Iran's post-revolution planning: The second try

Middle East Policy

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 25-42

  Amuzegar, Jahangir ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0035611235     PISSN: 10611924     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1475-4967.00002     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. For a list of the new president's handicaps, see Hamshahri (Tehran) July 2, 2000; see also Jahingir Amuzegar, "Iran under New Management," SAIS Review. Winter-Spring 1998.
2. For a list of the new president's handicaps, see Hamshahri (Tehran) July 2, 2000; see also Jahingir Amuzegar, "Iran under New Management," SAIS Review. Winter-Spring 1998.
3. For reports on these events, see Iran Times (Washington, DC), July 21, August 11 and August 25, 2000; Geneive Abdo. "Iran's Clerics Defend the Guided Republic." The Guardian. September 4, 2000; Thomas Friedman, "Shah Khomeini," The New York Times. August 15, 2000; and "Still Banging on that Door," The Economist (London), August 5, 2000.
4. For reports on these events, see Iran Times (Washington, DC), July 21, August 11 and August 25, 2000; Geneive Abdo. "Iran's Clerics Defend the Guided Republic." The Guardian. September 4, 2000; Thomas Friedman, "Shah Khomeini," The New York Times. August 15, 2000; and "Still Banging on that Door," The Economist (London), August 5, 2000.
5. For reports on these events, see Iran Times (Washington, DC), July 21, August 11 and August 25, 2000; Geneive Abdo. "Iran's Clerics Defend the Guided Republic." The Guardian. September 4, 2000; Thomas Friedman, "Shah Khomeini," The New York Times. August 15, 2000; and "Still Banging on that Door," The Economist (London), August 5, 2000.
6. For reports on these events, see Iran Times (Washington, DC), July 21, August 11 and August 25, 2000; Geneive Abdo. "Iran's Clerics Defend the Guided Republic." The Guardian. September 4, 2000; Thomas Friedman, "Shah Khomeini," The New York Times. August 15, 2000; and "Still Banging on that Door," The Economist (London), August 5, 2000.
7. See Jahangir Amuzegar, "Nascent Democracy in Retreat," Middle East Economic Survey, November 6, 2000.
8. See Jahangir Amuzegar. "Iran's Economy and the U.S. Sanctions." The Middle East Journal, Spring 1997.
9. For a detailed analysis of the First Plan's achievements and shortcomings, see Hooshang Amirahmadi, "An Evaluation of Iran's First Development Plan," Iran Nameh, (Washington, DC: Winter-Spring 1995).
10. See Mostanadat-e Barnameh-e Sevom [Background Documents of the Third Plan] (Tehran: Plan and Budget Organization, August 1999), pp. 11-16.
11. The Law of the Second Economic, Social and Cultural Plan of the Islamic Republic of Iran (1994-99), (Tehran: Plan and Budget Organization, 1995), in Persian.
12. Mostanadat, loc. cit., p. 96. For a further discussion of incompatibilities between ambitions and possibilities, see Hamshahri, June 19 and 20, 1999.
13. Mostanadat, loc. cit., p. 96. For a further discussion of incompatibilities between ambitions and possibilities, see Hamshahri, June 19 and 20, 1999.
14. For details see UNDP, Human Development Report 1998 and 2000 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998 and 2000).
15. See "Iran, 1st Quarter Report, 2000," The Economist Intelligence Unit (London) March 2000, p. 18. For the Plan Organization's own tentative report regarding shortfalls, see Iran (Tehran), February 10, 2000, p. 13.
16. See "Iran, 1st Quarter Report, 2000," The Economist Intelligence Unit (London) March 2000, p. 18. For the Plan Organization's own tentative report regarding shortfalls, see Iran (Tehran), February 10, 2000, p. 13.
17. Mostanadat, loc. cit., pp. 20-23.
18. See Hossein Alikhani, Sanctioning Iran (London: I.B. Tauris, 2000). See also Iran Daily (Tehran), July 22, 2000; Hamshahri, July 2, 2000, and August 20, 2000, for a defense of Khatami's record.
19. See Hossein Alikhani, Sanctioning Iran (London: I.B. Tauris, 2000). See also Iran Daily (Tehran), July 22, 2000; Hamshahri, July 2, 2000, and August 20, 2000, for a defense of Khatami's record.
20. See Hossein Alikhani, Sanctioning Iran (London: I.B. Tauris, 2000). See also Iran Daily (Tehran), July 22, 2000; Hamshahri, July 2, 2000, and August 20, 2000, for a defense of Khatami's record.
21. For a discussion of this subject, see "Definition of Social Justice," Hamshahri, December 2, 1999; see also President Khatami's statement to this effect, Agence France Presse, August 5, 2000.
22. Kayhan (London), May 18, 2000; and Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA), September 20, 2000. The poverty line in the latter estimation is defined as less than $150 (RI 1,200,000) of monthly income for an urban family of five.
23. Akhbar Eqtesadi (Tehran), November 3, 1999; $Iran Report,$ Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, August 21, 2000; Iran Emrooz (Internet Bulletin), September 5, 2000; and Bahar (Tehran) July 30, 2000.
24. Akhbar Eqtesadi (Tehran), November 3, 1999; $Iran Report,$ Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, August 21, 2000; Iran Emrooz (Internet Bulletin), September 5, 2000; and Bahar (Tehran) July 30, 2000.
25. Akhbar Eqtesadi (Tehran), November 3, 1999; $Iran Report,$ Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, August 21, 2000; Iran Emrooz (Internet Bulletin), September 5, 2000; and Bahar (Tehran) July 30, 2000.
26. Akhbar Eqtesadi (Tehran), November 3, 1999; $Iran Report,$ Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, August 21, 2000; Iran Emrooz (Internet Bulletin), September 5, 2000; and Bahar (Tehran) July 30, 2000.
27. Average population growth in 1995-2000 has been officially put at 2 percent a year. Jomhouri Eslami (Tehran), October 15, 2000.
28. Kayhan, July 27, 2000; for slightly different figures confirming the same conclusion, see Gozaresh-e Eqtesadi-e 1378 [Economic Report for 1999/2000] (Tehran: Management and Planning Organization, September 2000).
29. Kayhan, July 27, 2000; for slightly different figures confirming the same conclusion, see Gozaresh-e Eqtesadi-e 1378 [Economic Report for 1999/2000] (Tehran: Management and Planning Organization, September 2000).
30. Iran Times (Washington), July 21, 2000; Bahar (Tehran), July 30, 2000; IRNA, July 19, 2000.
31. Iran Times (Washington), July 21, 2000; Bahar (Tehran), July 30, 2000; IRNA, July 19, 2000.
32. For the extent of the state role in the economy and the tax structure, see the Aban 1379 [October/November 2000] issue of Iran Economics (Tehran) featuring the subject. See also Wilfred Buchta, Who Rules Iran? (Washington, DC: Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 2000).
33. See statement by the head of the Plan Organization, Khordad (Tehran), August 25, 1999.
34. Gozaersh-e Eqtesadi-e 1378, loc. cit., pp. 117-118.
35. A large portion of "privatized" shares, however, was purchased by either nationalized banks or other government entities (e.g. the Social Security Organization). For a discussion of future privatization plans, see Hamshahri, July 18, 2000.
36. Iran, May 4, 2000.
37. Iran Emrooz, September 19, 2000.
38. Agence France Presse, September 7, 1999; and IRNA, July 26, 2000.
39. Hamshahri, May 14, 2000.
40. See Kayhan, June I, 2000; Jomhouri Eslami, October 16, 2000.
41. See Kayhan, June I, 2000; Jomhouri Eslami, October 16, 2000.
42. Jomhouri Eslami, May 30, 2000.
43. Iran, July 19, 1999.
44. Business Week (International edition), February 19, 2000; Iran Emrooz, September 10, 2000; and IRNA, December 28, 2000.
45. Business Week (International edition), February 19, 2000; Iran Emrooz, September 10, 2000; and IRNA, December 28, 2000.
46. Hamshahri, May 14, 2000; for the flawed structure of Iran's nationalized banking system, see the Azar 1379 [November/December 2000] issue of Iran Economics featuring the subject.
47. Hamshahri, November 9, 1999.
48. Kayhan, May 18, 2000; and UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2000 (Geneva, November 2000).
49. Kayhan, May 18, 2000; and UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2000 (Geneva, November 2000).
50. Hamshahri, March 16, 2000; cf. the Mehr 1379 [September/October 2000] issue of Iran Economics discussing Iran's non-oil exports.
51. Kayhan, June 22, 2000.
52. Jomhouri Eslami, September 18, 2000.
53. See statement of the agriculture minister. Hamshahri, September 5, 2000.
54. Jomhouri Eslami, October 1, 2000.
55. IRNA, September 12, 1999; Hamshahri, September 5, 2000; see also the Shahrivar 1379 [August/ September 2000] issue of Iran Economics focused on Iran's agriculture and its problems.
56. Jomhouri Eslami, July 8, 2000.
57. See Jahangir Amuzegar, "Khatami and Iranian Economic Policy at Mid-Term," The Middle East Journal, Autumn 1999.
58. By one private calculation, there were some 54 different taxes, fees and levies on industrial production, Hamshahri, September 12, 2000. See also Iran Economics, Azar 1379, p. 32.
59. By one private calculation, there were some 54 different taxes, fees and levies on industrial production, Hamshahri, September 12, 2000. See also Iran Economics, Azar 1379, p. 32.
60. Iran Emrooz, October 5, 2000. By one private estimate, Iran's economy during the post-revolution period has been managed by 2,000 interrelated individuals under the control of the same 200-300. who alternate in the various positions of leadership. See Iran Emrooz, September 5, 2000.
61. Iran Emrooz, October 5, 2000. By one private estimate, Iran's economy during the post-revolution period has been managed by 2,000 interrelated individuals under the control of the same 200-300. who alternate in the various positions of leadership. See Iran Emrooz, September 5, 2000.
62. Payvand (Internet Web), September 18, 2000: and Gozaersh-e Eqtesadi-e 1378, loc. cit., p. 191.
63. Payvand (Internet Web), September 18, 2000: and Gozaersh-e Eqtesadi-e 1378, loc. cit., p. 191.
64. Jomhouri Eslami, October 4, 2000; Hamshahri, September 16, 2000.
65. Jomhouri Eslami, October 4, 2000; Hamshahri, September 16, 2000.
66. For details see Avalin Gozaresh-Melli tosseeh Ensani ,1378, [The first National Human Development Report] (Tehran: Plan and Budget Organization, December 1999).
67. Hamshahri, November 20, 2000.