Schools," Czech Center for Conflict Prevention and Resolution (Prague) February 1998, 17.
246. Dorel Abraham, Ilie Bǎdescu, and Septimiu Chelcea, Enterethnic Relations in Romania (Cluj-Napoca: Editura Carpatica, 1995), 111; and Dan Ungureanu, "Tinerii ii antipatizeaza pe ţigani," Tineretul Liber, 15 February 1994; Judit Hamberger, "A csehországi romák helyzete," Regio 7:2 (1996): 60; and Tatjana Šišková, "Report on 'Education towards Tolerance and against Racism' project in Prague Schools," Czech Center for Conflict Prevention and Resolution (Prague) February 1998, 17.
247. "Alle hassen die Zigeuner," Der Spiegel 36 (3 September 1990): 34-57.
248. See, for instance, Destroying Ethnic Identity: The Gypsies of Bulgaria (New York: Helsinki Watch, 1991), 21; interviews with Ilona Tomova and Nikolai Gentchev (Sofia, 7-8 March 1995).
249. See, for instance, Destroying Ethnic Identity: The Gypsies of Bulgaria (New York: Helsinki Watch, 1991), 21; interviews with Ilona Tomova and Nikolai Gentchev (Sofia, 7-8 March 1995).
250. Many reports across the region make these points. See, for instance, Michael Conrath, "Gypsies Suffer Fallout from the Romanian Revolution," AFP (Bucharest, 8 July 1991); Adrian Bridge, "Romanians Vent Old Hatreds Against Gypsies," Independent, 19 October 1993; "Tüntetés a 'romakonténer' ellen," Népszabadság, 24 November 1997; "Hajléktalanszálló létesítését szervezik," Új Magyarország, 28 November 1997; Michelle Legge, "Wall to Divide City," Prague Post, 20-26 May 1998; Peter S. Green, "2 Czech Cities to Wall Off Their 'Problematic' Gypsies," International Herald Tribune, 28 May 1998; Eva Munk, "Czech Gypsies Protest at Plan to Wall Them in," Reuters (Ústí nad Labem), 2 June 1998; "Tension between Romany, non-Romany Population in Czech Town Decreasing," CTK (Ústí nad Labem), 9 June 1998; RFE/RL Newsline II 3:103 (1999).
251. Many reports across the region make these points. See, for instance, Michael Conrath, "Gypsies Suffer Fallout from the Romanian Revolution," AF P (Bucharest, 8 July 1991); Adrian Bridge, "Romanians Vent Old Hatreds Against Gypsies," Independent, 19 October 1993; "Tüntetés a 'romakonténer' ellen," Népszabadság, 24 November 1997; "Hajléktalanszálló létesítését szervezik," Új Magyarország, 28 November 1997; Michelle Legge, "Wall to Divide City," Prague Post, 20-26 May 1998; Peter S. Green, "2 Czech Cities to Wall Off Their 'Problematic' Gypsies," International Herald Tribune, 28 May 1998; Eva Munk, "Czech Gypsies Protest at Plan to Wall Them in," Reuters (Ústí nad Labem), 2 June 1998; "Tension between Romany, non-Romany Population in Czech Town Decreasing," CTK (Ústí nad Labem), 9 June 1998; RFE/RL Newsline II 3:103 (1999).
252. Many reports across the region make these points. See, for instance, Michael Conrath, "Gypsies Suffer Fallout from the Romanian Revolution," AF P (Bucharest, 8 July 1991); Adrian Bridge, "Romanians Vent Old Hatreds Against Gypsies," Independent, 19 October 1993; "Tüntetés a 'romakonténer' ellen," Népszabadság, 24 November 1997; "Hajléktalanszálló létesítését szervezik," Új Magyarország, 28 November 1997; Michelle Legge, "Wall to Divide City," Prague Post, 20-26 May 1998; Peter S. Green, "2 Czech Cities to Wall Off Their 'Problematic' Gypsies," International Herald Tribune, 28 May 1998; Eva Munk, "Czech Gypsies Protest at Plan to Wall Them in," Reuters (Ústí nad Labem), 2 June 1998; "Tension between Romany, non-Romany Population in Czech Town Decreasing," CTK (Ústí nad Labem), 9 June 1998; RFE/RL Newsline II 3:103 (1999).
253. Many reports across the region make these points. See, for instance, Michael Conrath, "Gypsies Suffer Fallout from the Romanian Revolution," AF P (Bucharest, 8 July 1991); Adrian Bridge, "Romanians Vent Old Hatreds Against Gypsies," Independent, 19 October 1993; "Tüntetés a 'romakonténer' ellen," Népszabadság, 24 November 1997; "Hajléktalanszálló létesítését szervezik," Új Magyarország, 28 November 1997; Michelle Legge, "Wall to Divide City," Prague Post, 20-26 May 1998; Peter S. Green, "2 Czech Cities to Wall Off Their 'Problematic' Gypsies," International Herald Tribune, 28 May 1998; Eva Munk, "Czech Gypsies Protest at Plan to Wall Them in," Reuters (Ústí nad Labem), 2 June 1998; "Tension between Romany, non-Romany Population in Czech Town Decreasing," CTK (Ústí nad Labem), 9 June 1998; RFE/RL Newsline II 3:103 (1999).
254. Many reports across the region make these points. See, for instance, Michael Conrath, "Gypsies Suffer Fallout from the Romanian Revolution," AF P (Bucharest, 8 July 1991); Adrian Bridge, "Romanians Vent Old Hatreds Against Gypsies," Independent, 19 October 1993; "Tüntetés a 'romakonténer' ellen," Népszabadság, 24 November 1997; "Hajléktalanszálló létesítését szervezik," Új Magyarország, 28 November 1997; Michelle Legge, "Wall to Divide City," Prague Post, 20-26 May 1998; Peter S. Green, "2 Czech Cities to Wall Off Their 'Problematic' Gypsies," International Herald Tribune, 28 May 1998; Eva Munk, "Czech Gypsies Protest at Plan to Wall Them in," Reuters (Ústí nad Labem), 2 June 1998; "Tension between Romany, non-Romany Population in Czech Town Decreasing," CTK (Ústí nad Labem), 9 June 1998; RFE/RL Newsline II 3:103 (1999).
255. Many reports across the region make these points. See, for instance, Michael Conrath, "Gypsies Suffer Fallout from the Romanian Revolution," AF P (Bucharest, 8 July 1991); Adrian Bridge, "Romanians Vent Old Hatreds Against Gypsies," Independent, 19 October 1993; "Tüntetés a 'romakonténer' ellen," Népszabadság, 24 November 1997; "Hajléktalanszálló létesítését szervezik," Új Magyarország, 28 November 1997; Michelle Legge, "Wall to Divide City," Prague Post, 20-26 May 1998; Peter S. Green, "2 Czech Cities to Wall Off Their 'Problematic' Gypsies," International Herald Tribune, 28 May 1998; Eva Munk, "Czech Gypsies Protest at Plan to Wall Them in," Reuters (Ústí nad Labem), 2 June 1998; "Tension between Romany, non-Romany Population in Czech Town Decreasing," CTK (Ústí nad Labem), 9 June 1998; RFE/RL Newsline II 3:103 (1999).
256. Many reports across the region make these points. See, for instance, Michael Conrath, "Gypsies Suffer Fallout from the Romanian Revolution," AF P (Bucharest, 8 July 1991); Adrian Bridge, "Romanians Vent Old Hatreds Against Gypsies," Independent, 19 October 1993; "Tüntetés a 'romakonténer' ellen," Népszabadság, 24 November 1997; "Hajléktalanszálló létesítését szervezik," Új Magyarország, 28 November 1997; Michelle Legge, "Wall to Divide City," Prague Post, 20-26 May 1998; Peter S. Green, "2 Czech Cities to Wall Off Their 'Problematic' Gypsies," International Herald Tribune, 28 May 1998; Eva Munk, "Czech Gypsies Protest at Plan to Wall Them in," Reuters (Ústí nad Labem), 2 June 1998; "Tension between Romany, non-Romany Population in Czech Town Decreasing," CTK (Ústí nad Labem), 9 June 1998; RFE/RL Newsline II 3:103 (1999).
257. Many reports across the region make these points. See, for instance, Michael Conrath, "Gypsies Suffer Fallout from the Romanian Revolution," AF P (Bucharest, 8 July 1991); Adrian Bridge, "Romanians Vent Old Hatreds Against Gypsies," Independent, 19 October 1993; "Tüntetés a 'romakonténer' ellen," Népszabadság, 24 November 1997; "Hajléktalanszálló létesítését szervezik," Új Magyarország, 28 November 1997; Michelle Legge, "Wall to Divide City," Prague Post, 20-26 May 1998; Peter S. Green, "2 Czech Cities to Wall Off Their 'Problematic' Gypsies," International Herald Tribune, 28 May 1998; Eva Munk, "Czech Gypsies Protest at Plan to Wall Them in," Reuters (Ústí nad Labem), 2 June 1998; "Tension between Romany, non-Romany Population in Czech Town Decreasing," CTK (Ústí nad Labem), 9 June 1998; RFE/RL Newsline II 3:103 (1999).
258. Many reports across the region make these points. See, for instance, Michael Conrath, "Gypsies Suffer Fallout from the Romanian Revolution," AF P (Bucharest, 8 July 1991); Adrian Bridge, "Romanians Vent Old Hatreds Against Gypsies," Independent, 19 October 1993; "Tüntetés a 'romakonténer' ellen," Népszabadság, 24 November 1997; "Hajléktalanszálló létesítését szervezik," Új Magyarország, 28 November 1997; Michelle Legge, "Wall to Divide City," Prague Post, 20-26 May 1998; Peter S. Green, "2 Czech Cities to Wall Off Their 'Problematic' Gypsies," International Herald Tribune, 28 May 1998; Eva Munk, "Czech Gypsies Protest at Plan to Wall Them in," Reuters (Ústí nad Labem), 2 June 1998; "Tension between Romany, non-Romany Population in Czech Town Decreasing," CTK (Ústí nad Labem), 9 June 1998; RFE/RL Newsline II 3:103 (1999).
259. László Juhász, Rom známena človek: Diskusia v Cilistove o palcivom probléme (Bratislava: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 1999), 43. See, for instance, interview with Ventzislav Ivanov, director of the Directorate of International Organizations and Human Rights, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Sofia, 16 November 1999).
260. See, for instance, Koos Postma, Changing Prejudice in Hungary: A Study on the Collapse of State Socialism and Its Impact on Prejudice against Gypsies and Jews (Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit, 1996); and György Csepeli, Zoltán Fábián, and Endre Sík, "Xenofóbia és a cigányságról alkotott vélemények," in Tamás Kolosi, György István Tóth, and György Vukovich, eds., Társadalmi Riport, 1998 (Budapest: TARKI, 1998), 458-89.
261. See, for instance, Koos Postma, Changing Prejudice in Hungary: A Study on the Collapse of State Socialism and Its Impact on Prejudice against Gypsies and Jews (Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit, 1996); and György Csepeli, Zoltán Fábián, and Endre Sík, "Xenofóbia és a cigányságról alkotott vélemények," in Tamás Kolosi, György István Tóth, and György Vukovich, eds., Társadalmi Riport, 1998 (Budapest: TARKI, 1998), 458-89.
262. Jeremy Smith, "Right-Wing Groups on the Rise in Czech Republic," Reuters (Prague), 9 February 1994; Tom Gross, "A Blot on the Conscience," Financial Times, 19 December 1994; and Sabina Slonkova and Roman Gallo, "Černo-bile soužiti," Mlada Fronta Dneš, 13 October 1994.
263. Jeremy Smith, "Right-Wing Groups on the Rise in Czech Republic," Reuters (Prague), 9 February 1994; Tom Gross, "A Blot on the Conscience," Financial Times, 19 December 1994; and Sabina Slonkova and Roman Gallo, "Černo-bile soužiti," Mlada Fronta Dneš, 13 October 1994.
264. Jeremy Smith, "Right-Wing Groups on the Rise in Czech Republic," Reuters (Prague), 9 February 1994; Tom Gross, "A Blot on the Conscience," Financial Times, 19 December 1994; and Sabina Slonkova and Roman Gallo, "Černo-bile soužiti," Mlada Fronta Dneš, 13 October 1994.
265. CTK (Prague), 25 May 1999 quoted in RFE / RL Newsline 2 3:102 (1999).
266. Hamberger, "A csehországi romák helyzete," 60.
267. Kanev, "Dynamics of Inter-Ethnic Tensions," 229; and Ildikó Emese Nagy, "Minden tizedik rendor rasszista," Magyar Hírlap, 28 March 1998.
268. Kanev, "Dynamics of Inter-Ethnic Tensions," 229; and Ildikó Emese Nagy, "Minden tizedik rendor rasszista," Magyar Hírlap, 28 March 1998.
269. Cited in Monitoring Minority Rights (Bratislava) 2 (October-December 1998): 9.
270. Mikhail Ivanov and Ilona Tomova, "Ethnic Groups and Inter-Ethnic Relations in Bulgaria," unpublished manuscript (Sofia, August 1993), 16.
271. "77 la suta dintre romani ni ii sufera pe ţigani," Evenimentul zilei, 19 October 1993.
272. Vladimír Šedivý and Viktor Maroši, Position of National Minorities and Ethnic Groups in the Slovak Republic (Bratislava: Minority Rights Group, 1996), 16.
273. Interview with Emilija Simoska and Mirjana Najcevska (Skopje, 9 March 1994); Nikolai Gentchev (Sofia, 7 March 1995), and Ilona Tomova (Sofia, 8 March 1995).
274. Interview with Emilija Simoska and Mirjana Najcevska (Skopje, 9 March 1994); Nikolai Gentchev (Sofia, 7 March 1995), and Ilona Tomova (Sofia, 8 March 1995).
275. "Cigányúton Európába," Reform, 14 September 1990; and Tom Gallagher, Romania After Ceausescu (Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press, 1995), 88, 120.
276. "Cigányúton Európába," Reform, 14 September 1990; and Tom Gallagher, Romania After Ceausescu (Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press, 1995), 88, 120.
277. See Tom Gallagher, "Vatra Româneascǎ and Resurgent Nationalism in Romania," Ethnic and Racial Studies 15:4 (1992): 570-99.
278. Ferdinand Protzman, "Music of Hate Raises the Volume in Germany," New York Times, 2 November 1992.
279. There is plenty of solid evidence, see, for instance, The Sunday Times (London), 12 April 1990; Reform, 14 September 1990; Daily Telegraph, 26 October 1990; "Poles Vent Their Economic Rage on Gypsies," New York Times, 25 July 1991; "Mlawa oder: Wenn Rassismus grassiert," Die Presse (Vienna), 2 September 1991; Ionescu, "Violence against Gypsies Escalates," 23-26; "Hates that Haunt," European, 27-30 September 1991; Smâranda Enache, "Die Minderheit der Roma in Romanian," Glaube in der Z, Walt 20:4 (1992) 20-27; "Mit dem Revolution vom Regen in die Traufe," Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 8 February 1992; "Czech 'civilisation' demands gypsy expulsions," Independent, 13 January 1993; European, 14-17 October 1993; Henry Kamm, "To the Gypsies Death is a Neighbor," New York Times, 27 October 1993; Barbara Demick, "Anti-Gypsy Pogroms Rampant in Romania," Philadelphia Inquirer, 29 November 1993; "Increasing Violence against Roma in Bulgaria," Human Rights Watch / Helsinki 6:18 (1994): 1-33; Gyula Mihályka, "Mindenki fél mindenkitol," Petofi Népe (Kecskemét), 2 May 1995; Donald Kenrick, "Attacks and Pogroms: A Selective Chronology," Index on Censorship 27:4 (1998): 66-67. Publications of Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and the European Roma Rights Center provide extensive and detailed reports about attacks on the Roma across Europe.
280. There is plenty of solid evidence, see, for instance, The Sunday Times (London), 12 April 1990; Reform, 14 September 1990; Daily Telegraph, 26 October 1990; "Poles Vent Their Economic Rage on Gypsies," New York Times, 25 July 1991; "Mlawa oder: Wenn Rassismus grassiert," Die Presse (Vienna), 2 September 1991; Ionescu, "Violence against Gypsies Escalates," 23-26; "Hates that Haunt," European, 27-30 September 1991; Smâranda Enache, "Die Minderheit der Roma in Romanian," Glaube in der Z, Walt 20:4 (1992) 20-27; "Mit dem Revolution vom Regen in die Traufe," Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 8 February 1992; "Czech 'civilisation' demands gypsy expulsions," Independent, 13 January 1993; European, 14-17 October 1993; Henry Kamm, "To the Gypsies Death is a Neighbor," New York Times, 27 October 1993; Barbara Demick, "Anti-Gypsy Pogroms Rampant in Romania," Philadelphia Inquirer, 29 November 1993; "Increasing Violence against Roma in Bulgaria," Human Rights Watch / Helsinki 6:18 (1994): 1-33; Gyula Mihályka, "Mindenki fél mindenkitol," Petofi Népe (Kecskemét), 2 May 1995; Donald Kenrick, "Attacks and Pogroms: A Selective Chronology," Index on Censorship 27:4 (1998): 66-67. Publications of Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and the European Roma Rights Center provide extensive and detailed reports about attacks on the Roma across Europe.
281. There is plenty of solid evidence, see, for instance, The Sunday Times (London), 12 April 1990; Reform, 14 September 1990; Daily Telegraph, 26 October 1990; "Poles Vent Their Economic Rage on Gypsies," New York Times, 25 July 1991; "Mlawa oder: Wenn Rassismus grassiert," Die Presse (Vienna), 2 September 1991; Ionescu, "Violence against Gypsies Escalates," 23-26; "Hates that Haunt," European, 27-30 September 1991; Smâranda Enache, "Die Minderheit der Roma in Romanian," Glaube in der Z, Walt 20:4 (1992) 20-27; "Mit dem Revolution vom Regen in die Traufe," Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 8 February 1992; "Czech 'civilisation' demands gypsy expulsions," Independent, 13 January 1993; European, 14-17 October 1993; Henry Kamm, "To the Gypsies Death is a Neighbor," New York Times, 27 October 1993; Barbara Demick, "Anti-Gypsy Pogroms Rampant in Romania," Philadelphia Inquirer, 29 November 1993; "Increasing Violence against Roma in Bulgaria," Human Rights Watch / Helsinki 6:18 (1994): 1-33; Gyula Mihályka, "Mindenki fél mindenkitol," Petofi Népe (Kecskemét), 2 May 1995; Donald Kenrick, "Attacks and Pogroms: A Selective Chronology," Index on Censorship 27:4 (1998): 66-67. Publications of Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and the European Roma Rights Center provide extensive and detailed reports about attacks on the Roma across Europe.
282. There is plenty of solid evidence, see, for instance, The Sunday Times (London), 12 April 1990; Reform, 14 September 1990; Daily Telegraph, 26 October 1990; "Poles Vent Their Economic Rage on Gypsies," New York Times, 25 July 1991; "Mlawa oder: Wenn Rassismus grassiert," Die Presse (Vienna), 2 September 1991; Ionescu, "Violence against Gypsies Escalates," 23-26; "Hates that Haunt," European, 27-30 September 1991; Smâranda Enache, "Die Minderheit der Roma in Romanian," Glaube in der Z, Walt 20:4 (1992) 20-27; "Mit dem Revolution vom Regen in die Traufe," Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 8 February 1992; "Czech 'civilisation' demands gypsy expulsions," Independent, 13 January 1993; European, 14-17 October 1993; Henry Kamm, "To the Gypsies Death is a Neighbor," New York Times, 27 October 1993; Barbara Demick, "Anti-Gypsy Pogroms Rampant in Romania," Philadelphia Inquirer, 29 November 1993; "Increasing Violence against Roma in Bulgaria," Human Rights Watch / Helsinki 6:18 (1994): 1-33; Gyula Mihályka, "Mindenki fél mindenkitol," Petofi Népe (Kecskemét), 2 May 1995; Donald Kenrick, "Attacks and Pogroms: A Selective Chronology," Index on Censorship 27:4 (1998): 66-67. Publications of Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and the European Roma Rights Center provide extensive and detailed reports about attacks on the Roma across Europe.
283. There is plenty of solid evidence, see, for instance, The Sunday Times (London), 12 April 1990; Reform, 14 September 1990; Daily Telegraph, 26 October 1990; "Poles Vent Their Economic Rage on Gypsies," New York Times, 25 July 1991; "Mlawa oder: Wenn Rassismus grassiert," Die Presse (Vienna), 2 September 1991; Ionescu, "Violence against Gypsies Escalates," 23-26; "Hates that Haunt," European, 27-30 September 1991; Smâranda Enache, "Die Minderheit der Roma in Romanian," Glaube in der Z, Walt 20:4 (1992) 20-27; "Mit dem Revolution vom Regen in die Traufe," Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 8 February 1992; "Czech 'civilisation' demands gypsy expulsions," Independent, 13 January 1993; European, 14-17 October 1993; Henry Kamm, "To the Gypsies Death is a Neighbor," New York Times, 27 October 1993; Barbara Demick, "Anti-Gypsy Pogroms Rampant in Romania," Philadelphia Inquirer, 29 November 1993; "Increasing Violence against Roma in Bulgaria," Human Rights Watch / Helsinki 6:18 (1994): 1-33; Gyula Mihályka, "Mindenki fél mindenkitol," Petofi Népe (Kecskemét), 2 May 1995; Donald Kenrick, "Attacks and Pogroms: A Selective Chronology," Index on Censorship 27:4 (1998): 66-67. Publications of Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and the European Roma Rights Center provide extensive and detailed reports about attacks on the Roma across Europe.
284. There is plenty of solid evidence, see, for instance, The Sunday Times (London), 12 April 1990; Reform, 14 September 1990; Daily Telegraph, 26 October 1990; "Poles Vent Their Economic Rage on Gypsies," New York Times, 25 July 1991; "Mlawa oder: Wenn Rassismus grassiert," Die Presse (Vienna), 2 September 1991; Ionescu, "Violence against Gypsies Escalates," 23-26; "Hates that Haunt," European, 27-30 September 1991; Smâranda Enache, "Die Minderheit der Roma in Romanian," Glaube in der Z, Walt 20:4 (1992) 20-27; "Mit dem Revolution vom Regen in die Traufe," Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 8 February 1992; "Czech 'civilisation' demands gypsy expulsions," Independent, 13 January 1993; European, 14-17 October 1993; Henry Kamm, "To the Gypsies Death is a Neighbor," New York Times, 27 October 1993; Barbara Demick, "Anti-Gypsy Pogroms Rampant in Romania," Philadelphia Inquirer, 29 November 1993; "Increasing Violence against Roma in Bulgaria," Human Rights Watch / Helsinki 6:18 (1994): 1-33; Gyula Mihályka, "Mindenki fél mindenkitol," Petofi Népe (Kecskemét), 2 May 1995; Donald Kenrick, "Attacks and Pogroms: A Selective Chronology," Index on Censorship 27:4 (1998): 66-67. Publications of Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and the European Roma Rights Center provide extensive and detailed reports about attacks on the Roma across Europe.
285. There is plenty of solid evidence, see, for instance, The Sunday Times (London), 12 April 1990; Reform, 14 September 1990; Daily Telegraph, 26 October 1990; "Poles Vent Their Economic Rage on Gypsies," New York Times, 25 July 1991; "Mlawa oder: Wenn Rassismus grassiert," Die Presse (Vienna), 2 September 1991; Ionescu, "Violence against Gypsies Escalates," 23-26; "Hates that Haunt," European, 27-30 September 1991; Smâranda Enache, "Die Minderheit der Roma in Romanian," Glaube in der Z, Walt 20:4 (1992) 20-27; "Mit dem Revolution vom Regen in die Traufe," Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 8 February 1992; "Czech 'civilisation' demands gypsy expulsions," Independent, 13 January 1993; European, 14-17 October 1993; Henry Kamm, "To the Gypsies Death is a Neighbor," New York Times, 27 October 1993; Barbara Demick, "Anti-Gypsy Pogroms Rampant in Romania," Philadelphia Inquirer, 29 November 1993; "Increasing Violence against Roma in Bulgaria," Human Rights Watch / Helsinki 6:18 (1994): 1-33; Gyula Mihályka, "Mindenki fél mindenkitol," Petofi Népe (Kecskemét), 2 May 1995; Donald Kenrick, "Attacks and Pogroms: A Selective Chronology," Index on Censorship 27:4 (1998): 66-67. Publications of Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and the European Roma Rights Center provide extensive and detailed reports about attacks on the Roma across Europe.
286. There is plenty of solid evidence, see, for instance, The Sunday Times (London), 12 April 1990; Reform, 14 September 1990; Daily Telegraph, 26 October 1990; "Poles Vent Their Economic Rage on Gypsies," New York Times, 25 July 1991; "Mlawa oder: Wenn Rassismus grassiert," Die Presse (Vienna), 2 September 1991; Ionescu, "Violence against Gypsies Escalates," 23-26; "Hates that Haunt," European, 27-30 September 1991; Smâranda Enache, "Die Minderheit der Roma in Romanian," Glaube in der Z, Walt 20:4 (1992) 20-27; "Mit dem Revolution vom Regen in die Traufe," Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 8 February 1992; "Czech 'civilisation' demands gypsy expulsions," Independent, 13 January 1993; European, 14-17 October 1993; Henry Kamm, "To the Gypsies Death is a Neighbor," New York Times, 27 October 1993; Barbara Demick, "Anti-Gypsy Pogroms Rampant in Romania," Philadelphia Inquirer, 29 November 1993; "Increasing Violence against Roma in Bulgaria," Human Rights Watch / Helsinki 6:18 (1994): 1-33; Gyula Mihályka, "Mindenki fél mindenkitol," Petofi Népe (Kecskemét), 2 May 1995; Donald Kenrick, "Attacks and Pogroms: A Selective Chronology," Index on Censorship 27:4 (1998): 66-67. Publications of Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and the European Roma Rights Center provide extensive and detailed reports about attacks on the Roma across Europe.
287. There is plenty of solid evidence, see, for instance, The Sunday Times (London), 12 April 1990; Reform, 14 September 1990; Daily Telegraph, 26 October 1990; "Poles Vent Their Economic Rage on Gypsies," New York Times, 25 July 1991; "Mlawa oder: Wenn Rassismus grassiert," Die Presse (Vienna), 2 September 1991; Ionescu, "Violence against Gypsies Escalates," 23-26; "Hates that Haunt," European, 27-30 September 1991; Smâranda Enache, "Die Minderheit der Roma in Romanian," Glaube in der Z, Walt 20:4 (1992) 20-27; "Mit dem Revolution vom Regen in die Traufe," Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 8 February 1992; "Czech 'civilisation' demands gypsy expulsions," Independent, 13 January 1993; European, 14-17 October 1993; Henry Kamm, "To the Gypsies Death is a Neighbor," New York Times, 27 October 1993; Barbara Demick, "Anti-Gypsy Pogroms Rampant in Romania," Philadelphia Inquirer, 29 November 1993; "Increasing Violence against Roma in Bulgaria," Human Rights Watch / Helsinki 6:18 (1994): 1-33; Gyula Mihályka, "Mindenki fél mindenkitol," Petofi Népe (Kecskemét), 2 May 1995; Donald Kenrick, "Attacks and Pogroms: A Selective Chronology," Index on Censorship 27:4 (1998): 66-67. Publications of Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and the European Roma Rights Center provide extensive and detailed reports about attacks on the Roma across Europe.
288. There is plenty of solid evidence, see, for instance, The Sunday Times (London), 12 April 1990; Reform, 14 September 1990; Daily Telegraph, 26 October 1990; "Poles Vent Their Economic Rage on Gypsies," New York Times, 25 July 1991; "Mlawa oder: Wenn Rassismus grassiert," Die Presse (Vienna), 2 September 1991; Ionescu, "Violence against Gypsies Escalates," 23-26; "Hates that Haunt," European, 27-30 September 1991; Smâranda Enache, "Die Minderheit der Roma in Romanian," Glaube in der Z, Walt 20:4 (1992) 20-27; "Mit dem Revolution vom Regen in die Traufe," Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 8 February 1992; "Czech 'civilisation' demands gypsy expulsions," Independent, 13 January 1993; European, 14-17 October 1993; Henry Kamm, "To the Gypsies Death is a Neighbor," New York Times, 27 October 1993; Barbara Demick, "Anti-Gypsy Pogroms Rampant in Romania," Philadelphia Inquirer, 29 November 1993; "Increasing Violence against Roma in Bulgaria," Human Rights Watch / Helsinki 6:18 (1994): 1-33; Gyula Mihályka, "Mindenki fél mindenkitol," Petofi Népe (Kecskemét), 2 May 1995; Donald Kenrick, "Attacks and Pogroms: A Selective Chronology," Index on Censorship 27:4 (1998): 66-67. Publications of Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and the European Roma Rights Center provide extensive and detailed reports about attacks on the Roma across Europe.
289. There is plenty of solid evidence, see, for instance, The Sunday Times (London), 12 April 1990; Reform, 14 September 1990; Daily Telegraph, 26 October 1990; "Poles Vent Their Economic Rage on Gypsies," New York Times, 25 July 1991; "Mlawa oder: Wenn Rassismus grassiert," Die Presse (Vienna), 2 September 1991; Ionescu, "Violence against Gypsies Escalates," 23-26; "Hates that Haunt," European, 27-30 September 1991; Smâranda Enache, "Die Minderheit der Roma in Romanian," Glaube in der Z, Walt 20:4 (1992) 20-27; "Mit dem Revolution vom Regen in die Traufe," Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 8 February 1992; "Czech 'civilisation' demands gypsy expulsions," Independent, 13 January 1993; European, 14-17 October 1993; Henry Kamm, "To the Gypsies Death is a Neighbor," New York Times, 27 October 1993; Barbara Demick, "Anti-Gypsy Pogroms Rampant in Romania," Philadelphia Inquirer, 29 November 1993; "Increasing Violence against Roma in Bulgaria," Human Rights Watch / Helsinki 6:18 (1994): 1-33; Gyula Mihályka, "Mindenki fél mindenkitol," Petofi Népe (Kecskemét), 2 May 1995; Donald Kenrick, "Attacks and Pogroms: A Selective Chronology," Index on Censorship 27:4 (1998): 66-67. Publications of Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and the European Roma Rights Center provide extensive and detailed reports about attacks on the Roma across Europe.
290. There is plenty of solid evidence, see, for instance, The Sunday Times (London), 12 April 1990; Reform, 14 September 1990; Daily Telegraph, 26 October 1990; "Poles Vent Their Economic Rage on Gypsies," New York Times, 25 July 1991; "Mlawa oder: Wenn Rassismus grassiert," Die Presse (Vienna), 2 September 1991; Ionescu, "Violence against Gypsies Escalates," 23-26; "Hates that Haunt," European, 27-30 September 1991; Smâranda Enache, "Die Minderheit der Roma in Romanian," Glaube in der Z, Walt 20:4 (1992) 20-27; "Mit dem Revolution vom Regen in die Traufe," Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 8 February 1992; "Czech 'civilisation' demands gypsy expulsions," Independent, 13 January 1993; European, 14-17 October 1993; Henry Kamm, "To the Gypsies Death is a Neighbor," New York Times, 27 October 1993; Barbara Demick, "Anti-Gypsy Pogroms Rampant in Romania," Philadelphia Inquirer, 29 November 1993; "Increasing Violence against Roma in Bulgaria," Human Rights Watch / Helsinki 6:18 (1994): 1-33; Gyula Mihályka, "Mindenki fél mindenkitol," Petofi Népe (Kecskemét), 2 May 1995; Donald Kenrick, "Attacks and Pogroms: A Selective Chronology," Index on Censorship 27:4 (1998): 66-67. Publications of Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and the European Roma Rights Center provide extensive and detailed reports about attacks on the Roma across Europe.
291. There is plenty of solid evidence, see, for instance, The Sunday Times (London), 12 April 1990; Reform, 14 September 1990; Daily Telegraph, 26 October 1990; "Poles Vent Their Economic Rage on Gypsies," New York Times, 25 July 1991; "Mlawa oder: Wenn Rassismus grassiert," Die Presse (Vienna), 2 September 1991; Ionescu, "Violence against Gypsies Escalates," 23-26; "Hates that Haunt," European, 27-30 September 1991; Smâranda Enache, "Die Minderheit der Roma in Romanian," Glaube in der Z, Walt 20:4 (1992) 20-27; "Mit dem Revolution vom Regen in die Traufe," Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 8 February 1992; "Czech 'civilisation' demands gypsy expulsions," Independent, 13 January 1993; European, 14-17 October 1993; Henry Kamm, "To the Gypsies Death is a Neighbor," New York Times, 27 October 1993; Barbara Demick, "Anti-Gypsy Pogroms Rampant in Romania," Philadelphia Inquirer, 29
292. There is plenty of solid evidence, see, for instance, The Sunday Times (London), 12 April 1990; Reform, 14 September 1990; Daily Telegraph, 26 October 1990; "Poles Vent Their Economic Rage on Gypsies," New York Times, 25 July 1991; "Mlawa oder: Wenn Rassismus grassiert," Die Presse (Vienna), 2 September 1991; Ionescu, "Violence against Gypsies Escalates," 23-26; "Hates that Haunt," European, 27-30 September 1991; Smâranda Enache, "Die Minderheit der Roma in Romanian," Glaube in der Z, Walt 20:4 (1992) 20-27; "Mit dem Revolution vom Regen in die Traufe," Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 8 February 1992; "Czech 'civilisation' demands gypsy expulsions," Independent, 13 January 1993; European, 14-17 October 1993; Henry Kamm, "To the Gypsies Death is a Neighbor," New York Times, 27 October 1993; Barbara Demick, "Anti-Gypsy Pogroms Rampant in Romania," Philadelphia Inquirer, 29 November 1993; "Increasing Violence against Roma in Bulgaria," Human Rights Watch / Helsinki 6:18 (1994): 1-33; Gyula Mihályka, "Mindenki fél mindenkitol," Petofi Népe (Kecskemét), 2 May 1995; Donald Kenrick, "Attacks and Pogroms: A Selective Chronology," Index on Censorship 27:4 (1998): 66-67. Publications of Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and the European Roma Rights Center provide extensive and detailed reports about attacks on the Roma across Europe.
293. There is plenty of solid evidence, see, for instance, The Sunday Times (London), 12 April 1990; Reform, 14 September 1990; Daily Telegraph, 26 October 1990; "Poles Vent Their Economic Rage on Gypsies," New York Times, 25 July 1991; "Mlawa oder: Wenn Rassismus grassiert," Die Presse (Vienna), 2 September 1991; Ionescu, "Violence against Gypsies Escalates," 23-26; "Hates that Haunt," European, 27-30 September 1991; Smâranda Enache, "Die Minderheit der Roma in Romanian," Glaube in der Z, Walt 20:4 (1992) 20-27; "Mit dem Revolution vom Regen in die Traufe," Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 8 February 1992; "Czech 'civilisation' demands gypsy expulsions," Independent, 13 January 1993; European, 14-17 October 1993; Henry Kamm, "To the Gypsies Death is a Neighbor," New York Times, 27 October 1993; Barbara Demick, "Anti-Gypsy Pogroms Rampant in Romania," Philadelphia Inquirer, 29 November 1993; "Increasing Violence against Roma in Bulgaria," Human Rights Watch / Helsinki 6:18 (1994): 1-33; Gyula Mihályka, "Mindenki fél mindenkitol," Petofi Népe (Kecskemét), 2 May 1995; Donald Kenrick, "Attacks and Pogroms: A Selective Chronology," Index on Censorship 27:4 (1998): 66-67. Publications of Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and the European Roma Rights Center provide extensive and detailed reports about attacks on the Roma across Europe. See Magyar Nemzet, 23 September 1993; Frankfurter Rundschau, 27 September 1993; and New York Times, 27 October 1993.
294. There is plenty of solid evidence, see, for instance, The Sunday Times (London), 12 April 1990; Reform, 14 September 1990; Daily Telegraph, 26 October 1990; "Poles Vent Their Economic Rage on Gypsies," New York Times, 25 July 1991; "Mlawa oder: Wenn Rassismus grassiert," Die Presse (Vienna), 2 September 1991; Ionescu, "Violence against Gypsies Escalates," 23-26; "Hates that Haunt," European, 27-30 September 1991; Smâranda Enache, "Die Minderheit der Roma in Romanian," Glaube in der Z, Walt 20:4 (1992) 20-27; "Mit dem Revolution vom Regen in die Traufe," Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 8 February 1992; "Czech 'civilisation' demands gypsy expulsions," Independent, 13 January 1993; European, 14-17 October 1993; Henry Kamm, "To the Gypsies Death is a Neighbor," New York Times, 27 October 1993; Barbara Demick, "Anti-Gypsy Pogroms Rampant in Romania," Philadelphia Inquirer, 29 November 1993; "Increasing Violence against Roma in Bulgaria," Human Rights Watch / Helsinki 6:18 (1994): 1-33; Gyula Mihályka, "Mindenki fél mindenkitol," Petofi Népe (Kecskemét), 2 May 1995; Donald Kenrick, "Attacks and Pogroms: A Selective Chronology," Index on Censorship 27:4 (1998): 66-67. Publications of Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and the European Roma Rights Center provide extensive and detailed reports about attacks on the Roma across Europe.
295. See Magyar Nemzet, 23 September 1993; Frankfurter Rundschau, 27 September 1993; and New York Times, 27 October 1993.
296. See Magyar Nemzet, 23 September 1993; Frankfurter Rundschau, 27 September 1993; and New York Times, 27 October 1993.
297. See Magyar Nemzet, 23 September 1993; Frankfurter Rundschau, 27 September 1993; and New York Times, 27 October 1993.
298. Interviews with Nicoleta Biţu (Bucharest, 23 May 1996); Florin Moisǎ, Program Coordinator, Open Society Foundation (Cluj, 25 October 1999); and Dan Oprescu, Head of the National Office for the Roma (Bucharest, 2 November 1999).
299. Interviews with Nicoleta Biţu (Bucharest, 23 May 1996); Florin Moisǎ, Program Coordinator, Open Society Foundation (Cluj, 25 October 1999); and Dan Oprescu, Head of the National Office for the Roma (Bucharest, 2 November 1999).
300. Interviews with Nicoleta Biţu (Bucharest, 23 May 1996); Florin Moisǎ, Program Coordinator, Open Society Foundation (Cluj, 25 October 1999); and Dan Oprescu, Head of the National Office for the Roma (Bucharest, 2 November 1999).
301. Jane Perlez, "For Czechs, a Lecture on Gypsy Rights," New York Times, 9 November 1997.
302. Tom Gross and James Hider, "Romanies Feel Law is Unfair," Prague Post, 12-18 January 1994.
303. Jane Perlez, "Czechs Use Laws to Exclude Gypsies From Gaining Citizenship and Voting," New York Times, 27 December 1995; and Jan Sliva, "Gypsies Plan to Emigrate for a Better Life in Canada," AP (Prague), 15 August 1997.
304. Jane Perlez, "Czechs Use Laws to Exclude Gypsies From Gaining Citizenship and Voting," New York Times, 27 December 1995; and Jan Sliva, "Gypsies Plan to Emigrate for a Better Life in Canada," AP (Prague), 15 August 1997.
305. "Czech Gypsies Call for Measures to Halt 'Racist' Attacks," AFP (Prague), 1 March 1998.
306. Conrath, "Fallout"; and Vladimir Rodina, "Tension between Gypsies, Romanians," UPI (Bucharest), 17 January 1995.
307. Conrath, "Fallout"; and Vladimir Rodina, "Tension between Gypsies, Romanians," UPI (Bucharest), 17 January 1995.
308. "Gypsy Groups Call for Banning of Skinheads," AFP (Bratislava), 1 August 1995.
309. OMRI Daily Digest 2, no. 14 (21 January 1997).
310. "Öregszenek a borfejuek," Népszabadság, 28 July 1997.
311. The Romanies in Central and Eastern Europe: Illusions and Reality, 11; and Horowitz's comments at the "Ethnic Conflict in Bulgaria and Romania Syposium," Duke University (Durham, N.C.; 21 September 1996).
312. The Romanies in Central and Eastern Europe: Illusions and Reality, 11; and Horowitz's comments at the "Ethnic Conflict in Bulgaria and Romania Syposium," Duke University (Durham, N.C.; 21 September 1996).
313. See, for instance, William G. Lockwood, review of The Gypsies of Eastern Europe, edited by David Crowe and John Kolsti in Contemporary Sociology 22:1 (1993): 50.
314. Carol J. Williams, "E. Europe Upheaval Means Even Bleaker Times for Gypsies," Los Angeles Times, 20 December 1991.
315. Based on a report by Judith Ingram, "Gypsy Nights: Mobs, Torches, Screaming Children," New York Times, 12 June 1992.
316. This account is taken from Ondrej Dostál, "Hot Summer for Romany Minority in Slovakia," unpublished report for the Project on Ethnic Relations (Bratislava, September 1995), 1.
317. See his article in Lidove Noviny, 29 October 1997; and "A rasszizmus gyökerei," Új Magyarország, 30 October 1997.
318. See his article in Lidove Noviny, 29 October 1997; and "A rasszizmus gyökerei," Új Magyarország, 30 October 1997.
319. Cited in RFE/RL Newsline II 4:20 (2000).
320. Interview with Gebert (Warsaw, 16 August 1999).
321. Tamás cited in János T. Turistvándy, "'Teljességgel egyetértek,'" Heti Magyarország, 4 February 1994, 5. See also G. M. Tamás, "Victory Defeated," Journal of Democracy 10:1 (April 1999): 64; and "Aggasztó méretu-e a romaellenesség?" Népszabadság, 23 April 1999.
322. Tamás cited in János T. Turistvándy, "'Teljességgel egyetértek,'" Heti Magyarország, 4 February 1994, 5. See also G. M. Tamás, "Victory Defeated," Journal of Democracy 10:1 (April 1999): 64; and "Aggasztó méretu-e a romaellenesség?" Népszabadság, 23 April 1999.
323. Tamás cited in János T. Turistvándy, "'Teljességgel egyetértek,'" Heti Magyarország, 4 February 1994, 5. See also G. M. Tamás, "Victory Defeated," Journal of Democracy 10:1 (April 1999): 64; and "Aggasztó méretu-e a romaellenesség?" Népszabadság, 23 April 1999.
324. "Nasty, Ubiquitous, and Unloved," Economist, 20 March 1999, 56-57; and Patrick Moore, "What Lies Behind Serbian Skinhead Violence against Roma," End Note to RFE/RL Newsline II, no. 149 (30 October 1997).
325. "Nasty, Ubiquitous, and Unloved," Economist, 20 March 1999, 56-57; and Patrick Moore, "What Lies Behind Serbian Skinhead Violence against Roma," End Note to RFE/RL Newsline II, no. 149 (30 October 1997).
326. RFE/RL Newsline II, 4:84 (28 April 2000).
327. See the comments of Lipót Höltzl, deputy secretary of state at the Hungarian Ministry of Justice, in "Roma in Hungary: Views of Several Specialists," Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board (Ottawa, February 1999), 6-7.
328. "Öregszenek a borfejuek," Népszabadság, 28 July 1997.
329. Judith Latham, "Roma of the Former Yugoslavia" (paper presented at the National Convention of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, Seattle, 20 November 1997), 16.
330. See, for instance, Katrin Reemstma, "Report on the Fact-Finding Mission on the Situation of the Roma in Bosnia," CPRSI (Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues) Newsletter (OSCE) 2:6 (1996): 7-8, and her expanded report of the same title for the European Working Group for Roma in and Refugees from Bosnia (Berlin: Süd-Ost-Europa Kulturzentrum, 1996); Dragoljub Ačkovič, Asunen Romalen: Slušajte Ljudi (Belgrade: Rrominterpress, 1996); and Orhan Galjus, "Balkan Triptych," Index on Censorship 27:4 (1998): 87-90.
331. See, for instance, Katrin Reemstma, "Report on the Fact-Finding Mission on the Situation of the Roma in Bosnia," CPRSI (Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues) Newsletter (OSCE) 2:6 (1996): 7-8, and her expanded report of the same title for the European Working Group for Roma in and Refugees from Bosnia (Berlin: Süd-Ost-Europa Kulturzentrum, 1996); Dragoljub Ačkovič, Asunen Romalen: Slušajte Ljudi (Belgrade: Rrominterpress, 1996); and Orhan Galjus, "Balkan Triptych," Index on Censorship 27:4 (1998): 87-90.
332. See, for instance, Katrin Reemstma, "Report on the Fact-Finding Mission on the Situation of the Roma in Bosnia," CPRSI (Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues) Newsletter (OSCE) 2:6 (1996): 7-8, and her expanded report of the same title for the European Working Group for Roma in and Refugees from Bosnia (Berlin: Süd-Ost-Europa Kulturzentrum, 1996); Dragoljub Ačkovič, Asunen Romalen: Slušajte Ljudi (Belgrade: Rrominterpress, 1996); and Orhan Galjus, "Balkan Triptych," Index on Censorship 27:4 (1998): 87-90.
333. See "In the Conflict Over Kosovo, Gypsies Are Caught in the Middle," AFP (Belgrade), 10 July 1999; and "Gypsies Demand Safe Route from Kosovo as Fear Rises," AP (Pristina), 13 July 1999; and Roma Rights: Newsletter of the European Roma Rights Center, no. 2 (July 1999), special issue devoted to the Roma and the Kosovo war.
334. See "In the Conflict Over Kosovo, Gypsies Are Caught in the Middle," AFP (Belgrade), 10 July 1999; and "Gypsies Demand Safe Route from Kosovo as Fear Rises," AP (Pristina), 13 July 1999; and Roma Rights: Newsletter of the European Roma Rights Center, no. 2 (July 1999), special issue devoted to the Roma and the Kosovo war.
335. See "In the Conflict Over Kosovo, Gypsies Are Caught in the Middle," AFP (Belgrade), 10 July 1999; and "Gypsies Demand Safe Route from Kosovo as Fear Rises," AP (Pristina), 13 July 1999; and Roma Rights: Newsletter of the European Roma Rights Center, no. 2 (July 1999), special issue devoted to the Roma and the Kosovo war.
336. RFE/RL Newsline, part 2, 3:129 (2 July 1999).