Relationship building as integral to British activism: Its impact on accountability in broadcasting

Public Relations Review

Volumn 27, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 421-436

  Kovacs, Rachel ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HARTFORD   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035605761     PISSN: 03638111     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0363-8111(01)00098-4     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Michael Karlberg, "Remembering the public in public relations research: From theoretical to operational symmetry," Journal of Public Relations Research 8 (1996), pp. 263-278.
2. Glen M. Broom, Shawna Casey & J. Ritchey. "Toward a concept and theory of organization-public relationships," Journal of Public Relations Research 9 (1997), pp. 83-98.
3. James E. Grunig, Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management, (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1992).
4. See, for example, Glen M. Broom et al., op. cit.; also see Yi-Hui Huang, Public Relations Strategies, Relational Outcomes, and Conflict Management Strategies, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, College of Journalism, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 1997.
5. See, for example, Glen M. Broom et al., op. cit.; also see Yi-Hui Huang, Public Relations Strategies, Relational Outcomes, and Conflict Management Strategies, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, College of Journalism, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 1997.
6. Denis McQuail, Mass Communication Theory: An Introduction, (London: Sage, 1994); see also Nicholas Garnham, "The media and the public sphere," In Craig Calhoun (ed.), Habermas and the Public Sphere (London: MIT Press, 1994), p. 359-376.
7. Denis McQuail, Mass Communication Theory: An Introduction, (London: Sage, 1994); see also Nicholas Garnham, "The media and the public sphere," In Craig Calhoun (ed.), Habermas and the Public Sphere (London: MIT Press, 1994), p. 359-376.
8. Jay G. Blumler (ed.), Television in the Public Interest, (London: Sage, 1992); also see James Curran & Jean Seaton, Power Without Responsibility: The Press and Broadcasting in Britain, (London: Routledge, 1991).
9. Jay G. Blumler (ed.), Television in the Public Interest, (London: Sage, 1992); also see James Curran & Jean Seaton, Power Without Responsibility: The Press and Broadcasting in Britain, (London: Routledge, 1991).
10. Jay G. Blumler, op. cit.
11. Booz.Allen & Hamilton, The Changing Environment for UK Broadcasters and its Economic Implications, (London: ITVA, 1993); See also, for example, Tim Congdon, Andrew Graham, Damian Green, & Bill Robinson. The Cross Media Revolution: Ownership and Control, (London: John Libbey, 1995).
12. Booz.Allen & Hamilton, The Changing Environment for UK Broadcasters and its Economic Implications, (London: ITVA, 1993); See also, for example, Tim Congdon, Andrew Graham, Damian Green, & Bill Robinson. The Cross Media Revolution: Ownership and Control, (London: John Libbey, 1995).
13. Colin Sparks & Anna Reading, "Understanding media change in East Central Europe," Media, Culture and Society 16 (1994) pp. 243-270.
14. Prime Minister's Office, Raising the Standard: Britain's Citizens' Charter and Public Service Reforms, (London: HMSO, 1992).
15. See, for example, Naomi Sargant, Broadcasting Policy: Listening to the Consumer, (London: Consumers' Association, 1992).
16. Michael Karlberg, op.cit., p.272.
17. James E. Grunig, op.cit.
18. Pamela Shoemaker, "Public relations versus journalism?" American Behavioral Scientist 33 (1989), p. 272.
19. James E. Grunig, op.cit.; Broom et al., op. cit.; John A. Ledingham & Steven D. Bruning, Community relations and relationshp dimensions: Measuring the impact of a managed communication program, Paper presented to the First International, Interdisciplinary Research Conference sponsored by the PRSA Educators' Academy, College Park, MD, June 1998.
20. James E. Grunig, op.cit.; Broom et al., op. cit.; John A. Ledingham & Steven D. Bruning, Community relations and relationshp dimensions: Measuring the impact of a managed communication program, Paper presented to the First International, Interdisciplinary Research Conference sponsored by the PRSA Educators' Academy, College Park, MD, June 1998.
21. James E. Grunig, op.cit.; Broom et al., op. cit.; John A. Ledingham & Steven D. Bruning, Community relations and relationshp dimensions: Measuring the impact of a managed communication program, Paper presented to the First International, Interdisciplinary Research Conference sponsored by the PRSA Educators' Academy, College Park, MD, June 1998.
22. See Roger Fisher & Scott Brown, Getting Together: Building Relationships as we Negotiate, (New York: Penguin Books, 1989); Roger Fisher, William Ury, & Bruce Patton, Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In, (New York: Penguin Books, 1991); see also William Ury, Getting Past No: Negotiating Your Way from Confrontation to Cooperation, (New York: Bantam Book, 1993).
23. See Roger Fisher & Scott Brown, Getting Together: Building Relationships as we Negotiate, (New York: Penguin Books, 1989); Roger Fisher, William Ury, & Bruce Patton, Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In, (New York: Penguin Books, 1991); see also William Ury, Getting Past No: Negotiating Your Way from Confrontation to Cooperation, (New York: Bantam Book, 1993).
24. See Roger Fisher & Scott Brown, Getting Together: Building Relationships as we Negotiate, (New York: Penguin Books, 1989); Roger Fisher, William Ury, & Bruce Patton, Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In, (New York: Penguin Books, 1991); see also William Ury, Getting Past No: Negotiating Your Way from Confrontation to Cooperation, (New York: Bantam Book, 1993).
25. Katherine C. Montgomery, Target Prime Time: Advocacy Groups and the Struggle over Entertainment Television, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989).
26. Related literatures, principally, those of political science-for example, Jeremy J. Richardson (ed.), Pressure Groups, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993); Francis G. Castles, Pressure Groups and Political Culture: A Comparative Study, (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1967); Samuel E. Finer, The Anonymous Empire, (London: The Pall Mall Press, 1958); George K. Wilson, Interest Groups, (London: Basil Blackwell, 1990) - and sociology- Sidney G. Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action, and Politics, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) as well as Dieter Rucht (ed.), Research on Social Movements: The State of the Art in Western Europe and the U.S.A., (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991)- have helped to explain how activist mobilize and implement campaigns within the British and other Western systems, An "activist" or "pressure" group has been alternatively described as "interest group," "advocacy group," and "social movement," all of which relate to "collective action," as explicated by Mancur Olson, Jr., The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups, (1971); Neil J. Smelser, Theory of Collective Behavior, (New York: The Free Press, 1962); and Sidney Tarrow, op. cit.
27. Related literatures, principally, those of political science-for example, Jeremy J. Richardson (ed.), Pressure Groups, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993); Francis G. Castles, Pressure Groups and Political Culture: A Comparative Study, (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1967); Samuel E. Finer, The Anonymous Empire, (London: The Pall Mall Press, 1958); George K. Wilson, Interest Groups, (London: Basil Blackwell, 1990) - and sociology- Sidney G. Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action, and Politics, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) as well as Dieter Rucht (ed.), Research on Social Movements: The State of the Art in Western Europe and the U.S.A., (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991)- have helped to explain how activist mobilize and implement campaigns within the British and other Western systems, An "activist" or "pressure" group has been alternatively described as "interest group," "advocacy group," and "social movement," all of which relate to "collective action," as explicated by Mancur Olson, Jr., The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups, (1971); Neil J. Smelser, Theory of Collective Behavior, (New York: The Free Press, 1962); and Sidney Tarrow, op. cit.
28. Related literatures, principally, those of political science-for example, Jeremy J. Richardson (ed.), Pressure Groups, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993); Francis G. Castles, Pressure Groups and Political Culture: A Comparative Study, (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1967); Samuel E. Finer, The Anonymous Empire, (London: The Pall Mall Press, 1958); George K. Wilson, Interest Groups, (London: Basil Blackwell, 1990) - and sociology- Sidney G. Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action, and Politics, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) as well as Dieter Rucht (ed.), Research on Social Movements: The State of the Art in Western Europe and the U.S.A., (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991)- have helped to explain how activist mobilize and implement campaigns within the British and other Western systems, An "activist" or "pressure" group has been alternatively described as "interest group," "advocacy group," and "social movement," all of which relate to "collective action," as explicated by Mancur Olson, Jr., The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups, (1971); Neil J. Smelser, Theory of Collective Behavior, (New York: The Free Press, 1962); and Sidney Tarrow, op. cit.
29. Related literatures, principally, those of political science-for example, Jeremy J. Richardson (ed.), Pressure Groups, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993); Francis G. Castles, Pressure Groups and Political Culture: A Comparative Study, (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1967); Samuel E. Finer, The Anonymous Empire, (London: The Pall Mall Press, 1958); George K. Wilson, Interest Groups, (London: Basil Blackwell, 1990) - and sociology- Sidney G. Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action, and Politics, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) as well as Dieter Rucht (ed.), Research on Social Movements: The State of the Art in Western Europe and the U.S.A., (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991)- have helped to explain how activist mobilize and implement campaigns within the British and other Western systems, An "activist" or "pressure" group has been alternatively described as "interest group," "advocacy group," and "social movement," all of which relate to "collective action," as explicated by Mancur Olson, Jr., The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups, (1971); Neil J. Smelser, Theory of Collective Behavior, (New York: The Free Press, 1962); and Sidney Tarrow, op. cit.
30. Related literatures, principally, those of political science-for example, Jeremy J. Richardson (ed.), Pressure Groups, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993); Francis G. Castles, Pressure Groups and Political Culture: A Comparative Study, (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1967); Samuel E. Finer, The Anonymous Empire, (London: The Pall Mall Press, 1958); George K. Wilson, Interest Groups, (London: Basil Blackwell, 1990) - and sociology- Sidney G. Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action, and Politics, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) as well as Dieter Rucht (ed.), Research on Social Movements: The State of the Art in Western Europe and the U.S.A., (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991)- have helped to explain how activist mobilize and implement campaigns within the British and other Western systems, An "activist" or "pressure" group has been alternatively described as "interest group," "advocacy group," and "social movement," all of which relate to "collective action," as explicated by Mancur Olson, Jr., The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups, (1971); Neil J. Smelser, Theory of Collective Behavior, (New York: The Free Press, 1962); and Sidney Tarrow, op. cit.
31. Related literatures, principally, those of political science-for example, Jeremy J. Richardson (ed.), Pressure Groups, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993); Francis G. Castles, Pressure Groups and Political Culture: A Comparative Study, (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1967); Samuel E. Finer, The Anonymous Empire, (London: The Pall Mall Press, 1958); George K. Wilson, Interest Groups, (London: Basil Blackwell, 1990) - and sociology- Sidney G. Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action, and Politics, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) as well as Dieter Rucht (ed.), Research on Social Movements: The State of the Art in Western Europe and the U.S.A., (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991)- have helped to explain how activist mobilize and implement campaigns within the British and other Western systems, An "activist" or "pressure" group has been alternatively described as "interest group," "advocacy group," and "social movement," all of which relate to "collective action," as explicated by Mancur Olson, Jr., The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups, (1971); Neil J. Smelser, Theory of Collective Behavior, (New York: The Free Press, 1962); and Sidney Tarrow, op. cit.
32. Related literatures, principally, those of political science-for example, Jeremy J. Richardson (ed.), Pressure Groups, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993); Francis G. Castles, Pressure Groups and Political Culture: A Comparative Study, (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1967); Samuel E. Finer, The Anonymous Empire, (London: The Pall Mall Press, 1958); George K. Wilson, Interest Groups, (London: Basil Blackwell, 1990) - and sociology- Sidney G. Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action, and Politics, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) as well as Dieter Rucht (ed.), Research on Social Movements: The State of the Art in Western Europe and the U.S.A., (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991)- have helped to explain how activist mobilize and implement campaigns within the British and other Western systems, An "activist" or "pressure" group has been alternatively described as "interest group," "advocacy group," and "social movement," all of which relate to "collective action," as explicated by Mancur Olson, Jr., The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups, (1971); Neil J. Smelser, Theory of Collective Behavior, (New York: The Free Press, 1962); and Sidney Tarrow, op. cit.
33. Related literatures, principally, those of political science-for example, Jeremy J. Richardson (ed.), Pressure Groups, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993); Francis G. Castles, Pressure Groups and Political Culture: A Comparative Study, (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1967); Samuel E. Finer, The Anonymous Empire, (London: The Pall Mall Press, 1958); George K. Wilson, Interest Groups, (London: Basil Blackwell, 1990) - and sociology- Sidney G. Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action, and Politics, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) as well as Dieter Rucht (ed.), Research on Social Movements: The State of the Art in Western Europe and the U.S.A., (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991)- have helped to explain how activist mobilize and implement campaigns within the British and other Western systems, An "activist" or "pressure" group has been alternatively described as "interest group," "advocacy group," and "social movement," all of which relate to "collective action," as explicated by Mancur Olson, Jr., The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups, (1971); Neil J. Smelser, Theory of Collective Behavior, (New York: The Free Press, 1962); and Sidney Tarrow, op. cit.
34. Related literatures, principally, those of political science-for example, Jeremy J. Richardson (ed.), Pressure Groups, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993); Francis G. Castles, Pressure Groups and Political Culture: A Comparative Study, (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1967); Samuel E. Finer, The Anonymous Empire, (London: The Pall Mall Press, 1958); George K. Wilson, Interest Groups, (London: Basil Blackwell, 1990) - and sociology- Sidney G. Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action, and Politics, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) as well as Dieter Rucht (ed.), Research on Social Movements: The State of the Art in Western Europe and the U.S.A., (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991)- have helped to explain how activist mobilize and implement campaigns within the British and other Western systems, An "activist" or "pressure" group has been alternatively described as "interest group," "advocacy group," and "social movement," all of which relate to "collective action," as explicated by Mancur Olson, Jr., The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups, (1971); Neil J. Smelser, Theory of Collective Behavior, (New York: The Free Press, 1962); and Sidney Tarrow, op. cit.
35. Denis McQuail, op. cit.
36. See Richard G. Kimber & Jeremy J. Richardson, Pressure Groups in Britain, (London: Dent and Co, 1974). Norman Lewis, "Corporatism and accountability: The democratic dilemma," In Colin Crouch and Ronald Dore (eds.), Corporatism and Accountability (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990), pp. 63-101. They identified an activist group as ". . . voluntary association, protective group. . . exclusive group. . . " (p.1). British political science literature predominantly has used the term "pressure group," which, according to Francis G. Castles, op.cit., has negative connotations, or, as per Samuel E. Finer, op. cit., the threat of sanctions. types of social movements described by Sidney Tarrow, op. cit., Hank Johnston & Bert Klandermans, Social Movements and Culture, (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995) and Rucht, op.cit., while more grass-roots, could hardly be related to the small, sparsely-staffed organizations in my study.
37. See Richard G. Kimber & Jeremy J. Richardson, Pressure Groups in Britain, (London: Dent and Co, 1974). Norman Lewis, "Corporatism and accountability: The democratic dilemma," In Colin Crouch and Ronald Dore (eds.), Corporatism and Accountability (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990), pp. 63-101. They identified an activist group as ". . . voluntary association, protective group. . . exclusive group. . . " (p.1). British political science literature predominantly has used the term "pressure group," which, according to Francis G. Castles, op.cit., has negative connotations, or, as per Samuel E. Finer, op. cit., the threat of sanctions. types of social movements described by Sidney Tarrow, op. cit., Hank Johnston & Bert Klandermans, Social Movements and Culture, (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995) and Rucht, op.cit., while more grass-roots, could hardly be related to the small, sparsely-staffed organizations in my study.
38. The literature stressed pressure group-government interaction, with the exception of Paul K. Wapner, Politics beyond the state: Environmental activism and world civic politics, World Politics, 47 (1995), pp. 311-341. This often did not fit with the tactics of the pressure groups studied here.
39. Political scientists have focused on accountability, largely with respect to corporatism-the cooperative relationship between government and certain interest groups. See Norman Lewis, op. cit., and Clive S. Thomas, "Interest groups in western democracies: Contemporary characteristics and future directions," In Clive S. Thomas (ed.), First World Interest Groups: A Comparative Perspective (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1993) pp.217-230.
40. Political scientists have focused on accountability, largely with respect to corporatism-the cooperative relationship between government and certain interest groups. See Norman Lewis, op. cit., and Clive S. Thomas, "Interest groups in western democracies: Contemporary characteristics and future directions," In Clive S. Thomas (ed.), First World Interest Groups: A Comparative Perspective (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1993) pp.217-230.
41. Jeffrey M. Berry, Lobbying for the People: The Political Behavior of Public Interest Groups, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977).
42. Janet Fulk, Andrew J. Flanagan, Michael E. Kalman, Peter R. Monge, & Timothy Ryan, "Connective and communal public goods in interactive communication systems," Communication Theory, 6 (1996), pp. 60-87.
43. Brian M. Barry, B. & Russell Hardin, Rational Man and Irrational Society, (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1982).
44. See Phil Harris, "Pressure groups and protest," Politics 17 (1982), pp. 111-120; see also Phil Harris and Silke Ziegler, Smoke gets in your eyes: The missing link, lobbying, Paper presented to the Marketing Education Group Conference, University of Strathclyde, Scotland, 1992, July; and Kevin Moloney, Lobbyists for Hire, (Aldershot, UK: Dartmouth, 1996).
45. See Phil Harris, "Pressure groups and protest," Politics 17 (1982), pp. 111-120; see also Phil Harris and Silke Ziegler, Smoke gets in your eyes: The missing link, lobbying, Paper presented to the Marketing Education Group Conference, University of Strathclyde, Scotland, 1992, July; and Kevin Moloney, Lobbyists for Hire, (Aldershot, UK: Dartmouth, 1996).
46. See Phil Harris, "Pressure groups and protest," Politics 17 (1982), pp. 111-120; see also Phil Harris and Silke Ziegler, Smoke gets in your eyes: The missing link, lobbying, Paper presented to the Marketing Education Group Conference, University of Strathclyde, Scotland, 1992, July; and Kevin Moloney, Lobbyists for Hire, (Aldershot, UK: Dartmouth, 1996).
47. Wyn Grant, Pressure Groups, Politics and Democracy in Britain (Hemel Hempstead, Herts., UK: Philip Allan, 1989); and Paul F. Whiteley & Stephen J. Winyard, Pressure for the Poor, (London: Methuen, 1989).
48. Wyn Grant, Pressure Groups, Politics and Democracy in Britain (Hemel Hempstead, Herts., UK: Philip Allan, 1989); and Paul F. Whiteley & Stephen J. Winyard, Pressure for the Poor, (London: Methuen, 1989).
49. See Judith B. Rosener, "User-oriented evaluation: A new way to view citizen participation," Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 17 (1983), pp. 583-596, as well as Wyn Grant, op. cit. and Whiteley and Winyard, op. cit., for perspectives on effectiveness that originate in other disciplines.
50. See Judith B. Rosener, "User-oriented evaluation: A new way to view citizen participation," Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 17 (1983), pp. 583-596, as well as Wyn Grant, op. cit. and Whiteley and Winyard, op. cit., for perspectives on effectiveness that originate in other disciplines.
51. See Judith B. Rosener, "User-oriented evaluation: A new way to view citizen participation," Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 17 (1983), pp. 583-596, as well as Wyn Grant, op. cit. and Whiteley and Winyard, op. cit., for perspectives on effectiveness that originate in other disciplines.
52. Stephen P. Robbins, Organization Theory: Structure, Design and Applications, (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1990).
53. See Scott M. Cutlip, Allen H. Center, & Glen M. Broom, Effective Public Relations (7th Ed.)," (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1994); Allen H. Center & Patrick Jackson Public Relations Practice: Managerial Case Studies and Problems (5th Ed.)," (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1995); and also Broom et al., op. cit.
54. See Scott M. Cutlip, Allen H. Center, & Glen M. Broom, Effective Public Relations (7th Ed.)," (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1994); Allen H. Center & Patrick Jackson Public Relations Practice: Managerial Case Studies and Problems (5th Ed.)," (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1995); and also Broom et al., op. cit.
55. See Scott M. Cutlip, Allen H. Center, & Glen M. Broom, Effective Public Relations (7th Ed.)," (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1994); Allen H. Center & Patrick Jackson Public Relations Practice: Managerial Case Studies and Problems (5th Ed.)," (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1995); and also Broom et al., op. cit.
56. Mancur Olson, Jr., op. cit.
57. Jeremy Mitchell, Letter Concerning Differences in Politics and Governmental Structures between U.K. and U.S., " (Sent via fax 12/2/96)
58. See Andrew Culf, "BBC faces upheaval in labor plan," The Guardian, 1, 1/22/97(a); as well as Andrew Culf, "Retreat by Cunningham: Leadership disowns radical scheme to restructure BBC," The Guardian, 2, 1/23/97(b).
59. See Andrew Culf, "BBC faces upheaval in labor plan," The Guardian, 1, 1/22/97(a); as well as Andrew Culf, "Retreat by Cunningham: Leadership disowns radical scheme to restructure BBC," The Guardian, 2, 1/23/97(b).
60. Maxwell E. McCombs & Donald L. Shaw, "The agenda-setting function of mass media," Public Opinion Quarterly 36 (1972), pp. 176-85.
61. Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, & George A. Donohue, "Media and protest," In Larissa A. Grunig (ed.) Environmental Activism Revisited: The Changing Nature of Communication through Organizational Public Relations, Special Interest Groups and the Mass Media (Troy, OH: The North American Association for Environmental Education, 1989), pp. 22-39.
62. Culf, op. cit (a).
63. Larissa A. Grunig, James E. Grunig, and William Ehling, "What is an effective organization?," In James E. Grunig (ed.), In Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management, (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1992), p. 83
64. Lawrence M. Wallack, Lori Dorfman, David Jernigan, & Makani Themba, Media Advocacy and Public Health: Power for Prevention, (Newbury Park: Sage. 1993).
65. Prime Minister's Office, The Citizens' Charter: Raising the Standard, (London: HMSO, 1991).
66. Eva Etzioni-Halevy, Fragile Democracy: The Use and Abuse of Power in Western Societies, (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1989).
67. Karlberg, op. cit.
68. IBID.
69. James E. Grunig, & Larissa A. Grunig, Review of a program of research on activism: Incidence in four countries, activist publics, strategies of activist groups, and organizational responses to activism, paper presented to the Fourth Public Relations Research Symposium, Lake Bled, Slovenia, July 1997.
70. Karlberg, op. cit, p. 264.