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Business History Review
Volumn 75, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 467-505
Product Diversification in the U.S. Pulp and Paper Industry: The Case of International Paper, 1898-1941
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EID: 0035617827     PISSN: 00076805     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (9)
References (177)
  • 2
    • 0003922811 scopus 로고
    • Boston, Mass.
    • Richard P. Rumelt, Strategy, Structure, and Economic Performance (Boston, Mass., 1986), 9-46; Charles R. Spruill, Conglomerates and the Evolution of Capitalism (Carbondale, Ill., 1982), 13-43.
    • (1986) Strategy, Structure, and Economic Performance , pp. 9-46
    • Rumelt, R.P.1
  • 3
    • 84925977458 scopus 로고
    • Carbondale, Ill.
    • Richard P. Rumelt, Strategy, Structure, and Economic Performance (Boston, Mass., 1986), 9-46; Charles R. Spruill, Conglomerates and the Evolution of Capitalism (Carbondale, Ill., 1982), 13-43.
    • (1982) Conglomerates and the Evolution of Capitalism , pp. 13-43
    • Spruill, C.R.1
  • 6
    • 0042568320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The amount and scope of primary sources pertaining to the company's history leaves much to be desired. IP's historical archives, maintained by the History Factory in Chantilly, Virginia, consist mostly of photographs and company publications (minute books, correspondence, and other manuscript sources have been destroyed or lost). IP generously granted this researcher access to the collection. Other sources were culled from the Wilmington Trust Company Collection at the Hagley Museum and Library Manuscripts and Archives Department, as well as collections of the Library of Congress, the New York Public Library, the University of Washington, the National Library of Canada, the National Archives of Canada, and the Fisher Library at the University of Toronto.
  • 8
    • 84921358499 scopus 로고
    • Why the Great Depression Was Great: Toward a New Understanding of the Interwar Economic Crisis in the United States
    • Steve Fraser and Gary Gerstle, eds., Princeton, N.J.
    • Michael Bernstein, "Why the Great Depression Was Great: Toward a New Understanding of the Interwar Economic Crisis in the United States," in Steve Fraser and Gary Gerstle, eds., The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, 1930-1980 (Princeton, N.J., 1980), 34-5.
    • (1980) The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, 1930-1980 , pp. 34-35
    • Bernstein, M.1
  • 9
    • 0043069012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • House Document 182, 57th Congress, 1st Session, 431 (hereafter cited as "Industrial Commission Report")
    • U.S. House of Representatives, Industrial Commission on Trusts and Industrial Combinations, Industrial Commission on Trusts and Industrial Combinations, vol. 13, House Document 182, 57th Congress, 1st Session, 431 (hereafter cited as "Industrial Commission Report").
    • Industrial Commission on Trusts and Industrial Combinations , vol.13
  • 10
    • 0042067438 scopus 로고
    • 16 July hereafter cited as "PTJ"
    • Paper Trade Journal, 16 July 1898 (hereafter cited as "PTJ"); New York Times, 1 Feb. 1898 (hereafter cited as "NYT"); International Paper Monthly (Sept. 1923): 4 (hereafter cited as "IPM").
    • (1898) Paper Trade Journal
  • 11
    • 0004047065 scopus 로고
    • 1 Feb. (hereafter cited as "NYT");
    • Paper Trade Journal, 16 July 1898 (hereafter cited as "PTJ"); New York Times, 1 Feb. 1898 (hereafter cited as "NYT"); International Paper Monthly (Sept. 1923): 4 (hereafter cited as "IPM").
    • (1898) New York Times
  • 12
    • 0042568263 scopus 로고
    • Sept. hereafter cited as "IPM"
    • Paper Trade Journal, 16 July 1898 (hereafter cited as "PTJ"); New York Times, 1 Feb. 1898 (hereafter cited as "NYT"); International Paper Monthly (Sept. 1923): 4 (hereafter cited as "IPM").
    • (1923) International Paper Monthly , pp. 4
  • 13
    • 0041566185 scopus 로고
    • Hugh Chisholm, A Man and the Paper Industry: Hugh J. Chisholm (1847-1912) (1952), 14; R. G. Dun & Co., NY vol. 120, 862, R. G. Dun & Co. Collection, Baker Library, Harvard Business School; IPM (Dec. 1926), 19; for newsprint prices, see David Smith, History of Papermaking in the United States, 1691-1969 (New York, 1971), 139; Industrial Commission Report, 434.
    • (1952) A Man and the Paper Industry: Hugh J. Chisholm (1847-1912) , pp. 14
    • Chisholm, H.1
  • 14
    • 0042067439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R. G. Dun & Co., NY vol. 120, 862, R. G. Dun & Co. Collection, Baker Library, Harvard Business School
    • Hugh Chisholm, A Man and the Paper Industry: Hugh J. Chisholm (1847-1912) (1952), 14; R. G. Dun & Co., NY vol. 120, 862, R. G. Dun & Co. Collection, Baker Library, Harvard Business School; IPM (Dec. 1926), 19; for newsprint prices, see David Smith, History of Papermaking in the United States, 1691-1969 (New York, 1971), 139; Industrial Commission Report, 434.
  • 15
    • 0042568276 scopus 로고
    • Dec.
    • Hugh Chisholm, A Man and the Paper Industry: Hugh J. Chisholm (1847-1912) (1952), 14; R. G. Dun & Co., NY vol. 120, 862, R. G. Dun & Co. Collection, Baker Library, Harvard Business School; IPM (Dec. 1926), 19; for newsprint prices, see David Smith, History of Papermaking in the United States, 1691-1969 (New York, 1971), 139; Industrial Commission Report, 434.
    • (1926) IPM , pp. 19
  • 16
    • 0039125070 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • Hugh Chisholm, A Man and the Paper Industry: Hugh J. Chisholm (1847-1912) (1952), 14; R. G. Dun & Co., NY vol. 120, 862, R. G. Dun & Co. Collection, Baker Library, Harvard Business School; IPM (Dec. 1926), 19; for newsprint prices, see David Smith, History of Papermaking in the United States, 1691-1969 (New York, 1971), 139; Industrial Commission Report, 434.
    • (1971) History of Papermaking in the United States, 1691-1969 , pp. 139
    • Smith, D.1
  • 17
    • 0042568281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hugh Chisholm, A Man and the Paper Industry: Hugh J. Chisholm (1847-1912) (1952), 14; R. G. Dun & Co., NY vol. 120, 862, R. G. Dun & Co. Collection, Baker Library, Harvard Business School; IPM (Dec. 1926), 19; for newsprint prices, see David Smith, History of Papermaking in the United States, 1691-1969 (New York, 1971), 139; Industrial Commission Report, 434.
    • Industrial Commission Report , pp. 434
  • 18
    • 0042568281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., 432-3, 441-5; 60th Congress, 1st Session, House Committee on Pulp and Paper, Pulp and Paper Investigation Hearings, vol. 1 (1908), 745-9.
    • Industrial Commission Report , pp. 432-433
  • 19
    • 0042067447 scopus 로고
    • Ibid., 432-3, 441-5; 60th Congress, 1st Session, House Committee on Pulp and Paper, Pulp and Paper Investigation Hearings, vol. 1 (1908), 745-9.
    • (1908) Pulp and Paper Investigation Hearings , vol.1 , pp. 745-749
  • 21
    • 0042568283 scopus 로고
    • 26 Sept.
    • PTJ, 26 Sept. 1901.
    • (1901) PTJ
  • 22
    • 0042067452 scopus 로고
    • 60th Congress, Pulp and Paper Investigation Hearings, vol. 1, 1081; on market share, see International Paper Company After Fifty years, 1898-1948 (New York, 1948), 17; on the New York Time-Kimberly-Clark venture, see F. J. Sensenbrenner, "Kimberly-Clark Corporate History," 38-39A, MSS, Kimberly-Clark Collection, Record Group 8, Box 73, Folder 3, History Factory, Chantilly, Virginia.
    • (1081) Pulp and Paper Investigation Hearings , vol.1
  • 23
    • 0042568275 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • 60th Congress, Pulp and Paper Investigation Hearings, vol. 1, 1081; on market share, see International Paper Company After Fifty years, 1898-1948 (New York, 1948), 17; on the New York Time-Kimberly-Clark venture, see F. J. Sensenbrenner, "Kimberly-Clark Corporate History," 38-39A, MSS, Kimberly-Clark Collection, Record Group 8, Box 73, Folder 3, History Factory, Chantilly, Virginia.
    • (1948) International Paper Company after Fifty Years, 1898-1948 , pp. 17
  • 24
    • 4244029973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MSS, Kimberly-Clark Collection, Record Group 8, Box 73, Folder 3, History Factory, Chantilly, Virginia
    • 60th Congress, Pulp and Paper Investigation Hearings, vol. 1, 1081; on market share, see International Paper Company After Fifty years, 1898-1948 (New York, 1948), 17; on the New York Time-Kimberly-Clark venture, see F. J. Sensenbrenner, "Kimberly-Clark Corporate History," 38-39A, MSS, Kimberly-Clark Collection, Record Group 8, Box 73, Folder 3, History Factory, Chantilly, Virginia.
    • Kimberly-Clark Corporate History , pp. 38-39A
    • Sensenbrenner, F.J.1
  • 25
    • 0042067449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., 44; 60th Congress, Pulp and Paper Investigation Hearings, vol. 1, 1028, 1035-7, 1047-9; John Guthrie, The Newsprint Paper Industry: An Economic Analysis (Cambridge, Mass., 1941), 41.
    • Kimberly-Clark Corporate History , pp. 44
  • 26
    • 0043069016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., 44; 60th Congress, Pulp and Paper Investigation Hearings, vol. 1, 1028, 1035-7, 1047-9; John Guthrie, The Newsprint Paper Industry: An Economic Analysis (Cambridge, Mass., 1941), 41.
    • Pulp and Paper Investigation Hearings , vol.1 , pp. 1028
  • 28
    • 0041566192 scopus 로고
    • Corinth, N.Y.
    • International Paper Company, 8th Annual Report (Corinth, N.Y., 1905); International Paper Company, 11th Annual Report (Corinth, N.Y., 1908); Chisholm, A Man and the Paper Industry. Most financial data presented here is based on annual reports and other company publications, supplemented by articles from newspapers and trade journals as well as government documents. While pre-SEC financial reporting was notoriously unreliable, IP seems to have avoided the worst excesses, particularly overvaluation of assets; see Schirmer, Atherton & Co., International Paper Company: Study in Values No. 18 (Boston, Mass., 1928), 4. The fact remains that the financial data discussed here are not as precise as one would like them to be, but they are indicative of trends in IP's overall performance.
    • (1905) 8th Annual Report
  • 29
    • 0042067456 scopus 로고
    • Corinth, N.Y.
    • International Paper Company, 8th Annual Report (Corinth, N.Y., 1905); International Paper Company, 11th Annual Report (Corinth, N.Y., 1908); Chisholm, A Man and the Paper Industry. Most financial data presented here is based on annual reports and other company publications, supplemented by articles from newspapers and trade journals as well as government documents. While pre-SEC financial reporting was notoriously unreliable, IP seems to have avoided the worst excesses, particularly overvaluation of assets; see Schirmer, Atherton & Co., International Paper Company: Study in Values No. 18 (Boston, Mass., 1928), 4. The fact remains that the financial data discussed here are not as precise as one would like them to be, but they are indicative of trends in IP's overall performance.
    • (1908) 11th Annual Report
  • 30
    • 0042067451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Paper Company, 8th Annual Report (Corinth, N.Y., 1905); International Paper Company, 11th Annual Report (Corinth, N.Y., 1908); Chisholm, A Man and the Paper Industry. Most financial data presented here is based on annual reports and other company publications, supplemented by articles from newspapers and trade journals as well as government documents. While pre-SEC financial reporting was notoriously unreliable, IP seems to have avoided the worst excesses, particularly overvaluation of assets; see Schirmer, Atherton & Co., International Paper Company: Study in Values No. 18 (Boston, Mass., 1928), 4. The fact remains that the financial data discussed here are not as precise as one would like them to be, but they are indicative of trends in IP's overall performance.
    • A Man and the Paper Industry
    • Chisholm1
  • 31
    • 0043069024 scopus 로고
    • Boston, Mass., The fact remains that the financial data discussed here are not as precise as one would like them to be, but they are indicative of trends in IP's overall performance
    • International Paper Company, 8th Annual Report (Corinth, N.Y., 1905); International Paper Company, 11th Annual Report (Corinth, N.Y., 1908); Chisholm, A Man and the Paper Industry. Most financial data presented here is based on annual reports and other company publications, supplemented by articles from newspapers and trade journals as well as government documents. While pre-SEC financial reporting was notoriously unreliable, IP seems to have avoided the worst excesses, particularly overvaluation of assets; see Schirmer, Atherton & Co., International Paper Company: Study in Values No. 18 (Boston, Mass., 1928), 4. The fact remains that the financial data discussed here are not as precise as one would like them to be, but they are indicative of trends in IP's overall performance.
    • (1928) International Paper Company: Study in Values No. 18 , vol.18 , pp. 4
  • 33
    • 0041566228 scopus 로고
    • 15 Apr.
    • PTJ, 15 Apr. 1920; Guthrie, Newsprint Paper Industry, 234.
    • (1920) PTJ
  • 35
    • 0042568287 scopus 로고
    • Corinth, N.Y.
    • International Paper Company, 16th Annual Report (Corinth, N.Y., 1914), 2.
    • (1914) 16th Annual Report , pp. 2
  • 36
    • 0042568282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Archibald Graustein, president of IP from 1924 to 1936, provided an extensive summary of all aspects of the diversification program in 1950 at the "Celler Hearings," 81st Congress, 1st Session, House Committee on the Judiciary, Study of Monopoly Power. Part 6A: Newsprint, 560-3.
    • Study of Monopoly Power. Part 6A: Newsprint , pp. 560-563
    • Graustein, A.1
  • 38
    • 0043069067 scopus 로고
    • 25 Aug.
    • National Cyclopedia of American Biography, vol. 24 (New York, 1935), 198; PTJ, 25 Aug. 1921; NYT, 18 Sept. 1967.
    • (1921) PTJ
  • 39
    • 0041566169 scopus 로고
    • 18 Sept.
    • National Cyclopedia of American Biography, vol. 24 (New York, 1935), 198; PTJ, 25 Aug. 1921; NYT, 18 Sept. 1967.
    • (1967) NYT
  • 40
    • 0021538025 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • International Paper Company, 30th Annual Report (New York, 1928), 8-9; for a description of plant conversion at the Fort Edward mill, see IPM 5 (Jan. 1928): 5-7, and PTJ, 22 Dec. 1927, 16 Aug. 1928; on book paper, PTJ, 15 Apr. 1920; on technology, see Avi Cohen, "Technological Change as Historical Process: The Case of the U.S. Pulp and Paper Industry, 1915-1940," Journal of Economic History 44 (Autumn 1984): 775-99.
    • (1928) 30th Annual Report , pp. 8-9
  • 41
    • 0021538025 scopus 로고
    • Jan.
    • International Paper Company, 30th Annual Report (New York, 1928), 8-9; for a description of plant conversion at the Fort Edward mill, see IPM 5 (Jan. 1928): 5-7, and PTJ, 22 Dec. 1927, 16 Aug. 1928; on book paper, PTJ, 15 Apr. 1920; on technology, see Avi Cohen, "Technological Change as Historical Process: The Case of the U.S. Pulp and Paper Industry, 1915-1940," Journal of Economic History 44 (Autumn 1984): 775-99.
    • (1928) IPM , vol.5 , pp. 5-7
  • 42
    • 0021538025 scopus 로고
    • 22 Dec. 16 Aug.
    • International Paper Company, 30th Annual Report (New York, 1928), 8-9; for a description of plant conversion at the Fort Edward mill, see IPM 5 (Jan. 1928): 5-7, and PTJ, 22 Dec. 1927, 16 Aug. 1928; on book paper, PTJ, 15 Apr. 1920; on technology, see Avi Cohen, "Technological Change as Historical Process: The Case of the U.S. Pulp and Paper Industry, 1915-1940," Journal of Economic History 44 (Autumn 1984): 775-99.
    • (1927) PTJ
  • 43
    • 0021538025 scopus 로고
    • 15 Apr.
    • International Paper Company, 30th Annual Report (New York, 1928), 8-9; for a description of plant conversion at the Fort Edward mill, see IPM 5 (Jan. 1928): 5-7, and PTJ, 22 Dec. 1927, 16 Aug. 1928; on book paper, PTJ, 15 Apr. 1920; on technology, see Avi Cohen, "Technological Change as Historical Process: The Case of the U.S. Pulp and Paper Industry, 1915-1940," Journal of Economic History 44 (Autumn 1984): 775-99.
    • (1920) PTJ
  • 44
    • 0021538025 scopus 로고
    • Technological Change as Historical Process: The Case of the U.S. Pulp and Paper Industry, 1915-1940
    • Autumn
    • International Paper Company, 30th Annual Report (New York, 1928), 8-9; for a description of plant conversion at the Fort Edward mill, see IPM 5 (Jan. 1928): 5-7, and PTJ, 22 Dec. 1927, 16 Aug. 1928; on book paper, PTJ, 15 Apr. 1920; on technology, see Avi Cohen, "Technological Change as Historical Process: The Case of the U.S. Pulp and Paper Industry, 1915-1940," Journal of Economic History 44 (Autumn 1984): 775-99.
    • (1984) Journal of Economic History , vol.44 , pp. 775-799
    • Cohen, A.1
  • 45
    • 0042067455 scopus 로고
    • 8 Jan. 1 Sept. 1921, 27 Sept.
    • FTJ, 8 Jan. 1920, 1 Sept. 1921, 27 Sept. 1923; Simon N. Whitney, Antitrust Policies: American Experience in Twenty Industries (New York, 1958), 369-70; Michael McQuillen, The Best Known Name in Paper: Hammermill - A History of the Company (Erie, Penn., 1985), 33-5, 50-2; Mill Roseman, The Strathmore Century (Westfield, Mass., 1992), 16.
    • (1920) FTJ
  • 46
    • 0042067448 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • FTJ, 8 Jan. 1920, 1 Sept. 1921, 27 Sept. 1923; Simon N. Whitney, Antitrust Policies: American Experience in Twenty Industries (New York, 1958), 369-70; Michael McQuillen, The Best Known Name in Paper: Hammermill - A History of the Company (Erie, Penn., 1985), 33-5, 50-2; Mill Roseman, The Strathmore Century (Westfield, Mass., 1992), 16.
    • (1958) Antitrust Policies: American Experience in Twenty Industries , pp. 369-370
    • Whitney, S.N.1
  • 47
    • 0042568279 scopus 로고
    • Erie, Penn.
    • FTJ, 8 Jan. 1920, 1 Sept. 1921, 27 Sept. 1923; Simon N. Whitney, Antitrust Policies: American Experience in Twenty Industries (New York, 1958), 369-70; Michael McQuillen, The Best Known Name in Paper: Hammermill - A History of the Company (Erie, Penn., 1985), 33-5, 50-2; Mill Roseman, The Strathmore Century (Westfield, Mass., 1992), 16.
    • (1985) The Best Known Name in Paper: Hammermill - A History of the Company , pp. 33-35
    • McQuillen, M.1
  • 48
    • 0042067453 scopus 로고
    • Westfield, Mass.
    • FTJ, 8 Jan. 1920, 1 Sept. 1921, 27 Sept. 1923; Simon N. Whitney, Antitrust Policies: American Experience in Twenty Industries (New York, 1958), 369-70; Michael McQuillen, The Best Known Name in Paper: Hammermill - A History of the Company (Erie, Penn., 1985), 33-5, 50-2; Mill Roseman, The Strathmore Century (Westfield, Mass., 1992), 16.
    • (1992) The Strathmore Century , pp. 16
    • Roseman, M.1
  • 49
    • 0041566191 scopus 로고
    • 4 Oct. 11 Oct. 1923, 3 Jan. 1924, 23 Feb.
    • PTJ, 4 Oct. 1923, 11 Oct. 1923, 3 Jan. 1924, 23 Feb. 1928; "Fifteen Paper Companies," Fortune 16 (Nov. 1937): 189.
    • (1923) PTJ
  • 50
    • 0042067418 scopus 로고
    • Fifteen Paper Companies
    • Nov.
    • PTJ, 4 Oct. 1923, 11 Oct. 1923, 3 Jan. 1924, 23 Feb. 1928; "Fifteen Paper Companies," Fortune 16 (Nov. 1937): 189.
    • (1937) Fortune , vol.16 , pp. 189
  • 51
    • 0041566190 scopus 로고
    • 15 Apr. 6 July
    • FTJ, 15 Apr. 1920, 6 July 1922; International Paper Company, 19th Annual Report (New York, 1917); International Paper Company, 23rd Annual Report (New York, 1921).
    • (1920) FTJ
  • 52
    • 0042568285 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • FTJ, 15 Apr. 1920, 6 July 1922; International Paper Company, 19th Annual Report (New York, 1917); International Paper Company, 23rd Annual Report (New York, 1921).
    • (1917) 19th Annual Report
  • 53
    • 0042067444 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • FTJ, 15 Apr. 1920, 6 July 1922; International Paper Company, 19th Annual Report (New York, 1917); International Paper Company, 23rd Annual Report (New York, 1921).
    • (1921) 23rd Annual Report
  • 54
    • 0043069017 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • International Paper Company, "Survey of Expansion of International Paper Company During 1927" (New York, 1928), 4-12; International Paper Company, "Survey of Expansion of Canadian International Paper Company, Canadian Hydro-Electric Corporation, Ltd., Gatineau Power Company, and Affiliated Companies During 1927" (Montreal, 1928), 1-6; IPM 2 (May 1925): 1; IPM 2 (Dec. 1926): 17-18; IPM 4 (Jan. 1927): 15-16; IPM 5 (Mar. 1928): 19; PTJ, 30 Dec. 1920, 26 Feb. 1925, 23 Apr. 1925, 28 Oct. 1926, 21 Apr. 1927, 16 June 1927; International Paper Company, 26th Annual Report (New York, 1924), 22-23; International Paper Company, 28th Annual Report (New York, 1926), 5-6; International Paper Company, 29th Annual Report (New York, 1927), 5-6. International Paper Company After Fifty Years, 44-5.
    • (1928) Survey of Expansion of International Paper Company during 1927 , pp. 4-12
  • 55
    • 0043069006 scopus 로고
    • Montreal
    • International Paper Company, "Survey of Expansion of International Paper Company During 1927" (New York, 1928), 4-12; International Paper Company, "Survey of Expansion of Canadian International Paper Company, Canadian Hydro-Electric Corporation, Ltd., Gatineau Power Company, and Affiliated Companies During 1927" (Montreal, 1928), 1-6; IPM 2 (May 1925): 1; IPM 2 (Dec. 1926): 17-18; IPM 4 (Jan. 1927): 15-16; IPM 5 (Mar. 1928): 19; PTJ, 30 Dec. 1920, 26 Feb. 1925, 23 Apr. 1925, 28 Oct. 1926, 21 Apr. 1927, 16 June 1927; International Paper Company, 26th Annual Report (New York, 1924), 22-23; International Paper Company, 28th Annual Report (New York, 1926), 5-6; International Paper Company, 29th Annual Report (New York, 1927), 5-6. International Paper Company After Fifty Years, 44-5.
    • (1928) Survey of Expansion of Canadian International Paper Company, Canadian Hydro-Electric Corporation, Ltd., Gatineau Power Company, and Affiliated Companies during 1927 , pp. 1-6
  • 56
    • 0042568286 scopus 로고
    • May
    • International Paper Company, "Survey of Expansion of International Paper Company During 1927" (New York, 1928), 4-12; International Paper Company, "Survey of Expansion of Canadian International Paper Company, Canadian Hydro-Electric Corporation, Ltd., Gatineau Power Company, and Affiliated Companies During 1927" (Montreal, 1928), 1-6; IPM 2 (May 1925): 1; IPM 2 (Dec. 1926): 17-18; IPM 4 (Jan. 1927): 15-16; IPM 5 (Mar. 1928): 19; PTJ, 30 Dec. 1920, 26 Feb. 1925, 23 Apr. 1925, 28 Oct. 1926, 21 Apr. 1927, 16 June 1927; International Paper Company, 26th Annual Report (New York, 1924), 22-23; International Paper Company, 28th Annual Report (New York, 1926), 5-6; International Paper Company, 29th Annual Report (New York, 1927), 5-6. International Paper Company After Fifty Years, 44-5.
    • (1925) IPM , vol.2 , pp. 1
  • 57
    • 0043069025 scopus 로고
    • Dec.
    • International Paper Company, "Survey of Expansion of International Paper Company During 1927" (New York, 1928), 4-12; International Paper Company, "Survey of Expansion of Canadian International Paper Company, Canadian Hydro-Electric Corporation, Ltd., Gatineau Power Company, and Affiliated Companies During 1927" (Montreal, 1928), 1-6; IPM 2 (May 1925): 1; IPM 2 (Dec. 1926): 17-18; IPM 4 (Jan. 1927): 15-16; IPM 5 (Mar. 1928): 19; PTJ, 30 Dec. 1920, 26 Feb. 1925, 23 Apr. 1925, 28 Oct. 1926, 21 Apr. 1927, 16 June 1927; International Paper Company, 26th Annual Report (New York, 1924), 22-23; International Paper Company, 28th Annual Report (New York, 1926), 5-6; International Paper Company, 29th Annual Report (New York, 1927), 5-6. International Paper Company After Fifty Years, 44-5.
    • (1926) IPM , vol.2 , pp. 17-18
  • 58
    • 0041566189 scopus 로고
    • Jan.
    • International Paper Company, "Survey of Expansion of International Paper Company During 1927" (New York, 1928), 4-12; International Paper Company, "Survey of Expansion of Canadian International Paper Company, Canadian Hydro-Electric Corporation, Ltd., Gatineau Power Company, and Affiliated Companies During 1927" (Montreal, 1928), 1-6; IPM 2 (May 1925): 1; IPM 2 (Dec. 1926): 17-18; IPM 4 (Jan. 1927): 15-16; IPM 5 (Mar. 1928): 19; PTJ, 30 Dec. 1920, 26 Feb. 1925, 23 Apr. 1925, 28 Oct. 1926, 21 Apr. 1927, 16 June 1927; International Paper Company, 26th Annual Report (New York, 1924), 22-23; International Paper Company, 28th Annual Report (New York, 1926), 5-6; International Paper Company, 29th Annual Report (New York, 1927), 5-6. International Paper Company After Fifty Years, 44-5.
    • (1927) IPM , vol.4 , pp. 15-16
  • 59
    • 0042568284 scopus 로고
    • Mar.
    • International Paper Company, "Survey of Expansion of International Paper Company During 1927" (New York, 1928), 4-12; International Paper Company, "Survey of Expansion of Canadian International Paper Company, Canadian Hydro-Electric Corporation, Ltd., Gatineau Power Company, and Affiliated Companies During 1927" (Montreal, 1928), 1-6; IPM 2 (May 1925): 1; IPM 2 (Dec. 1926): 17-18; IPM 4 (Jan. 1927): 15-16; IPM 5 (Mar. 1928): 19; PTJ, 30 Dec. 1920, 26 Feb. 1925, 23 Apr. 1925, 28 Oct. 1926, 21 Apr. 1927, 16 June 1927; International Paper Company, 26th Annual Report (New York, 1924), 22-23; International Paper Company, 28th Annual Report (New York, 1926), 5-6; International Paper Company, 29th Annual Report (New York, 1927), 5-6. International Paper Company After Fifty Years, 44-5.
    • (1928) IPM , vol.5 , pp. 19
  • 60
    • 0043069018 scopus 로고
    • 30 Dec. 26 Feb. 1925, 23 Apr. 1925, 28 Oct. 1926, 21 Apr. 1927, 16 June
    • International Paper Company, "Survey of Expansion of International Paper Company During 1927" (New York, 1928), 4-12; International Paper Company, "Survey of Expansion of Canadian International Paper Company, Canadian Hydro-Electric Corporation, Ltd., Gatineau Power Company, and Affiliated Companies During 1927" (Montreal, 1928), 1-6; IPM 2 (May 1925): 1; IPM 2 (Dec. 1926): 17-18; IPM 4 (Jan. 1927): 15-16; IPM 5 (Mar. 1928): 19; PTJ, 30 Dec. 1920, 26 Feb. 1925, 23 Apr. 1925, 28 Oct. 1926, 21 Apr. 1927, 16 June 1927; International Paper Company, 26th Annual Report (New York, 1924), 22-23; International Paper Company, 28th Annual Report (New York, 1926), 5-6; International Paper Company, 29th Annual Report (New York, 1927), 5-6. International Paper Company After Fifty Years, 44-5.
    • (1920) PTJ
  • 61
    • 0042067446 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • International Paper Company, "Survey of Expansion of International Paper Company During 1927" (New York, 1928), 4-12; International Paper Company, "Survey of Expansion of Canadian International Paper Company, Canadian Hydro-Electric Corporation, Ltd., Gatineau Power Company, and Affiliated Companies During 1927" (Montreal, 1928), 1-6; IPM 2 (May 1925): 1; IPM 2 (Dec. 1926): 17-18; IPM 4 (Jan. 1927): 15-16; IPM 5 (Mar. 1928): 19; PTJ, 30 Dec. 1920, 26 Feb. 1925, 23 Apr. 1925, 28 Oct. 1926, 21 Apr. 1927, 16 June 1927; International Paper Company, 26th Annual Report (New York, 1924), 22-23; International Paper Company, 28th Annual Report (New York, 1926), 5-6; International Paper Company, 29th Annual Report (New York, 1927), 5-6. International Paper Company After Fifty Years, 44-5.
    • (1924) 26th Annual Report , pp. 22-23
  • 62
    • 0043069022 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • International Paper Company, "Survey of Expansion of International Paper Company During 1927" (New York, 1928), 4-12; International Paper Company, "Survey of Expansion of Canadian International Paper Company, Canadian Hydro-Electric Corporation, Ltd., Gatineau Power Company, and Affiliated Companies During 1927" (Montreal, 1928), 1-6; IPM 2 (May 1925): 1; IPM 2 (Dec. 1926): 17-18; IPM 4 (Jan. 1927): 15-16; IPM 5 (Mar. 1928): 19; PTJ, 30 Dec. 1920, 26 Feb. 1925, 23 Apr. 1925, 28 Oct. 1926, 21 Apr. 1927, 16 June 1927; International Paper Company, 26th Annual Report (New York, 1924), 22-23; International Paper Company, 28th Annual Report (New York, 1926), 5-6; International Paper Company, 29th Annual Report (New York, 1927), 5-6. International Paper Company After Fifty Years, 44-5.
    • (1926) 28th Annual Report , pp. 5-6
  • 63
    • 0043069021 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • International Paper Company, "Survey of Expansion of International Paper Company During 1927" (New York, 1928), 4-12; International Paper Company, "Survey of Expansion of Canadian International Paper Company, Canadian Hydro-Electric Corporation, Ltd., Gatineau Power Company, and Affiliated Companies During 1927" (Montreal, 1928), 1-6; IPM 2 (May 1925): 1; IPM 2 (Dec. 1926): 17-18; IPM 4 (Jan. 1927): 15-16; IPM 5 (Mar. 1928): 19; PTJ, 30 Dec. 1920, 26 Feb. 1925, 23 Apr. 1925, 28 Oct. 1926, 21 Apr. 1927, 16 June 1927; International Paper Company, 26th Annual Report (New York, 1924), 22-23; International Paper Company, 28th Annual Report (New York, 1926), 5-6; International Paper Company, 29th Annual Report (New York, 1927), 5-6. International Paper Company After Fifty Years, 44-5.
    • (1927) 29th Annual Report , pp. 5-6
  • 64
    • 0041566083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Paper Company, "Survey of Expansion of International Paper Company During 1927" (New York, 1928), 4-12; International Paper Company, "Survey of Expansion of Canadian International Paper Company, Canadian Hydro-Electric Corporation, Ltd., Gatineau Power Company, and Affiliated Companies During 1927" (Montreal, 1928), 1-6; IPM 2 (May 1925): 1; IPM 2 (Dec. 1926): 17-18; IPM 4 (Jan. 1927): 15-16; IPM 5 (Mar. 1928): 19; PTJ, 30 Dec. 1920, 26 Feb. 1925, 23 Apr. 1925, 28 Oct. 1926, 21 Apr. 1927, 16 June 1927; International Paper Company, 26th Annual Report (New York, 1924), 22-23; International Paper Company, 28th Annual Report (New York, 1926), 5-6; International Paper Company, 29th Annual Report (New York, 1927), 5-6. International Paper Company After Fifty Years, 44-5.
    • International Paper Company after Fifty Years , pp. 44-45
  • 65
    • 0042067433 scopus 로고
    • n.p.
    • International Paper and Power Company, "Gatineau River Properties of International Paper and Power Company," (n.p., 1929); IPM 5 (Dec. 1928): 1; NYT, 6 Sept. 1929; PTJ, 11 Mar. 1920, 22 Oct. 1925, 1 Dec. 1927, 8 Nov. 1928, 2 May 1929, 31 Oct. 1929.
    • (1929) Gatineau River Properties of International Paper and Power Company
  • 66
    • 0042067424 scopus 로고
    • Dec.
    • International Paper and Power Company, "Gatineau River Properties of International Paper and Power Company," (n.p., 1929); IPM 5 (Dec. 1928): 1; NYT, 6 Sept. 1929; PTJ, 11 Mar. 1920, 22 Oct. 1925, 1 Dec. 1927, 8 Nov. 1928, 2 May 1929, 31 Oct. 1929.
    • (1928) IPM , vol.5 , pp. 1
  • 67
    • 0041566175 scopus 로고
    • 6 Sept.
    • International Paper and Power Company, "Gatineau River Properties of International Paper and Power Company," (n.p., 1929); IPM 5 (Dec. 1928): 1; NYT, 6 Sept. 1929; PTJ, 11 Mar. 1920, 22 Oct. 1925, 1 Dec. 1927, 8 Nov. 1928, 2 May 1929, 31 Oct. 1929.
    • (1929) NYT
  • 68
    • 0041566184 scopus 로고
    • 11 Mar. 22 Oct. 1925, 1 Dec. 1927, 8 Nov. 1928, 2 May 1929, 31 Oct.
    • International Paper and Power Company, "Gatineau River Properties of International Paper and Power Company," (n.p., 1929); IPM 5 (Dec. 1928): 1; NYT, 6 Sept. 1929; PTJ, 11 Mar. 1920, 22 Oct. 1925, 1 Dec. 1927, 8 Nov. 1928, 2 May 1929, 31 Oct. 1929.
    • (1920) PTJ
  • 70
    • 0043069008 scopus 로고
    • 60th Congress, 1st Session, House Committee on Pulp and Paper, Pulp and Paper Investigation Hearings, vol. 2 (1908), 1108; IPM 1 (Sept. 1923): 5-6; International Paper Company, 26th Annual Report (New York, 1924), 11-12.
    • (1908) Pulp and Paper Investigation Hearings , vol.2 , pp. 1108
  • 71
    • 0042568273 scopus 로고
    • Sept.
    • 60th Congress, 1st Session, House Committee on Pulp and Paper, Pulp and Paper Investigation Hearings, vol. 2 (1908), 1108; IPM 1 (Sept. 1923): 5-6; International Paper Company, 26th Annual Report (New York, 1924), 11-12.
    • (1923) IPM , vol.1 , pp. 5-6
  • 72
    • 0043069000 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • 60th Congress, 1st Session, House Committee on Pulp and Paper, Pulp and Paper Investigation Hearings, vol. 2 (1908), 1108; IPM 1 (Sept. 1923): 5-6; International Paper Company, 26th Annual Report (New York, 1924), 11-12.
    • (1924) 26th Annual Report , pp. 11-12
  • 73
    • 0003802467 scopus 로고
    • Baltimore, Md.
    • Thomas P. Hughes, Networks of Power; Electrification in Western Society, 1880-1930 (Baltimore, Md., 1983); one of the earliest cooperative ventures between utilities and paper companies was launched in 1920 by a group of seven former newsprint producers, which acquired the Northern New York Utilities Company and developed an integrated system of hydroelectric power plants and distribution networks in upstate New York; Amigo and Neuffer, Beyond the Adirondacks, 65.
    • (1983) Networks of Power; Electrification in Western Society, 1880-1930
    • Hughes, T.P.1
  • 74
    • 0042568267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thomas P. Hughes, Networks of Power; Electrification in Western Society, 1880-1930 (Baltimore, Md., 1983); one of the earliest cooperative ventures between utilities and paper companies was launched in 1920 by a group of seven former newsprint producers, which acquired the Northern New York Utilities Company and developed an integrated system of hydroelectric power plants and distribution networks in upstate New York; Amigo and Neuffer, Beyond the Adirondacks, 65.
    • Beyond the Adirondacks , pp. 65
    • Amigo1    Neuffer2
  • 75
    • 0042067434 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • International Paper Company, 24th Annual Report (New York, 1922), 16.
    • (1922) 24th Annual Report , pp. 16
  • 76
    • 0042568268 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • International Paper Company, 25th Annual Report (New York, 1923), 11; FTJ, 18 Aug. 1927.
    • (1923) 25th Annual Report , pp. 11
  • 77
    • 0043069007 scopus 로고
    • 18 Aug.
    • International Paper Company, 25th Annual Report (New York, 1923), 11; FTJ, 18 Aug. 1927.
    • (1927) FTJ
  • 78
    • 0043069005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Schirmer, International Paper Company, 2-3; PTJ, 15 Apr. 1926, 7 July 1927, 4 Aug. 1927; IPM 3 (July 1926): 11-14; International Paper Company, 29th Annual Report (New York, 1927), 9-12; International Paper Company, 30th Annual Report (New York, 1928), 11- 15.
    • International Paper Company , pp. 2-3
    • Schirmer1
  • 79
    • 0042568266 scopus 로고
    • 15 Apr. 7 July 1927, 4 Aug.
    • Schirmer, International Paper Company, 2-3; PTJ, 15 Apr. 1926, 7 July 1927, 4 Aug. 1927; IPM 3 (July 1926): 11-14; International Paper Company, 29th Annual Report (New York, 1927), 9-12; International Paper Company, 30th Annual Report (New York, 1928), 11- 15.
    • (1926) PTJ
  • 80
    • 0043068995 scopus 로고
    • July
    • Schirmer, International Paper Company, 2-3; PTJ, 15 Apr. 1926, 7 July 1927, 4 Aug. 1927; IPM 3 (July 1926): 11-14; International Paper Company, 29th Annual Report (New York, 1927), 9-12; International Paper Company, 30th Annual Report (New York, 1928), 11- 15.
    • (1926) IPM , vol.3 , pp. 11-14
  • 81
    • 0042568255 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • Schirmer, International Paper Company, 2-3; PTJ, 15 Apr. 1926, 7 July 1927, 4 Aug. 1927; IPM 3 (July 1926): 11-14; International Paper Company, 29th Annual Report (New York, 1927), 9-12; International Paper Company, 30th Annual Report (New York, 1928), 11- 15.
    • (1927) 29th Annual Report , pp. 9-12
  • 82
    • 0043068999 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • Schirmer, International Paper Company, 2-3; PTJ, 15 Apr. 1926, 7 July 1927, 4 Aug. 1927; IPM 3 (July 1926): 11-14; International Paper Company, 29th Annual Report (New York, 1927), 9-12; International Paper Company, 30th Annual Report (New York, 1928), 11-15.
    • (1928) 30th Annual Report , pp. 11-15
  • 83
    • 0042067432 scopus 로고
    • Mar.
    • IPM 5 (Mar. 1928): 14; International Paper Company, 28th Annual Report (New York, 1926), 8; International Paper Company, 31st Annual Report (New York, 1929), 11-12.
    • (1928) IPM , vol.5 , pp. 14
  • 84
    • 0042568261 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • IPM 5 (Mar. 1928): 14; International Paper Company, 28th Annual Report (New York, 1926), 8; International Paper Company, 31st Annual Report (New York, 1929), 11-12.
    • (1926) 28th Annual Report , pp. 8
  • 85
    • 0042568260 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • IPM 5 (Mar. 1928): 14; International Paper Company, 28th Annual Report (New York, 1926), 8; International Paper Company, 31st Annual Report (New York, 1929), 11-12.
    • (1929) 31st Annual Report , pp. 11-12
  • 86
    • 0042067416 scopus 로고
    • 16 Apr.
    • PTJ, 16 Apr. 1925; International Paper Company, 22nd Annual Report (New York, 1920), 12.
    • (1925) PTJ
  • 87
    • 0041566179 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • PTJ, 16 Apr. 1925; International Paper Company, 22nd Annual Report (New York, 1920), 12.
    • (1920) 22nd Annual Report , pp. 12
  • 88
  • 90
    • 0042568262 scopus 로고
    • 5 Mar. 12 Mar. 1925, 26 Mar. 1925, 16 Feb. 1928, 21 June 1928, 25 Oct. 1928, 1 May
    • PTJ, 5 Mar. 1925, 12 Mar. 1925, 26 Mar. 1925, 16 Feb. 1928, 21 June 1928, 25 Oct. 1928, 1 May 1930; IPM 4 (Sept. 1927), 8-9; International Paper Company, 28th Annual Report (New York, 1926), 6-7 ; International Paper Company, 29th Annual Report (New York, 1927), 6-7; International Paper Company, 31st Annual Report (New York, 1929), 7; International Paper Company After Fifty Years, 65.
    • (1925) PTJ
  • 91
    • 0042067426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sept. 1927
    • PTJ, 5 Mar. 1925, 12 Mar. 1925, 26 Mar. 1925, 16 Feb. 1928, 21 June 1928, 25 Oct. 1928, 1 May 1930; IPM 4 (Sept. 1927), 8-9; International Paper Company, 28th Annual Report (New York, 1926), 6-7 ; International Paper Company, 29th Annual Report (New York, 1927), 6-7; International Paper Company, 31st Annual Report (New York, 1929), 7; International Paper Company After Fifty Years, 65.
    • IPM , vol.4 , pp. 8-9
  • 92
    • 0042067425 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • PTJ, 5 Mar. 1925, 12 Mar. 1925, 26 Mar. 1925, 16 Feb. 1928, 21 June 1928, 25 Oct. 1928, 1 May 1930; IPM 4 (Sept. 1927), 8-9; International Paper Company, 28th Annual Report (New York, 1926), 6-7 ; International Paper Company, 29th Annual Report (New York, 1927), 6-7; International Paper Company, 31st Annual Report (New York, 1929), 7; International Paper Company After Fifty Years, 65.
    • (1926) 28th Annual Report , pp. 6-7
  • 93
    • 0041566161 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • PTJ, 5 Mar. 1925, 12 Mar. 1925, 26 Mar. 1925, 16 Feb. 1928, 21 June 1928, 25 Oct. 1928, 1 May 1930; IPM 4 (Sept. 1927), 8-9; International Paper Company, 28th Annual Report (New York, 1926), 6-7 ; International Paper Company, 29th Annual Report (New York, 1927), 6-7; International Paper Company, 31st Annual Report (New York, 1929), 7; International Paper Company After Fifty Years, 65.
    • (1927) 29th Annual Report , pp. 6-7
  • 94
    • 0043068994 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • PTJ, 5 Mar. 1925, 12 Mar. 1925, 26 Mar. 1925, 16 Feb. 1928, 21 June 1928, 25 Oct. 1928, 1 May 1930; IPM 4 (Sept. 1927), 8-9; International Paper Company, 28th Annual Report (New York, 1926), 6-7 ; International Paper Company, 29th Annual Report (New York, 1927), 6-7; International Paper Company, 31st Annual Report (New York, 1929), 7; International Paper Company After Fifty Years, 65.
    • (1929) 31st Annual Report , pp. 7
  • 95
    • 0041566083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PTJ, 5 Mar. 1925, 12 Mar. 1925, 26 Mar. 1925, 16 Feb. 1928, 21 June 1928, 25 Oct. 1928, 1 May 1930; IPM 4 (Sept. 1927), 8-9; International Paper Company, 28th Annual Report (New York, 1926), 6-7 ; International Paper Company, 29th Annual Report (New York, 1927), 6-7; International Paper Company, 31st Annual Report (New York, 1929), 7; International Paper Company After Fifty Years, 65.
    • International Paper Company after Fifty Years , pp. 65
  • 96
    • 0042067424 scopus 로고
    • Mar.
    • IPM 5 (Mar. 1928): 1; "International Paper & Power," Fortune 16 (Dec. 1937): 226.
    • (1928) IPM , vol.5 , pp. 1
  • 97
    • 0042067358 scopus 로고
    • International Paper & Power
    • Dec.
    • IPM 5 (Mar. 1928): 1; "International Paper & Power," Fortune 16 (Dec. 1937): 226.
    • (1937) Fortune , vol.16 , pp. 226
  • 98
    • 0042568243 scopus 로고
    • 23 Apr.
    • PTJ, 23 Apr. 1931; International Paper Company After 50 Years, 66.
    • (1931) PTJ
  • 100
    • 0041566174 scopus 로고
    • 20 Feb.
    • Kraft paper includes all kraft grades with a thickness of 12 points (or 12/1000 of an inch) or less. Paperboard is defined as any kraft grade thicker than 12 points; PTJ, 20 Feb. 1936.
    • (1936) PTJ
  • 102
    • 0043068983 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • International Paper Company After Fifty Years, 44; The Dictionary of Paper (New York, 1965), 267-8, 324.
    • (1965) The Dictionary of Paper , pp. 267-268
  • 103
    • 0041566168 scopus 로고
    • Montreal
    • A. D. Watts & Co., Analysis of the International Paper and Power Company: Hisiory and Prospects (Montreal, 1928), 12, PTJ, 29 Nov. 1928; IPM 5 (Nov. 1928): 1; International Paper Company, 30th Annual Report (New York, 1928), 17; International Paper Company, 31st Annual Report (New York, 1929), 12-13.
    • (1928) Analysis of the International Paper and Power Company: Hisiory and Prospects , pp. 12
  • 104
    • 0043068974 scopus 로고
    • 29 Nov.
    • A. D. Watts & Co., Analysis of the International Paper and Power Company: Hisiory and Prospects (Montreal, 1928), 12, PTJ, 29 Nov. 1928; IPM 5 (Nov. 1928): 1; International Paper Company, 30th Annual Report (New York, 1928), 17; International Paper Company, 31st Annual Report (New York, 1929), 12-13.
    • (1928) PTJ
  • 105
    • 0042067424 scopus 로고
    • Nov.
    • A. D. Watts & Co., Analysis of the International Paper and Power Company: Hisiory and Prospects (Montreal, 1928), 12, PTJ, 29 Nov. 1928; IPM 5 (Nov. 1928): 1; International Paper Company, 30th Annual Report (New York, 1928), 17; International Paper Company, 31st Annual Report (New York, 1929), 12-13.
    • (1928) IPM , vol.5 , pp. 1
  • 106
    • 0041566162 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • A. D. Watts & Co., Analysis of the International Paper and Power Company: Hisiory and Prospects (Montreal, 1928), 12, PTJ, 29 Nov. 1928; IPM 5 (Nov. 1928): 1; International Paper Company, 30th Annual Report (New York, 1928), 17; International Paper Company, 31st Annual Report (New York, 1929), 12-13.
    • (1928) 30th Annual Report , pp. 17
  • 107
    • 0043068975 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • A. D. Watts & Co., Analysis of the International Paper and Power Company: Hisiory and Prospects (Montreal, 1928), 12, PTJ, 29 Nov. 1928; IPM 5 (Nov. 1928): 1; International Paper Company, 30th Annual Report (New York, 1928), 17; International Paper Company, 31st Annual Report (New York, 1929), 12-13.
    • (1929) 31st Annual Report , pp. 12-13
  • 111
    • 0043068976 scopus 로고
    • 5 May 12 May 1921, 19 May 1921, 26 May 1921, 23 June 1921, 21 July 1921, 28 July 1921, 4 Aug. 1921, 18 Aug. 1921
    • PTJ, 5 May 1921, 12 May 1921, 19 May 1921, 26 May 1921, 23 June 1921, 21 July 1921, 28 July 1921, 4 Aug. 1921, 18 Aug. 1921; International Paper Company, 24th Annual Report (New York, 1922), 19; Robert Zieger, Rebuilding the Pulp and Paper Workers' Union, 1933- 1941 (Knoxville, Tenn., 1984), 49-50.
    • (1921) PTJ
  • 112
    • 0043068982 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • PTJ, 5 May 1921, 12 May 1921, 19 May 1921, 26 May 1921, 23 June 1921, 21 July 1921, 28 July 1921, 4 Aug. 1921, 18 Aug. 1921; International Paper Company, 24th Annual Report (New York, 1922), 19; Robert Zieger, Rebuilding the Pulp and Paper Workers' Union, 1933- 1941 (Knoxville, Tenn., 1984), 49-50.
    • (1922) 24th Annual Report , pp. 19
  • 113
    • 0039838758 scopus 로고
    • Knoxville, Tenn.
    • PTJ, 5 May 1921, 12 May 1921, 19 May 1921, 26 May 1921, 23 June 1921, 21 July 1921, 28 July 1921, 4 Aug. 1921, 18 Aug. 1921; International Paper Company, 24th Annual Report (New York, 1922), 19; Robert Zieger, Rebuilding the Pulp and Paper Workers' Union, 1933-1941 (Knoxville, Tenn., 1984), 49-50.
    • (1984) Rebuilding the Pulp and Paper Workers' Union, 1933-1941 , pp. 49-50
    • Zieger, R.1
  • 114
    • 0042568246 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • International Paper Company, 30th Annual Report (New York, 1928), 25.
    • (1928) 30th Annual Report , pp. 25
  • 116
    • 0042067415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Herrymon Maurer, In Quiet Ways: George H. Mead: The Man and the Company (Dayton, Ohio, 1970), 119-20, 231-7; "Fifteen Paper Companies," 194-6.
    • Fifteen Paper Companies , pp. 194-196
  • 118
    • 0043068922 scopus 로고
    • 5 July 26 July 1928, 14 Mar.
    • PTJ, 5 July 1928, 26 July 1928, 14 Mar. 1929; International Paper Company, 31st Annual Report (New York, 1929), 14-15.
    • (1928) PTJ
  • 119
    • 0043068921 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • PTJ, 5 July 1928, 26 July 1928, 14 Mar. 1929; International Paper Company, 31st Annual Report (New York, 1929), 14-15.
    • (1929) 31st Annual Report , pp. 14-15
  • 121
    • 0042067359 scopus 로고
    • 11 Apr.
    • "International Paper & Power," 134; PTJ, 11 Apr. 1929.
    • (1929) PTJ
  • 126
    • 0042067355 scopus 로고
    • San Francisco, Calif.
    • George S. Armstrong, Crown Zellerbach Corporation: A Survey (San Francisco, Calif., 1937), 34-5; "Fifteen Paper Companies," 135; PTJ, 14 May 1931, 15 Feb. 1934, 17 May 1934.
    • (1937) Crown Zellerbach Corporation: A Survey , pp. 34-35
    • Armstrong, G.S.1
  • 127
    • 0042067415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • George S. Armstrong, Crown Zellerbach Corporation: A Survey (San Francisco, Calif., 1937), 34-5; "Fifteen Paper Companies," 135; PTJ, 14 May 1931, 15 Feb. 1934, 17 May 1934.
    • Fifteen Paper Companies , pp. 135
  • 128
    • 0042067362 scopus 로고
    • 14 May 15 Feb. 1934, 17 May
    • George S. Armstrong, Crown Zellerbach Corporation: A Survey (San Francisco, Calif., 1937), 34-5; "Fifteen Paper Companies," 135; PTJ, 14 May 1931, 15 Feb. 1934, 17 May 1934.
    • (1931) PTJ
  • 131
    • 0034562385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., 108-11; PTJ, 28 Nov. 1929, 21 May 1931, 2 July 1931, 10 Dec. 1931; NYT, 16 June 1933; see also Barry E. C. Boothman, "High Finance / Low Strategy: Corporate Collapse in the Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry, 1919-1932," Business History Review 74 (Winter 2000): 611-56.
    • Newsprint Paper Industry , pp. 108-111
  • 132
    • 0034562385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 28 Nov. 21 May 1931, 2 July 1931, 10 Dec.
    • Ibid., 108-11; PTJ, 28 Nov. 1929, 21 May 1931, 2 July 1931, 10 Dec. 1931; NYT, 16 June 1933; see also Barry E. C. Boothman, "High Finance / Low Strategy: Corporate Collapse in the Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry, 1919-1932," Business History Review 74 (Winter 2000): 611-56.
    • (1929) PTJ
  • 133
    • 0034562385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 16 June
    • Ibid., 108-11; PTJ, 28 Nov. 1929, 21 May 1931, 2 July 1931, 10 Dec. 1931; NYT, 16 June 1933; see also Barry E. C. Boothman, "High Finance / Low Strategy: Corporate Collapse in the Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry, 1919-1932," Business History Review 74 (Winter 2000): 611-56.
    • (1933) NYT
  • 134
    • 0034562385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High Finance / Low Strategy: Corporate Collapse in the Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry, 1919-1932
    • Winter
    • Ibid., 108-11; PTJ, 28 Nov. 1929, 21 May 1931, 2 July 1931, 10 Dec. 1931; NYT, 16 June 1933; see also Barry E. C. Boothman, "High Finance / Low Strategy: Corporate Collapse in the Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry, 1919-1932," Business History Review 74 (Winter 2000): 611-56.
    • (2000) Business History Review , vol.74 , pp. 611-656
    • Boothman, B.E.C.1
  • 135
    • 0042067357 scopus 로고
    • 16 Jan. 5 Nov. 1936
    • PTJ, 16 Jan. 1936, 5 Nov. 1936; Guthrie, Newsprint Paper Industry, 110-14; Smith, History of Papermaking, 445-54.
    • (1936) PTJ
  • 136
    • 0039704701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PTJ, 16 Jan. 1936, 5 Nov. 1936; Guthrie, Newsprint Paper Industry, 110-14; Smith, History of Papermaking, 445-54.
    • Newsprint Paper Industry , pp. 110-114
    • Guthrie1
  • 137
    • 0042568256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PTJ, 16 Jan. 1936, 5 Nov. 1936; Guthrie, Newsprint Paper Industry, 110-14; Smith, History of Papermaking, 445-54.
    • History of Papermaking , pp. 445-454
    • Smith1
  • 138
    • 0042568173 scopus 로고
    • 6 Aug. 16 Sept. 1930
    • NYT, 6 Aug. 1930, 16 Sept. 1930; PTJ, 12 June 1930; International Paper Company, 41st Annual Report (New York, 1939), 5-6; Guthrie, Newsprint Paper Industry, 69.
    • (1930) NYT
  • 139
    • 0041566092 scopus 로고
    • 12 June
    • NYT, 6 Aug. 1930, 16 Sept. 1930; PTJ, 12 June 1930; International Paper Company, 41st Annual Report (New York, 1939), 5-6; Guthrie, Newsprint Paper Industry, 69.
    • (1930) PTJ
  • 140
    • 0042067351 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • NYT, 6 Aug. 1930, 16 Sept. 1930; PTJ, 12 June 1930; International Paper Company, 41st Annual Report (New York, 1939), 5-6; Guthrie, Newsprint Paper Industry, 69.
    • (1939) 41st Annual Report , pp. 5-6
  • 141
    • 0039704701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NYT, 6 Aug. 1930, 16 Sept. 1930; PTJ, 12 June 1930; International Paper Company, 41st Annual Report (New York, 1939), 5-6; Guthrie, Newsprint Paper Industry, 69.
    • Newsprint Paper Industry , pp. 69
    • Guthrie1
  • 142
    • 0042067352 scopus 로고
    • Boston, Mass.
    • International Hydro-Electric System, 3rd Annual Report (Boston, Mass., 1932); International Hydro-Electric System, 4th Annual Report (Boston, Mass., 1933); International Hydro- Electric System, 5th Annual Report (Boston, Mass., 1934); International Paper & Power, 6th Annual Report (Boston, Mass., 1934), 7-8; "International Paper & Power," 134.
    • (1932) 3rd Annual Report
  • 143
    • 0042067350 scopus 로고
    • Boston, Mass.
    • International Hydro-Electric System, 3rd Annual Report (Boston, Mass., 1932); International Hydro-Electric System, 4th Annual Report (Boston, Mass., 1933); International Hydro- Electric System, 5th Annual Report (Boston, Mass., 1934); International Paper & Power, 6th Annual Report (Boston, Mass., 1934), 7-8; "International Paper & Power," 134.
    • (1933) 4th Annual Report
  • 144
    • 0042568182 scopus 로고
    • Boston, Mass.
    • International Hydro-Electric System, 3rd Annual Report (Boston, Mass., 1932); International Hydro-Electric System, 4th Annual Report (Boston, Mass., 1933); International Hydro-Electric System, 5th Annual Report (Boston, Mass., 1934); International Paper & Power, 6th Annual Report (Boston, Mass., 1934), 7-8; "International Paper & Power," 134.
    • (1934) 5th Annual Report
  • 145
    • 0042067354 scopus 로고
    • Boston, Mass.
    • International Hydro-Electric System, 3rd Annual Report (Boston, Mass., 1932); International Hydro-Electric System, 4th Annual Report (Boston, Mass., 1933); International Hydro- Electric System, 5th Annual Report (Boston, Mass., 1934); International Paper & Power, 6th Annual Report (Boston, Mass., 1934), 7-8; "International Paper & Power," 134.
    • (1934) 6th Annual Report , pp. 7-8
  • 146
    • 0042568183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Hydro-Electric System, 3rd Annual Report (Boston, Mass., 1932); International Hydro-Electric System, 4th Annual Report (Boston, Mass., 1933); International Hydro- Electric System, 5th Annual Report (Boston, Mass., 1934); International Paper & Power, 6th Annual Report (Boston, Mass., 1934), 7-8; "International Paper & Power," 134.
    • International Paper & Power , pp. 134
  • 148
    • 0042568176 scopus 로고
    • 18 Feb. 22 Feb. 1934, 21 Feb. 1935, 16 Jan. 1936, 20 Feb. 1936, 24 Feb.
    • PTJ, 18 Feb. 1932, 22 Feb. 1934, 21 Feb. 1935, 16 Jan. 1936, 20 Feb. 1936, 24 Feb. 1938; "Fifteen Paper Companies," 189-90; International Paper Company, 47th Annual Report (New York, 1944), 10.
    • (1932) PTJ
  • 149
    • 0042067415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PTJ, 18 Feb. 1932, 22 Feb. 1934, 21 Feb. 1935, 16 Jan. 1936, 20 Feb. 1936, 24 Feb. 1938; "Fifteen Paper Companies," 189-90; International Paper Company, 47th Annual Report (New York, 1944), 10.
    • Fifteen Paper Companies , pp. 189-190
  • 150
    • 0041566087 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • PTJ, 18 Feb. 1932, 22 Feb. 1934, 21 Feb. 1935, 16 Jan. 1936, 20 Feb. 1936, 24 Feb. 1938; "Fifteen Paper Companies," 189-90; International Paper Company, 47th Annual Report (New York, 1944), 10.
    • (1944) 47th Annual Report , pp. 10
  • 151
    • 0041566089 scopus 로고
    • Boston, Mass.
    • International Paper & Power Company, 4th Annual Report (Boston, Mass., 1932), 12.
    • (1932) 4th Annual Report , pp. 12
  • 152
    • 0042568174 scopus 로고
    • 29 Oct. 18 Feb. 1932, 20 Feb. 1936, 10 Dec.
    • PTJ, 29 Oct. 1931, 18 Feb. 1932, 20 Feb. 1936, 10 Dec. 1936; International Paper Company After Fifty Years, 66.
    • (1931) PTJ
  • 154
    • 0041566084 scopus 로고
    • 24 Sept. 18 Jan.
    • PTJ, 24 Sept. 1936, 18 Jan. 1940; International Paper Company, 43rd Annual Report (New York, 1941), 8-9; International Paper Company After Fifty Years, 66.
    • (1936) PTJ
  • 155
    • 0041566069 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • PTJ, 24 Sept. 1936, 18 Jan. 1940; International Paper Company, 43rd Annual Report (New York, 1941), 8-9; International Paper Company After Fifty Years, 66.
    • (1941) 43rd Annual Report , pp. 8-9
  • 158
    • 0041566066 scopus 로고
    • 5 Feb.
    • NYT, 5 Feb. 1936; PTJ, 6 Feb. 1936.
    • (1936) NYT
  • 159
    • 0043068915 scopus 로고
    • 6 Feb.
    • NYT, 5 Feb. 1936; PTJ, 6 Feb. 1936.
    • (1936) PTJ
  • 160
    • 0041566082 scopus 로고
    • 9 Apr. 14 May 1936, 19 Nov. 1936
    • PTJ, 9 Apr. 1936, 14 May 1936, 19 Nov. 1936; International Paper Company After Fifty Years, 89-90; House Committee on the Judiciary, Study of Monopoly Power, 631.
    • (1936) PTJ
  • 161
    • 0041566083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PTJ, 9 Apr. 1936, 14 May 1936, 19 Nov. 1936; International Paper Company After Fifty Years, 89-90; House Committee on the Judiciary, Study of Monopoly Power, 631.
    • International Paper Company after Fifty Years , pp. 89-90
  • 162
    • 79956888599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PTJ, 9 Apr. 1936, 14 May 1936, 19 Nov. 1936; International Paper Company After Fifty Years, 89-90; House Committee on the Judiciary, Study of Monopoly Power, 631.
    • Study of Monopoly Power , pp. 631
  • 164
    • 0041566074 scopus 로고
    • 20 Aug. 18 Mar. 1937, 22 Apr. 1937, 13 May 1937, 12 Aug. 1937, 16 Sept.
    • PTJ, 20 Aug. 1936, 18 Mar. 1937, 22 Apr. 1937, 13 May 1937, 12 Aug. 1937, 16 Sept. 1937; "International Paper & Power," 231-2.
    • (1936) PTJ
  • 165
    • 0042568183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PTJ, 20 Aug. 1936, 18 Mar. 1937, 22 Apr. 1937, 13 May 1937, 12 Aug. 1937, 16 Sept. 1937; "International Paper & Power," 231-2.
    • International Paper & Power , pp. 231-232
  • 166
    • 0042067336 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • International Paper Company, 41st Annual Report (New York, 1939), 8-10; PTJ, 9 Feb. 1939, 4 July 1940; NYT, 14 July 1940, 25 June 1941.
    • (1939) 41st Annual Report , pp. 8-10
  • 167
    • 0041566075 scopus 로고
    • 9 Feb. 4 July
    • International Paper Company, 41st Annual Report (New York, 1939), 8-10; PTJ, 9 Feb. 1939, 4 July 1940; NYT, 14 July 1940, 25 June 1941.
    • (1939) PTJ
  • 168
    • 0042067333 scopus 로고
    • 14 July 25 June
    • International Paper Company, 41st Annual Report (New York, 1939), 8-10; PTJ, 9 Feb. 1939, 4 July 1940; NYT, 14 July 1940, 25 June 1941.
    • (1940) NYT
  • 169
    • 0041566073 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • International Paper Company, 44th Annual Report (New York, 1942), 14; PTJ, 17 June 1937, 25 Nov. 1937.
    • (1942) 44th Annual Report , pp. 14
  • 170
    • 0041566070 scopus 로고
    • 17 June 25 Nov. 1937
    • International Paper Company, 44th Annual Report (New York, 1942), 14; PTJ, 17 June 1937, 25 Nov. 1937.
    • (1937) PTJ
  • 171
    • 0042067343 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • International Paper Company, 44th Annual Report (New York, 1942); PTJ, 4 Jan. 1940.
    • (1942) 44th Annual Report
  • 172
    • 0042568167 scopus 로고
    • 4 Jan.
    • International Paper Company, 44th Annual Report (New York, 1942); PTJ, 4 Jan. 1940.
    • (1940) PTJ
  • 173
    • 69249226132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bernstein, Great Depression, 56; Annette C. Wright, "Strategy and Structure in the Textile Industry: Spence Love and Burlington Mills, 1923-1962," Business History Review 69 (Spring 1995): 56-7.
    • Great Depression , pp. 56
    • Bernstein1
  • 174
    • 69249226132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strategy and Structure in the Textile Industry: Spence Love and Burlington Mills, 1923-1962
    • Spring
    • Bernstein, Great Depression, 56; Annette C. Wright, "Strategy and Structure in the Textile Industry: Spence Love and Burlington Mills, 1923-1962," Business History Review 69 (Spring 1995): 56-7.
    • (1995) Business History Review , vol.69 , pp. 56-57
    • Wright, A.C.1
  • 175
    • 0039679891 scopus 로고
    • 2 May 19 Mar.
    • Business Week, 2 May 1977, 19 Mar. 1979; Wall Street Journal, 23 Nov. 1977; NYT, 24 Mar. 1979, 12 Oct. 1988.
    • (1977) Business Week
  • 176
    • 0042568168 scopus 로고
    • 23 Nov.
    • Business Week, 2 May 1977, 19 Mar. 1979; Wall Street Journal, 23 Nov. 1977; NYT, 24 Mar. 1979, 12 Oct. 1988.
    • (1977) Wall Street Journal
  • 177
    • 0042067332 scopus 로고
    • 24 Mar. 12 Oct.
    • Business Week, 2 May 1977, 19 Mar. 1979; Wall Street Journal, 23 Nov. 1977; NYT, 24 Mar. 1979, 12 Oct. 1988.
    • (1979) NYT

* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.