Role complexity, risk, and the emergence of trust

Boston University Law Review

Volumn 81, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 619-633

  Seligman, Adam B ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035610038     PISSN: 00068047     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Annette Baier, Trust and Antitrust, ETHICS, January 1986, 250.
2. Keith Hart Kinship, Contract and Trust: The Economic Organization of Migrants in an African City Slum, in TRUST: MAKING AND BREAKING COOPERATIVE RELATIONS 176-93 (Diego Gambetta ed., Basil Blackwell 1988).
3. See id. at 178.
4. See id. at 188.
5. See S. N. Eisenstadt, Ritualized Personal Relations, 96 MAN 90 (1956) (hypothesizing that ritualized personal relations such as blood-brotherhood act to maintain social control).
6. See LUHMAN, supra note 1, at 24-47.
7. See P.S. ATIYAH, THE RISE AND FALL OF THE FREEDOM OF CONTRACT 400 (Clarendon Press 1979) (discussing how a degree of promise breaking is more acceptable in the modern legal context).
8. For a further discussion on the role of the promise, see A.I. MELDON, RIGHTS AND PERSONS 32-54 (University of California Press 1977) (discussing the obligations created by a promise). In the modern natural law tradition, see ATIYA, supra note 8, at 140-43 (discussing the natural law movement's reestablishment of the idea of a promise possessing a binding force); see also P.S. ATITYA, PROMISES, MORALS AND LAW 429 (Clarendon Press 1981).
9. For a further discussion on the role of the promise, see A.I. MELDON, RIGHTS AND PERSONS 32-54 (University of California Press 1977) (discussing the obligations created by a promise). In the modern natural law tradition, see ATIYA, supra note 8, at 140-43 (discussing the natural law movement's reestablishment of the idea of a promise possessing a binding force); see also P.S. ATITYA, PROMISES, MORALS AND LAW 429 (Clarendon Press 1981).
10. For a further discussion on the role of the promise, see A.I. MELDON, RIGHTS AND PERSONS 32-54 (University of California Press 1977) (discussing the obligations created by a promise). In the modern natural law tradition, see ATIYA, supra note 8, at 140-43 (discussing the natural law movement's reestablishment of the idea of a promise possessing a binding force); see also P.S. ATITYA, PROMISES, MORALS AND LAW 429 (Clarendon Press 1981).
11. See Annette Baier, Postures of the Mind: Essays on Mind and Morals 174 (University of Minnesota Press 1985).
12. See EMILE BENVENISTE, INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGE AND SOCIETY 94-100 (Elizabeth Palmer trans., University of Miami Press 1969).
13. 1 MAX WEBER, ECONOMY AND SOCIETY 703 (University of California Press 1978).
14. This intangible something is that which can be "demanded;" i.e. students may demand certain behavior - or at least a certain range of behavior-from teachers, commuters from busdrivers, store-keepers from customers and so on. Note: behind the demand lies the possibility of sanctions, formal, or informal.
15. Ernest Gellner, Plough, Sword and Book: The Structure of Human History 44 (University of Chicago Press 1988).
16. In this discussion of roles I follow the nomenclature of Merton in his SOCIAL THEORY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE (Free Press 1968)
17. , which had become standard within sociological writing These usages are also followed by Rose Laub Coser who, in her IN DEFENSE OF MODERNITY: ROLE COMPLEXITY AND INDIVIDUAL AUTONOMY (Stanford University Press 1991)
18. develops arguments similar to those worked out below. There are of course other traditions that use these terms in different ways, especially within anthropological writings. Thus for example, Ward Goodenough has developed a classificatory scheme where the term "identity relation" more or less replacing Merlon's notion of "status" and "role," is used in a manner closely approximating Merton's definition of "status set." See Ward Goodenough, Rethinking 'Status' and 'Role': Towards a General Model of Cultural Organization of Social Relationships, in COGNITIVE ANTHROPOLOGY 311-30 (Stephen A. Tylor ed., Holt, Rinehart and Winston 1969).
19. For S.F. Nadel on the other hand "role" is used in a manner quite similar to Merton's use of "status." See S.F. NADEL, THE THEORY OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE (Free Press 1957). Other uses of these terms have been developed by other writers, but as Merton's definitions have become more or less standard within sociology we will abide with them.
20. For an analysis of shame see HELEN M. LYND, ON SHAME AND THE SEARCH FOR IDENTITY 26 (Harcourt Brace & World 1958).
21. Peter Berger, On the Obsolescence of the Concept of Honor, in REVISIONS: CHANGING PERSPECTIVES IN MORAL PHILOSOPHY 177 (Stanley Hauerwas & Alasdair Maclntyre eds., University of Notre Dame Press 1983).
22. Id.
23. See MARTIN BUBER, I AND THOU 127 (Walter Kaufman trans., Charles Scribner's Sons 1970) ("Of course, God is the 'wholly other;' but he is also the wholly same: the wholly present . . . he is also the mystery of the obvious that is closer to me than my own I.").
24. See GEORGE DUBY, THE KNIGHT, THE LADY AND THE PRIEST: THE MAKING OF MODERN MARRIAGE IN MEDIEVAL FRANCE 23-56 (Barbara Bray trans., Pantheon Books 1983).
25. See id.
26. See, e.g., R.M. Smith, Marriage Processes in the English Past: Some Continuities, in THE WORLD WE HAVE GAINED: HISTORIES OF POPULATION AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE 43-99 (Lloyd Bonfield et al. eds., Basil Blackwell 1986).
27. There continues a great debate among historians as to the periodization of these changes - with historians such as Shorter, Stone, Aries and Flandrin placing these developments in the eighteenth century and more contemporary historians placing these developments a good two to three centuries earlier. See ALAN MACFARLANE, THE CULTURE OF CAPITALISM 127 (Basil Blackwell 1987). Macfarlane gives a good summary of the debate between himself and other historians on the timing of these developments. See id. at 123-43.
28. See generally, 2 IRVING SINGER, THE NATURE OF LOVE 13 (University of Chicago Press 1984) (discussing the idea of love).
29. See BERNARD WILLIAMS, SHAME AND NECESSITY 21-74 (University of California Press 1993) (arguing that both human agency and intention existed in ancient Greece).
30. See Berger, supra note 17, at 179.
31. See id.
32. 3 Nicolai Hartmann, ETHICS 143 (J.H. Muirhead ed. & Stanton Coit trans., Macmillan Company 1932) (attempting to root the ethics of modernity solely on the idea of human agency on man's "self-determination").
33. See ADAM B. SELIGMAN, THE IDEA OF CIVIL SOCIETY 69 (Princeton University Press 1995) ("For these lies were defined no longer by a tradition of primordial 'giveness' (membership in a territorial or kinship collective) but by which may be termed ideological lies or . . . a shared set of beliefs.").
34. See id.
35. See Marvin B. Becker, The Emergence of Civil Society in the Eighteenth Century 69 (Indiana University Press 1994).
36. See 2 Dennis Diderot, Refutation de l'ouvrage d'Helvetius intitule L'Homme, in OEUVRES COMPLETES 382 (1975), quoted in DANIEL GORDON, CITIZENS WITHOUT SOVEREIGNTY EQUALITY AND SOCIABILITY IN FRENCH THOUGHT 1670-1789 47 (Princeton University Press 1994).
37. See 2 Dennis Diderot, Refutation de l'ouvrage d'Helvetius intitule L'Homme, in OEUVRES COMPLETES 382 (1975), quoted in DANIEL GORDON, CITIZENS WITHOUT SOVEREIGNTY EQUALITY AND SOCIABILITY IN FRENCH THOUGHT 1670-1789 47 (Princeton University Press 1994).
38. See COSER, supra note 15, at 92-93.
39. Id.
40. 3 Michael de Montaigne, Essays of Montaigne 303-04 (W. Carew Hazlitt ed. & Charles Cotton trans., A.L. Burt 1877).
41. See IAN HACKING, THE EMERGENCE OF PROBABILITY 11 (Cambridge University Press 1975) ("[A]round 1660 a lot of people independently hit on the basic probability ideas.").
42. See LORRAINE DASTON, CLASSICAL PROBABILITY IN THE ENLIGHTENMENT 58-67 (Princeton University Press 1988).
43. HACKING, supra note 36, at 11.
44. PASCAL, PENSEES 149-52 (Harmondsworth ed., Penguin Books 1966).
45. See DASTON, supra note 37, at 61-67.
46. Id. at 168.
47. See id. at 17-19.
48. Id. at 19.