On auroral dynamics observed by HF radar: 1. Equatorward edge of the afternoon-evening diffuse luminosity belt

Annales Geophysicae

Volumn 18, Issue 12, 2001, Pages 1560-1575

  Uspensky, M ^a,d   Eglitis, P ^a,b   Opgenoorth, H ^a,b   Starkov, G ^c   Pulkkinen, T ^a   Pellinen, R ^a  

^a FINNISH METEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE   (Finland)

^b SWEDISH INSTITUTE OF SPACE PHYSICS   (Sweden)

^c POLAR GEOPHYSICAL INSTITUTE   (Russian Federation)

^d MURMANSK STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY   (Russian Federation)

Author keywords

Ionsophere (ionospheric irregularities); Magnetospheric physics (auroral phenomena; magnetosphere ionosphere interactions)

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035608433     PISSN: 09927689     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s005850000294     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Anger, C. D., and A. T. Y. Lui, A global view of the polar region on 18 December 1971, Planet Space Sci., 21, 873-878, 1973.
2. Bagaryatsky, B. A., Auroral radar echoes, Uspehi Phys. Nauk, 63, 197-241 (in Russian), 1961.
3. Bates, H. F., Direct HF backscatter from the F region, J. Geophys. Res., 65, 1993-2002, 1960.
4. Bates, H. F., The slant Es echo - a high-frequency auroral echo, J. Geophys. Res., 66, 447-454, 1961.
5. Bates, H. F., Some effects of dense Es clouds on high-latitude HF backscatter observation, J. Geophys. Res., 70, 5895-5905, 1965.
6. Bates, H. F., A. E. Belon, G. J. Romick, and W. J. Stringer, Continuous observation of the auroral belt by means of radio, Nature, 207, 1081-1082, 1965.
7. Bates, H. F., A. E. Belon, G. J. Romick, and W. J. Stringer, On the correlation of optical and radio auroras, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 28, 439-446, 1966.
8. Bates, H. F., R. D. Sharp, A. E. Belon, and J. S. Boyd, Spatial relationship between HF radar aurora, optical aurora and electron precipitation, Planet Space Sci., 17, 83-95, 1969.
9. de la Beaujadiere, O., R. Vondrak, and M. Baron, Radar observations of electric fields and currents associated with auroral arcs, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 5051-5062, 1977.
10. Ecklund, W. L., and R. S. Unwin, Magnetically conjugate observations of the radio aurora, Nature, 232, 54-56, 1971.
11. Egeland, A., Scattering of radio waves from auroral ionisation, in: Cosmical geophysics, Eds. Egeland, A., O. Holter, and A. Omholt, Scandinavian University Books, Munksgaard, Copenhagen, 311-325, 1973.
12. Farley, D. T., W. E. Swartz, D. L. Hysell, and C. Ronchi, High-resolution radar observations of day-time kilometer wave structure in the equatorial electrojet, J. Geophys. Res, 99, 299-307, 1994.
13. Fejer, B. G., and M. C. Kelley, Ionospheric irregularities, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 18(2), 401-454, 1980.
14. Feldstein, Y. I., and G. V. Starkov, Dynamics of auroral belt and polar geomagnetic disturbances, Planet Space Sci., 15, 209-229, 1967.
15. Folkestad, K., T. Hagfors, and S. Westerlund, EISCAT: an updated description of technical characteristics and operational capabilities, Radio Sci., 18, 867-879, 1983.
16. Gadsden, M., On the association of "auroral" radar echoes with aurora, Planet. Space Sci., 15, 693-700, 1967.
17. Galperin, Y. I., J. Cranier, and Y. V. Lisakov et al., Diffuse auroral zone. 1. The model of equalorward diffuse auroral electron precipitation boundary in the evening and afternoon sectors, Kosmich. Issled., 15, 421-433, 1977.
18. Georgio, N. V., J. Cranier, J.-A. Sauvand, and V. M. Sinitsin, Diffuse auroral zone. 3. The comparison of the diffuse auroral boundary with plasmapause location during the magnetic storms on February 16 and 17, 1972, Kosmich. Issled., 16, 937-942, 1978.
19. Grabowski, R., C. Hanuise, E. Nielsen, J.-P. Villain, and H. Wolf, Simultaneous measurements of the ionospheric electric field by probe and radar method, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 47, 41-48, 1985.
20. Greenwald, R. A., W. L. Ecklund, and B. B. Balsley, Auroral currents, irregularities and luminosity, J. Geophys. Res., 78, 8193-8203, 1973.
21. Greenwald, R. A., W. L. Ecklund, and B. B. Balsley, Radar observations of auroral electrojet currents, J. Geophys. Res., 80, 3635-3641, 1975.
22. Greenwald, R. A., K. B. Baker, and J.-P. Villain, Initial studies of small-scale F region irregularities at very high latitudes, Radio Sci., 18, 1122-1132, 1983.
23. Greenwald, R. A., K. B. Baker, R. Hutchins, and C. Hanuise, An HF phased-array for studying small-scale structure in high-latitude ionosphere, Radio Sci., 20, 63-79, 1985.
24. Greenwald, R. A., K. B. Baker, J. R. Dudeney, M. Pinnock, T. B. Jones, E. C. Thomas, J.-P. Villain, J.-C. Cerisier, C. Senior, C. Hanuice, R. D. Hunsucker, G. Sofko, J. Koehler, E. Nielsen, R. Pellinen, A. D. M. Walker, N. Sato, and H. Vamagishi, DARN/ SUPERDARN, Space Sci. Rev., 71, 761-796, 1995.
25. Gussenhoven, M. S., D. A. Hardy, and W. J. Burke, DMSP/F2 electron observation of equatorward auroral boundary and their relationship to magnetospheric electric fields, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 768-778, 1981.
26. Gussenhoven, M. S., D. A. Hardy, and N. Heinemann, Systematics of the equatorward diffuse auroral boundary, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 5692-5704, 1983.
27. Hall, G. E., J. W. MacDougal, D. R. Moorcroft, J.-P. St-Maurice, A. H. Manson, and C. E. Meek, Super dual auroral radar network observation of meteor echoes. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 14 603-14614, 1997.
28. Herlofson, N., Interpretation of radio echoes from polar aurora, Nature, 160, 867-868, 1947.
29. Holzworth, R. H., and C.-I. Meng, Mathematical representation of auroral oval, Geophys. Res. Lett., 2, 377-380, 1975.
30. Hultqvist, B., and A. Egeland, Radio aurora, Space Sci. Rev., 3, 27-78, 1964.
31. Ivanov, V. E., A. S. Kirillov, M. V. Mal'kov, T. I. Sergienko, and G. V. Starkov, The auroral oval boundaries and planetary model of luminous intensity, Geomagn. Aeron., 33(5), 630-636 (in English), 1993.
32. Karlsson, S. B. P., H. J. Opgenoorth, P. Eglitis, K. Kauristie, M. Syrjäsuo, T. Pulkkinen, M. Lockwood, R. Nakamura, G. Reeves, and S. Romanov, Solar wind control of magnetospheric energy content: Substorm quenching and multiple onsets, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 5335-5356, 2000.
33. Knox, F. B., A contribution to the theory of the production of field-aligned ionisation irregularities in equatorial electrojet, J. atmos. Terr. Phys., 26, 239-249, 1964.
34. Kustov, A., M. Uspensky, J. Kangas, A. Huuskonen, and E. Nielsen, On the threshold electric field for the 1-m auroral irregularity appearance, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 12 043-12 048, 1989.
35. Lui, A. T. Y., P. Perreault, S.-J. Akasofu, and C. D. Anger, The diffuse aurora, Planet. Space Sci., 21, 857-861, 1973.
36. Lui, A. T. Y., C.-J. Meng, and S. Ismail, Large amplitude undulation on the equatorward boundary of the diffuse aurora, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 2385-2400, 1982.
37. Liou, K., P. T. Newell, C.-I. Meng, M. Brittnacher, and G. Parks, Synoptic auroral distribution: a survey using Polar ultraviolet imagery, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 27 197-27 205, 1997.
38. Mattin, N., and T. B. Jones, Propagation angle dependence of radar auroral E-region irregularities, J. Atmos. Ter. Phys., 49, 115-121, 1987.
39. Milan, S. E., T. B. Jones, T. R. Robinson, E. C. Thomas, and T. K. Yeoman, Interferometric evidence for the observation of ground backscatter originating behind the CUTLASS coherent HF radars, Ann. Geophysicae, 15, 29-39, 1997.
40. Milan, S. E., T. K. Yeoman, M. Lester, E. C. Thomas, and T. B. Jones, Initial backscatter occurrence statistics from the CUTLASS HF radars, Ann. Geophysicae, 15, 703-718, 1997.
41. Milan, S. E., T. K. Yeoman, and M. Lester, The dayside auroral zone as a hard target for coherent HF radars, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3717-3720, 1998.
42. Milan, S. E., M. Lester, S. W. H. Cowley, J. Moen, P. E. Sandholt, and C. J. Owen, Meridian-scanning photometer, coherent HF radar, and magnetometer observations of the cusp: a case study, Ann. Geophysicae, 17, 159-172, 1999.
43. Moller, H. G., Backscatter results from Lindau, II, The movements of curtains of intense irregularities in the polar F layer, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 36, 1487-1501, 1974.
44. Pudovkin, M. I., S. A. Zaitseva, T. A. Kornilova, and R. I. Pellinen, Auroral dynamics in the equatorward edge ot the auroral zone, Geomagn, Aeron., 35(3), 339-344 (in English), 1995.
45. Rino, C. L., R. C. Livingston, R. T. Tsunoda, R. M. Robinson, J. F. Vickrey, C. Senior, M. D. Cousins, J. Owen, and J. A. Klobuchar, Recent studies of the structure and morphology of auroral zone F region irregularities, Radio Sci., 18, 1167-1180, 1983.
46. Rodger, A. S., S. B. Mende, T. J. Rosenberg, and K. B. Baker, Simultaneous optical and HF radar observations of the ionospheric cusp, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 2045-2048, 1995.
47. Senior, C., R. M. Robinson, and T. Potemra, Relationship between field-aligned currents, diffuse auroral precipitation and westward electrojet in early morning sector, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 10 469-10477, 1982.
48. Slater, D. W., L. L. Smith, and E. W. Kleckner, Correlated observations of equatorward diffuse auroral boundary, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 531-542, 1980.
49. Starkov, G. V., Mathematical model of the auroral boundaries, Geomagn. Aeron., 34(3), 331-336 (in English), 1994.
50. Starkov, G. V., and M. V. Uspensky, Substorm in radio aurora, Geomagn. Aeron., 28(5), 662-665 (in English), 1988.
51. Syrjäsuo, M., New Finnish all-sky cameras, in Proceedings of the 24th Optical Meeting in Andenes, Norway, 1997.
52. Tsunoda, R. T., High-latitude F region irregularities: a review and synthesis, Rev. Geophys., 26(4), 719-760, 1988.
53. Tsunoda, R. T., and E. J. Fremouw, Radar auroral substorm signatures: 2. East-west motion, J. Geophys. Res., 81(A34), 6159-6168, 1976.
54. Tsunoda, R. T., R. I. Presnell, R. L. Leadabrand, Radar auroral echo characteristics as seen by 398 MHz phase array radar operated at Homer, Alaska, J. Geophys. Res., 79, 4709-4724, 1974.
55. Tsunoda, R. T., R. I. Presnell, Y. Kamide, and S.-I. Akasofu, Relationship of radar aurora, visual aurora and auroral electrojets in the evening sector, J. Geophys. Res., 81, 6005-6015, 1976.
56. Unwin, R. S., and C. Cummack, Drift spikes: The ionospheric signatures of large poleward directed electric fields at subauroral latitudes, Mem. Nat. Inst. Polar Res., Tokyo, 16, 72-83, 1980.
57. Uspensky, M. V., R. A. Greenwald, K. Kaila, A. V. Kustov, R. J. Pellinen, E. V. Pudovkina, O. M. Raspopov, and G. V. Starkov, Eastward radar aurora and auroral loop motion in the morning sector, in Studies of the high-latitude ionosphere and magnetosphere, Nauka, Leningrad, 41-55 (in Russian), 1982.
58. Uspensky, M. V., R. J. Pellinen, W. Baumjohann, G. V. Starkov, E. Nielsen, G. Sofko, and K. Kaila, Spatial variations of ionospheric conductivity and radar auroral amplitude in the eastward electrojet region during pre-substorm condition, J. Geophys., 52, 40-48, 1983.
59. Uspensky, M. V., and G. V. Starkov, Aurora and auroral radar backscatter, Nauka, Leningrad, 239 (in Russian), 1987.
60. Uspensky, M. V., and P. J. S. Williams, The amplitude of auroral backscatter-1. Model estimates of the dependence on electron density, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 50, 73-79, 1988.
61. Uspensky, M. V., G. V. Starkov, O. Aulamo, and K. Kaila, Breakup signatures in the VHF auroral radar backscatter and optical emissions, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Substorms, Kiruna, ESA SP-335, 337-342, 1992.
62. Uspensky, M. V., A. V. Kustov, G. J. Sofko, J. A. Koehler, J.-P. Villain, C. Hanuice, J. M. Ruohoniemi, and P. J. S. Williams, Ionospheric refraction effects in slant range profiles of auroral HF coherent echoes. Radio Sci., 29(2), 503-517, 1994.
63. Villain, J.-P., R. A. Greenwald, K. B. Baker, and J. M. Ruohoniemi, HF radar observations of E layer plasma irregularities produced by oblique electron streaming, J. Geophys. Res., 92(A11), 12 327-12 342, 1987.
64. Weber, E. J., R. T. Tsunoda, J. Buchau, R. E. Sheehan, D. J. Strickland, W. Writing, and J. G. Moore, Coordinated measurements of auroral zone plasma enhancements, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 6497-6513, 1985.
65. Yeoman, T. K., M. Lester, S. W. H. Cowley, S. E. Milan, J. Moen, and P. E. Sandholt. Simultaneous observation of the cusp in optical, DMSP and HF Radar data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 2251-2254, 1997.