Touching behavior in sport: Functional components, analysis of sex differences, and ethological considerations

Journal of Nonverbal Behavior

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 43-62

  Kneidinger, Linda M ^c   Maple, Terry L ^a   Tross, Stuart A ^b  

^a ZOO ATLANTA   (United States)

^b BRISTOL MYERS SQUIBB   (United States)

^c NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Sex differences; Sport; Touch

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035594045     PISSN: 01915886     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1006785107778     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Anastasi, A. (1988). Psychological testing. (6th ed.). New York: Macmillan.
2. Anderton, C. H., & Heckel, R. V. (1985). Touching behaviors of winners and losers in swimming races. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 60, 289-290.
3. Baesler, E. J., & Burgoon, J. K. (1987). Measurement and reliability of nonverbal behavior. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 11, 205-233.
4. Chapman, A. J. (1973). Social facilitation of laughter in children. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 9, 528-541.
5. Cramer, H. (1946). Mathematical methods of statistics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
6. Crawford, C. B. (1994). Effects of sex and sex roles on same-sex touch. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 78, 391-394.
7. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York: Harper & Row.
8. Darwin, C. (1965). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Original work published 1872).
9. Deaux, K. (1984). From individual differences to social categories: Analysis of a decade's research on gender. American Psychologist, 39, 105-116.
10. Dosser, D. A., Jr., Balswick, J. O., & Halverson, C. F., Jr. (1983). Situational context of emotional expressiveness. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 30, 375-387.
11. Eagly, A. H. (1987). Reporting sex differences. American Psychologist, 42, 756-757.
12. Eagly, A. H. (1995). The science and politics of comparing women and men. American Psychologist, 50, 145-158.
13. Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (1991). Explaining sex differences in social behavior: A meta-analytic perspective. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 306-315.
14. Ekman, P. (1972). Universals and cultural differences in facial expressions of emotion. In J. K. Cole (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: Vol. 19. (pp. 207-283). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
15. Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1969). Nonverbal leakage and clues to deception. Psychiatry, 32, 88-106.
16. Ekman, P., & Rosenberg, E. (1997). What the face reveals. New York: Oxford University Press.
17. Fridlund, A. (1994). Human facial expression: An evolutionary view. San Diego CA: Academic Press.
18. Friedman, H. S., & Miller-Herringer, T. (1991). Nonverbal display of emotion in public and in private: Self-monitoring, personality, and expressive cues. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 766-775.
19. Ganong, L. H., & Coleman, M. (1985). Sex, sex roles, and emotional expressiveness. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 146, 405-411.
20. Garfield, C. A., & Bennett, H. A. (1985). Peak performance: Mental training techniques of the world's greatest athletes. Los Angeles: Tarcher.
21. Halberstadt, A. G., & Saitta, M. B. (1987). Gender, nonverbal behavior, and perceived dominance: A test of the theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 257-272.
22. Hall, J. A., & Veccia, E. M. (1990). More "touching" observations: New insights on men, women, and interpersonal touch. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1155-1162.
23. Hall, K. R. L., & DeVore, I. (1965). Baboon social behavior. In I. DeVore (Ed.), Primate behavior (pp. 53-110). New York: Holt.
24. Hanson, R. A., & Mullis, R. L. (1985). Age and gender differences in empathy and moral reasoning among adolescents. Child Study Journal, 15, 181-188.
25. Heckel, R. V., Allen, S. S., & Blackmon, D. C. (1986). Tactile communication of winners in flag football. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 63, 553-554.
26. Henley, N. M. (1973). Status and sex: Some touching observations. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 2, 91-93.
27. Heslin, R., & Boss, D. (1980). Nonverbal intimacy in airport arrival and departure. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 6, 248-252.
28. Ickes, W., Tooke, W., Stinson, L., Baker, V. L., & Bissonnette, V. (1988). Naturalistic social cognition: Intersubjectivity in same-sex dyads. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 12, 58-84.
29. Kalliopuska, M. (1987). Relation of empathy and self-esteem to active participation in Finnish baseball. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 65, 107-113.
30. Larsen, K. S., & LeRoux, J. (1984). A study of same-sex touching attitudes: Scale development and personality predictors. The Journal of Sex Research, 20, 264-278.
31. Lorenz, K. (1958). The evolution of behavior. Scientific American, 199, 67-78.
32. Lorenz, K. (1971). Studies in animal and human behaviour: Vol. 2 (R. Martin, Trans.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
33. Lorenz, K., & Leyhausen, P. (1973). Motivation of human and animal behavior: An ethological view (B. A. Tonkin, Trans.). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
34. Major, B. (1981). Gender patterns in touching behavior. In C. Mayo & N. M. Henley (Eds.), Gender and nonverbal behavior (pp. 15-37). New York; Springer-Verlag.
35. Major, B., Schmidlin, A. M., & Williams, L. (1990). Gender patterns in social touch: The impact of setting and age. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 634-643.
36. Maple, T., & Howard, S. (1977, April). The thrill of victory and the agony of defeat: Ethological correlates. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Society of Primatologists, Seattle, WA.
37. McGrew, W. C. (1972). An ethological study of children's behavior. New York: Academic Press.
38. Morris, D. (1977). Manwatching: A field guide to human behaviour. New York: Harry N. Abrams.
39. Pleck, J. H. (1976). The male sex role: Definitions, problems, and sources of change. Journal of Social Issues, 32, 155-164.
40. Riggio, R. E., Tucker, J., & Coffaro, D. (1989). Social skills and empathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 10, 93-99.
41. Schaller, G. B. (1963). The mountain gorilla. Ecology and behavior. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
42. Shuter, R. (1979). A study of nonverbal communication among Jews and Protestants. The Journal of Social Psychology, 109, 31-41.
43. Siegel, S., & Castellan, N. J., Jr. (1988). Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
44. Stier, D. S., & Hall, J. A. (1984). Gender differences in touch: An empirical and theoretical review. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 440-459.
45. Sugiyama, Y. (1990). A sex difference in hand-to-hand touching behavior in Volleyball games: A preliminary study. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 71, 1002.
46. van Lawick-Goodall, J. (1968). A preliminary report on expressive movements and communication in the Gombe Stream chimpanzees. In P.C. Jay (Ed.), Primates (pp 313-374). New York: Holt.
47. Willis, F. N., & Rawdon, V. A. (1994). Gender and national differences in attitudes toward same-gender touch. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 78, 1027-1034.
48. Wilson, W. L., & Wilson, C. C. (1968). Aggressive interactions of captive chimpanzees living in a semi-free-ranging environment. 6571st Aeromedical Research Laboratory Technical Report No. ARL-TR-68-9.