A framework for analyzing environmental voluntary agreements

California Management Review

Volumn , Issue 3, 2001, Pages 44-63

  Delmas, Magali A ^a   Terlaak, Ann K ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0035593804     PISSN: 00081256     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/41166088     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. S. Arora and T.N. Cason, "An Experiment in Voluntary Environmental Regulation: Participation in the EPA's 33/50 Program," Journal of Environmental Economics & Management, 28/3 (1995): 271-286.
2. P. Börkey and F. Leveque, "Voluntary Approaches for Environmental Protection in the European Union," OECD ENV/EPOC/GEEI(98)29/FINAL, Paris, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1998.
3. J. Mazurek, "The Use of Voluntary Agreements in the United States: An Initial Survey," OECD ENV/EPOC/GEEI(98)27/FINAL, Paris, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1998.
4. R. Kagan and L. Axelrad, "Adversarial Legalism: An International Perspective," in P. Nivola, ed., Comparative Disadvantages? Social Regulations and the Global Economy (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institute, 1997); R. Kagan, "The Political Construction of American Adversarial Legalism," in A. Ranney, ed., Courts and Political Process (Berkeley, CA : Institute of Governmental Studies Press, 1996).
5. R. Kagan and L. Axelrad, "Adversarial Legalism: An International Perspective," in P. Nivola, ed., Comparative Disadvantages? Social Regulations and the Global Economy (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institute, 1997); R. Kagan, "The Political Construction of American Adversarial Legalism," in A. Ranney, ed., Courts and Political Process (Berkeley, CA : Institute of Governmental Studies Press, 1996).
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8. The Lexington Group, "Taking Stock for the Future: A Management Review of Partnership Programs at EPA", report submitted to U.S. EPA, Massachusetts, August 1999.
9. M. Delmas, "Barriers and Incentives to the Adoption of ISO 14001 In the United States," Duke Environmental Law & Policy Forum (Fall 2000, Vol. 1); J. Howard, J. Nash, and J. Ehrenfeld, "Standard or Smokescreen? Implementation of a Voluntary Environmental Code," California Management Review, 42/2 (Winter 2000): 63-82.
10. M. Delmas, "Barriers and Incentives to the Adoption of ISO 14001 In the United States," Duke Environmental Law & Policy Forum (Fall 2000, Vol. 1); J. Howard, J. Nash, and J. Ehrenfeld, "Standard or Smokescreen? Implementation of a Voluntary Environmental Code," California Management Review, 42/2 (Winter 2000): 63-82.
11. OECD, "Voluntary Approaches for Environmental Policy in OECD Countries: An Assessment," OECD 92-64-17131-2, Paris, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2000. Some classifications have also included unilateral commitments or self-regulation (such as Responsible Care or ISO 14001) as VAs. As noted, these unilateral commitments include firms that self-organize without soliciting regulatory approval or involvement. We do not consider them as voluntary "agreements" between firms and regulatory agencies. For a definition of unilateral commitments see OECD 2000 , p. 8.
12. Negotiated rule making as practiced in the United States includes the involvement of third parties in the rule-making process. While third-party involvement might be desirable in VAs that substitute regulation, it is not a defining constituent of this type of VA. Additionally, negotiated rule making creates rules that are legally binding for all, whereas VA targets apply to participants only.
13. BDI (Bundesverband der deutschen Industrie), "Updated and Extended Declaration by German Industry and Trade on Global Warming Prevention," Cologne, Germany, 1996.
14. F. Aggeri and A. Hatchuel, "A Dynamic Model of Environmental Policies: The Case of Innovation Oriented Voluntary Agreements," paper presented at the International Conference on Economics and Law of Voluntary Approaches in Environmental Policy, Venice, November 18-19, 1996.
15. J. Boyd, A.J. Krupnik, et al., "Intel's XL Permit: A Framework for Evaluation," Discussion Paper 98-11, Washington, D.C., Resources for the Future, January 1998.
16. EPA, "Project XL: Summary of Current Pilot Projects," EPA 100-F-98-024, 1998. See also J. Mazurek, Making Microchips: Policy, Globalization, and Economic Restructuring in the Semiconductor Industry (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999).
17. EPA, "Project XL: Summary of Current Pilot Projects," EPA 100-F-98-024, 1998. See also J. Mazurek, Making Microchips: Policy, Globalization, and Economic Restructuring in the Semiconductor Industry (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999).
18. EEA (European Environmental Agency), "Environmental Agreements," Environmental Issues Series, No 3. Copenhagen, 1997.
19. Ibid.
20. B.W. Piasecki, K.A. Fletcher, and F.J. Mendelson, Environmental Management and Business Strategy (New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1999).
21. Energy Star is an exception. This VA incorporates elements of a Negotiated Agreement as well as Public Voluntary Program and is therefore difficult to categorize.
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23. M.E. Porter and C. van der Linde, "Green and Competitive: Ending the Stalemate," Harvard Business Review, 73/5 (September/October 1995): 120-123; M.A. Berry and D.A. Rondinelli, "Proactive Corporate Environment Management: A New Industrial Revolution," Academy of Management Executive, 12/2 (May 1998): 38-50; P. Groenewegen and P. Vergragt, "Environmental Issues as Threats and Opportunities for Technological Innovation," Technology Assessment and Strategic Management, 3/1 (1991): 43-55; S. L. Hart, "Beyond Greening: Strategies for a Sustainable World," Harvard Business Review, 75/1 (January/February 1997): 66-76.
24. M.E. Porter and C. van der Linde, "Green and Competitive: Ending the Stalemate," Harvard Business Review, 73/5 (September/October 1995): 120-123; M.A. Berry and D.A. Rondinelli, "Proactive Corporate Environment Management: A New Industrial Revolution," Academy of Management Executive, 12/2 (May 1998): 38-50; P. Groenewegen and P. Vergragt, "Environmental Issues as Threats and Opportunities for Technological Innovation," Technology Assessment and Strategic Management, 3/1 (1991): 43-55; S. L. Hart, "Beyond Greening: Strategies for a Sustainable World," Harvard Business Review, 75/1 (January/February 1997): 66-76.
25. M.E. Porter and C. van der Linde, "Green and Competitive: Ending the Stalemate," Harvard Business Review, 73/5 (September/October 1995): 120-123; M.A. Berry and D.A. Rondinelli, "Proactive Corporate Environment Management: A New Industrial Revolution," Academy of Management Executive, 12/2 (May 1998): 38-50; P. Groenewegen and P. Vergragt, "Environmental Issues as Threats and Opportunities for Technological Innovation," Technology Assessment and Strategic Management, 3/1 (1991): 43-55; S. L. Hart, "Beyond Greening: Strategies for a Sustainable World," Harvard Business Review, 75/1 (January/February 1997): 66-76.
26. M. Delmas, "Exposing Strategic Assets to Create New Competencies: The Case of Hazardous Waste Management Industry," Industrial and Corporate Change, 8/4 (1999): 635-672.
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28. F. Den Hond, "The 'Similarity' and 'Heterogeneity' Theses in Studying Innovation: Evidence from the End-of-Life Vehicle Case," Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, 10/4 (1998): 529-543; R. Zoboli, "Implications of Environmental Regulation on Industrial Innovation: The Case of End-of-Life Vehicles," report carried out under the IPTS-DGIII framework project "Impact of the EU Regulation on Innovation of European Industry," Luxembourg, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1998.
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30. S.V. Berg, J. Duncan, and P. Friedman, Joint Venture Strategies and Corporate Innovation (Cambridge: Oelgeschlager, Gunn and Hain, 1982); A.C. Inkpen, "Learning and Knowledge Acquisition Through International Strategic Alliances," Academy of Management Executive, 12/4 (1998): 69-80; R.N. Langlois and P.L. Robertston, Firms, Markets and Economic Change: A Dynamic Theory of Business Institutions (London: Routledge, 1995); R.N. Osborn and J. Hagedoorn, "The Institutionalization and Evolutionary Dynamics of Interorganizational Alliances and Networks," Academy of Management Journal, 40/2 (April 1997): 261-278; D.J. Teece, G. Pisano, and A. Shuen, "Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management," Strategic Management Journal, 18/7 (August 1997): 509-533.
31. S.V. Berg, J. Duncan, and P. Friedman, Joint Venture Strategies and Corporate Innovation (Cambridge: Oelgeschlager, Gunn and Hain, 1982); A.C. Inkpen, "Learning and Knowledge Acquisition Through International Strategic Alliances," Academy of Management Executive, 12/4 (1998): 69-80; R.N. Langlois and P.L. Robertston, Firms, Markets and Economic Change: A Dynamic Theory of Business Institutions (London: Routledge, 1995); R.N. Osborn and J. Hagedoorn, "The Institutionalization and Evolutionary Dynamics of Interorganizational Alliances and Networks," Academy of Management Journal, 40/2 (April 1997): 261-278; D.J. Teece, G. Pisano, and A. Shuen, "Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management," Strategic Management Journal, 18/7 (August 1997): 509-533.
32. S.V. Berg, J. Duncan, and P. Friedman, Joint Venture Strategies and Corporate Innovation (Cambridge: Oelgeschlager, Gunn and Hain, 1982); A.C. Inkpen, "Learning and Knowledge Acquisition Through International Strategic Alliances," Academy of Management Executive, 12/4 (1998): 69-80; R.N. Langlois and P.L. Robertston, Firms, Markets and Economic Change: A Dynamic Theory of Business Institutions (London: Routledge, 1995); R.N. Osborn and J. Hagedoorn, "The Institutionalization and Evolutionary Dynamics of Interorganizational Alliances and Networks," Academy of Management Journal, 40/2 (April 1997): 261-278; D.J. Teece, G. Pisano, and A. Shuen, "Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management," Strategic Management Journal, 18/7 (August 1997): 509-533.
33. S.V. Berg, J. Duncan, and P. Friedman, Joint Venture Strategies and Corporate Innovation (Cambridge: Oelgeschlager, Gunn and Hain, 1982); A.C. Inkpen, "Learning and Knowledge Acquisition Through International Strategic Alliances," Academy of Management Executive, 12/4 (1998): 69-80; R.N. Langlois and P.L. Robertston, Firms, Markets and Economic Change: A Dynamic Theory of Business Institutions (London: Routledge, 1995); R.N. Osborn and J. Hagedoorn, "The Institutionalization and Evolutionary Dynamics of Interorganizational Alliances and Networks," Academy of Management Journal, 40/2 (April 1997): 261-278; D.J. Teece, G. Pisano, and A. Shuen, "Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management," Strategic Management Journal, 18/7 (August 1997): 509-533.
34. C. Cooper, "EPA Offers Its Advice on Doing the Laundry," Chemical Engineering, 105/4 (1998): 46; EPA, A Catalogue of The Agency's Partnership Programs, EPA 100-B-97-003, 1998; A. Lucas, "Design for the Environment Seeks Voluntary Solvent Reduction," Chemical Week, 155/12 (1994): 33.
35. C. Cooper, "EPA Offers Its Advice on Doing the Laundry," Chemical Engineering, 105/4 (1998): 46; EPA, A Catalogue of The Agency's Partnership Programs, EPA 100-B-97-003, 1998; A. Lucas, "Design for the Environment Seeks Voluntary Solvent Reduction," Chemical Week, 155/12 (1994): 33.
36. C. Cooper, "EPA Offers Its Advice on Doing the Laundry," Chemical Engineering, 105/4 (1998): 46; EPA, A Catalogue of The Agency's Partnership Programs, EPA 100-B-97-003, 1998; A. Lucas, "Design for the Environment Seeks Voluntary Solvent Reduction," Chemical Week, 155/12 (1994): 33.
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38. F.L. Reinhardt, "Environmental Product Differentiation: Implications for Corporate Strategy," California Management Review, 40/4 (Summer 1998): 43-73.
39. Arora and Cason, op. cit.; E.P. Croci and G. Pesaro, "Voluntary Agreements in the Environmental Sector: The Italian Experience," CAVA Working Papers no. 98/11/5, European Research Network on Voluntary Approaches for Environmental Protection, 1999; S. Labatt and V.W. Maclaren, "Voluntary Corporate Environmental Initiatives: A Typology and Preliminary Investigation," Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 16, (1999): 191-209.
40. Arora and Cason, op. cit.; E.P. Croci and G. Pesaro, "Voluntary Agreements in the Environmental Sector: The Italian Experience," CAVA Working Papers no. 98/11/5, European Research Network on Voluntary Approaches for Environmental Protection, 1999; S. Labatt and V.W. Maclaren, "Voluntary Corporate Environmental Initiatives: A Typology and Preliminary Investigation," Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 16, (1999): 191-209.
41. Arora and Cason, op. cit.; E.P. Croci and G. Pesaro, "Voluntary Agreements in the Environmental Sector: The Italian Experience," CAVA Working Papers no. 98/11/5, European Research Network on Voluntary Approaches for Environmental Protection, 1999; S. Labatt and V.W. Maclaren, "Voluntary Corporate Environmental Initiatives: A Typology and Preliminary Investigation," Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 16, (1999): 191-209.
42. Reinhardt, op. cit.
43. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, Consumers Recognizing and Using Energy Star Label, Press release posted 4/28/99, .
44. J. Mazurek, "The Use of Voluntary Agreements in the United States: An Initial Survey," OECD ENV/EPOC/GEEI(98)27/FINAL, Paris, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1998.
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51. D. North, Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1990); O.E. Williamson, The Mechanisms of Governance (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996).
52. P. Börkey and F. Leveque, "Voluntary Approaches for Environmental Protection in the European Union," OECD ENV/EPOC/GEEI(98)29/FINAL, Paris, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1998; European Environmental Agency, "Environmental Agreements," Environmental Issues Series (3), Copenhagen, 1997; Wallace, op. cit.
53. P. Börkey and F. Leveque, "Voluntary Approaches for Environmental Protection in the European Union," OECD ENV/EPOC/GEEI(98)29/FINAL, Paris, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1998; European Environmental Agency, "Environmental Agreements," Environmental Issues Series (3), Copenhagen, 1997; Wallace, op. cit.
54. P. Börkey and F. Leveque, "Voluntary Approaches for Environmental Protection in the European Union," OECD ENV/EPOC/GEEI(98)29/FINAL, Paris, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1998; European Environmental Agency, "Environmental Agreements," Environmental Issues Series (3), Copenhagen, 1997; Wallace, op. cit.
55. Croci and Pesaro, op. cit.
56. Mazurek (1998), op. cit.
57. R. Steinzor, "Reinventing Environmental Regulation: The Dangerous Journey From Command to Self-Control," Harvard Environmental Law Review, 221/1 (1998): 103-202.
58. N. Ashford, "The Influence of Information-Based Initiatives and Negotiated Environmental Agreements on Technological Change," paper presented at the International Conference on Economics and Law of Voluntary Approaches in Environmental Policy, Venice, November 18-19, 1996.
59. Wallace, op. cit.
60. Kagan and Axelrad, op. cit.; Kagan, op. cit.
61. Kagan and Axelrad, op. cit.; Kagan, op. cit.
62. EEA (1997), op. cit.; M. Storey, G. Boyd, and J. Dowd, "Voluntary Agreements with Industry," Summary of Annex I Expert Group on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Paris, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1997. Assessing the environmental impact of VAs raises the question of which baseline the environmental performance should be compared against. Compared to a situation without an agreement or regulatory measures, VAs seem to enhance environmental protection [Öko Institut e.V., "New Instruments for Sustainability: The Contribution of Voluntary Agreements to Environmental Policy," Darmstadt, Germany, 1998]. However, no data is available to assess VAs' environmental effectiveness as compared to other regulatory instruments [V.J. Ingram, "An Environment for Consensus?," CAVA Working Papers no. 98/11/5, European Research Network on Voluntary Approaches for Environmental Protection, 1999].
63. EEA (1997), op. cit.; M. Storey, G. Boyd, and J. Dowd, "Voluntary Agreements with Industry," Summary of Annex I Expert Group on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Paris, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1997. Assessing the environmental impact of VAs raises the question of which baseline the environmental performance should be compared against. Compared to a situation without an agreement or regulatory measures, VAs seem to enhance environmental protection [Öko Institut e.V., "New Instruments for Sustainability: The Contribution of Voluntary Agreements to Environmental Policy," Darmstadt, Germany, 1998]. However, no data is available to assess VAs' environmental effectiveness as compared to other regulatory instruments [V.J. Ingram, "An Environment for Consensus?," CAVA Working Papers no. 98/11/5, European Research Network on Voluntary Approaches for Environmental Protection, 1999].
64. EEA (1997), op. cit.; M. Storey, G. Boyd, and J. Dowd, "Voluntary Agreements with Industry," Summary of Annex I Expert Group on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Paris, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1997. Assessing the environmental impact of VAs raises the question of which baseline the environmental performance should be compared against. Compared to a situation without an agreement or regulatory measures, VAs seem to enhance environmental protection [Öko Institut e.V., "New Instruments for Sustainability: The Contribution of Voluntary Agreements to Environmental Policy," Darmstadt, Germany, 1998]. However, no data is available to assess VAs' environmental effectiveness as compared to other regulatory instruments [V.J. Ingram, "An Environment for Consensus?," CAVA Working Papers no. 98/11/5, European Research Network on Voluntary Approaches for Environmental Protection, 1999].
65. EEA (1997), op. cit.; M. Storey, G. Boyd, and J. Dowd, "Voluntary Agreements with Industry," Summary of Annex I Expert Group on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Paris, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1997. Assessing the environmental impact of VAs raises the question of which baseline the environmental performance should be compared against. Compared to a situation without an agreement or regulatory measures, VAs seem to enhance environmental protection [Öko Institut e.V., "New Instruments for Sustainability: The Contribution of Voluntary Agreements to Environmental Policy," Darmstadt, Germany, 1998]. However, no data is available to assess VAs' environmental effectiveness as compared to other regulatory instruments [V.J. Ingram, "An Environment for Consensus?," CAVA Working Papers no. 98/11/5, European Research Network on Voluntary Approaches for Environmental Protection, 1999].
66. European Environmental Agency, "Environmental Agreements," Environmental Issues Series (3), Copenhagen, 1997.
67. VNCI (Verenigung van de Nederlandse Chemische Industrie), "Declaration of Intent on the Implementation of Environmental Policy for the Chemical Industry," The Hague, April 1993.