Effects of turkey breeder hen age, strain, and length of the incubation period on survival of embryos and hatchlings

Journal of Applied Poultry Research

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 5-15

  Christensen, V L ^a   Grimes, J L ^a   Wineland, M J ^a   Bagley, L G ^b  

^a NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Tarheel Turkey Hatchery   (United States)

Author keywords

Commercial hatchery; Conductance; Hatchability; Turkey

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035606467     PISSN: 10566171     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/japr/10.1.5     Document Type: Article

References (12)

1. Ar, A. and H. Rahn, 1978. Interdependence of gas conductance, incubation length, and weight of the avian egg. Pages 227-236 In: Respiratory Function in Birds, Adult and Embryonic. J. Piiper, Ed. Springer-Verlag, Hamburg, Germany.
2. Tullett, S.G., 1981. Theoretical and practical aspects of eggshell porosity. Turkeys 29:24-28.
3. The conductance constant (k) is defined as (Equation Presented) where k = 5.13, G = eggshell conductance in milligrams of water vapor lost per day per millimeters of Hg of pressure gradient across the shell [inside pressure (saturation) -outside pressure (incubator humidity vapor pressure)], I = incubation period in days, and W = egg weight in grams. For example, if G = 17 and W = 90 g, which are average values for turkeys eggs, then (Equation Presented)
4. Christensen, V.L., W.E. Donaldson, and K.E. Nestor, 1999. Eggshell conductance constants and the length of the incubation period affect survival of turkey embryos. Poult. Sci. 77(Suppl. 1):78 (Abstr.).
5. Christensen, V.L., W.E. Donaldson, and K.E. Nestor, 1999. Effect of genetics and maternal dietary iodide supplementation on turkey embryonic growth. Poult. Sci. 78:883-889.
6. Jamesway Super J. Model, Jamesway Incubator Co., 756 Bishop St., Cambridge, Ontario, Canada N2E 1B3.
7. Dreiling, D.E., D.E. Brown, L. Casale, and L. Kelly, 1987. Muscle glycogen: Comparison of iodine binding and enzyme digestion assays and application to meat samples. Meat Sci. 20:167-177.
8. Donaldson, W.E. and V.L. Christensen, 1991. Dietary carbohydrate levels and glucose metabolism in turkey poults. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 98A:347-350.
9. SAS Institute, 1998. SAS/STAT Guide for Personal Computers. 8th ed. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.
10. Applegate, T.J. and M.S. Lilburn, 1996. Independent effects of hen age and egg size on incubation and poult characteristics in commercial turkeys. Poult. Sci. 75:1210-1216.
11. Christensen, V.L., W.E. Donaldson, and J.P. McMurtry, 1996. Physiological differences in late embryos from turkey breeders at different ages. Poult. Sci. 75:172-178.
12. Ricklefs, R.E. and M.J. Starck, 1998. Embryonic growth and development. Pages 31-58 In: Avian Growth and Development. Oxford University Press, New York, NY.