Terrorism and Democracy: Perpetrators and Victims

Terrorism and Political Violence

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 155-164

  Eubank, William ^a   Weinberg, Leonard ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035617957     PISSN: 09546553     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09546550109609674     Document Type: Article

References (21)

1. For a concise summary of the literature see Havard Hegre, Tanja Ellingsen, et al., 'Toward a Democratic Civil Peace? Democracy, Democratization and Civil War 1834-1992' (a paper presented at the 38th Annual Convention of the International Studies Association, Toronto, 18-22 March 1997).
2. Harry Eckstein and Ted Gurr, Patterns of Authority (New York: Wiley, 1975) p.452.
3. Fred Riggs, 'Ethno-national Rebellions and Viable Constitutionalism' (a paper presented at world congress of the International Political Science Association, Berlin, August 1994); Rudolph Rummel, 'Democracy, Power, Genocide and Mass Murder', Journal of Conflict Resolution 39:1 (1995) pp.3-26; Ted Gurr, 'Political Protest and Rebellion in the 1960s: the United States in World Perspective', in Hugh Graham and Ted Gurr (eds.), Violence in America (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage,1979) pp.59-73.
4. Fred Riggs, 'Ethno-national Rebellions and Viable Constitutionalism' (a paper presented at world congress of the International Political Science Association, Berlin, August 1994); Rudolph Rummel, 'Democracy, Power, Genocide and Mass Murder', Journal of Conflict Resolution 39:1 (1995) pp.3-26; Ted Gurr, 'Political Protest and Rebellion in the 1960s: the United States in World Perspective', in Hugh Graham and Ted Gurr (eds.), Violence in America (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage,1979) pp.59-73.
5. Fred Riggs, 'Ethno-national Rebellions and Viable Constitutionalism' (a paper presented at world congress of the International Political Science Association, Berlin, August 1994); Rudolph Rummel, 'Democracy, Power, Genocide and Mass Murder', Journal of Conflict Resolution 39:1 (1995) pp.3-26; Ted Gurr, 'Political Protest and Rebellion in the 1960s: the United States in World Perspective', in Hugh Graham and Ted Gurr (eds.), Violence in America (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage,1979) pp.59-73.
6. Ekkart Zimmermann, 'Macro-Comparative Research on Political Protest', in Ted Gurr (ed.), Handbook of Political Conflict (New York: the Free Press, 1980) pp.167-237.
7. See William Eubank and Leonard Weinberg, 'Does Democracy Encourage Terrorism?' Terrorism and Political Violence 6:4, (Winter, 1994), pp.417-43; 'Terrorism and Democracy: What Recent Events Disclose', Terrorism and Political Violence 10:1 (Spring 1998) pp.108-18; 'Terrorism and Democracy within One Country: the Case of Italy', Terrorism and Political Violence 9:1 (Spring, 1997) pp. 98-108; 'The Italian Regions and the Prospects for Democracy', Terrorism and Political Violence 12:3-4 (Autumn Winter 2000) pp.291-307.
8. See William Eubank and Leonard Weinberg, 'Does Democracy Encourage Terrorism?' Terrorism and Political Violence 6:4, (Winter, 1994), pp.417-43; 'Terrorism and Democracy: What Recent Events Disclose', Terrorism and Political Violence 10:1 (Spring 1998) pp.108-18; 'Terrorism and Democracy within One Country: the Case of Italy', Terrorism and Political Violence 9:1 (Spring, 1997) pp. 98-108; 'The Italian Regions and the Prospects for Democracy', Terrorism and Political Violence 12:3-4 (Autumn Winter 2000) pp.291-307.
9. See William Eubank and Leonard Weinberg, 'Does Democracy Encourage Terrorism?' Terrorism and Political Violence 6:4, (Winter, 1994), pp.417-43; 'Terrorism and Democracy: What Recent Events Disclose', Terrorism and Political Violence 10:1 (Spring 1998) pp.108-18; 'Terrorism and Democracy within One Country: the Case of Italy', Terrorism and Political Violence 9:1 (Spring, 1997) pp. 98-108; 'The Italian Regions and the Prospects for Democracy', Terrorism and Political Violence 12:3-4 (Autumn Winter 2000) pp.291-307.
10. See William Eubank and Leonard Weinberg, 'Does Democracy Encourage Terrorism?' Terrorism and Political Violence 6:4, (Winter, 1994), pp.417-43; 'Terrorism and Democracy: What Recent Events Disclose', Terrorism and Political Violence 10:1 (Spring 1998) pp.108-18; 'Terrorism and Democracy within One Country: the Case of Italy', Terrorism and Political Violence 9:1 (Spring, 1997) pp. 98-108; 'The Italian Regions and the Prospects for Democracy', Terrorism and Political Violence 12:3-4 (Autumn Winter 2000) pp.291-307.
11. Todd Sandler, 'On the Relationship between Democracy and Terrorism', Terrorism and Political Violence 7:4 (Winter, 1995) pp.1-9.
12. Chris Hewitt, 'Some Skeptial Comments on Large Cross-National Studies', Terrorism and Political Violence 6:4 (Winter 1994) pp.439-41.
13. For the U.S. statutory definition see Patterns of Global Terrorism 1995 (Washington, DC: US Department of State, 1996) p.vi.
14. Robert Wesson (ed.), Democracy: A Worldwide Survey (New York: Praeger, 1987) pp.xi-xiii.
15. Edward Mickolus, Todd Sandler and Jean Murdock, International Terrorism in the 1980s: A Chronology of Events (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1989).
16. This number will vary depending on which variable(s) are used in each analysis.
17. Our evidence supports this well known contention, at least to some extent. A meaningful percentage of the terrorist events reported in ITERATE were committed in the democracies by individuals identified as Armenians and Palestinians. Since at the time their homelands did not enjoy independent status, their countries of origin were coded as missing data.
18. Comparing Table 3 with Table 4 reveals that while a small number of terrorist target victims of their own nationality, the vast majority carry out attacks on victims from other countries. In both Table 3 and Table 4 the data clearly indicate that most of the terrorist activity is carried out in stable democracies. Careful examination of Table 4 shows that those from Limited Authoritarianisms and Absolutisms migrate to Democracies to conduct their activities.
19. Walter Laqueur, The Age of Terrorism (Boston: Little, Brown, 1987) pp.298-322.
20. Giovanna Guidorossi, Gli Italiani e La Politica (Milan: Franco Angelli, 1984) pp.55-61.
21. For a discussion see Chris Hewitt, 'The Political Context of Terrorism in America', Terrorism and Political Violence 12:3-4 (Autumn Winter 2000) pp.325-44.