A Review of the Year in Family Law: Redefining Families, Reforming Custody Jurisdiction, and Refining Support Issues

Family Law Quarterly

Volumn 34, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 607-651

  Elrod, Linda D ^a   Spector, Robert G ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0035592130     PISSN: 0014729X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (318)

1. Gonzales v. Reno, 212 F.3d 1338 (11th Cir. 2000).The Supreme Court declined review determining that neither the Miami relatives nor the six year old could bring an asylum application.
2. See Tom W. Smith, The Emerging 21st Century American Family, GSS Soc. Change Rep. No. 42, National Opinion Research Ctr., University of Chicago, November 24, 1999.
3. Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57 (2000).
4. H.R. 3244, Pub. L. No. 103-22 (Oct. 11, 2000).
5. S. 2272, Pub. L. No. 106-314 (Oct. 17, 2000).
6. H.R. 4365, Pub. L. No. 106-310 (Oct. 17, 2000).
7. H.R. 2909, Pub. L. No. 106-279 (Oct. 6, 2000).
8. Troxel, 530 U.S. at 74.
9. See infra notes 158-59.
10. United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598 (2000).
11. Morrison, 529 U.S. at 600.
12. United States v. Lankford, 196 F.3d 563 (5th Cir. 1999).
13. Stenberg v. Carhart, 530 U.S. 914 (2000).
14. See Women's Medical Professional Corp. v. Voinovich, 130 F.3d 187 (6th Cir. 1997). But see Richmond Medical Ctr. for Women v. Gilmore, 144 F.3d 326 (4th Cir. 1998); Christensen v. Doyle, 197 F.3d 876 (7th Cir. 1999); Hope Clinic v. Ryan, 195 F.3d 857 (7th Cir. 1999).
15. United States v. Ahumada-Aguilar, 189 F.3d 1121 (9th Cir. 1999), petition for cert. filed, 68 U.S.L.W. 3741 (May 22, 2000).
16. Kansas v. United States, 214 F.3d 1196 (10th Cir. 2000).
17. United States v. Mattice, 186 F.3d 219 (2d Cir. 1999); United States v. Mathes, 151 F.3d 251 (5th Cir. 1998); United States v. Ballek, 170 F.3d 871 (9th Cir. 1999). See also United States v. Harrison, 188 F.3d 985 (8th Cir. 1999) (obligor violated CSRA even though the obligor had applied for modification of the underlying Nebraska support order after receiving a disabling, job-related injury).
18. United States v. Grigsby, 85 F. Supp. 2d 100 (D.R.I. 2000).
19. United States v. Faasse, 234 U.S. 312 (6th Cir. 2000), vacating, 227 F.3d 660 (6th Cir. 2000) (which reversed a conviction under the CSRA).
20. McLaughlin v. Cotner, 193 F.3d 410 (6th Cir. 1999).
21. Rooker v. Fidelity Trust, 263 U.S. 413 (1923); District of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman, 460 U.S. 462 (1983).
22. Elmasri v. England, 111 F. Supp. 2d 212 (E.D.N.Y. 2000).
23. Johnson v. Rodrigues, 226 F.3d 1103 (10th Cir. 2000).
24. 65 Fed. Reg. 4,020 (2000), to be codified at 45 C.F.R. §§ 1355, 1356 & 1357.
25. Froehlich v. Wisconsin Dep't of Corrections, 196 F.3d 800 (7th Cir. 1999).
26. Those countries which have ratified are: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Luxembourg, Macau Special Administrative Region, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (including the Isle of Man, Cayman Island, Falkland Islands, Montserrat, and Bermuda), United States of America, and Venezuela. As a result of accession, the Convention between some countries in Bahamas, Belarus, * Belize, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, * Cyprus, Ecuador, Fiji, * Georgia, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, Malta, * Mauritius, Mexico, Republic of Moldova, * Monaco, New Zealand, Panama, Paraguay, Poland, Romania, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Slovenia, South Africa, Turkmenistan, * Uruguay, * Uzbekistan, * and Zimbabwe. The U.S. has no accession with *. See Hague Conference on Private International Law: Status Sheet Convention #28
27. In re Villalta, 26 Fam. L. Rep. (BNA) 1017 (N.D. Fla. 1999) (father not entitled to the return of the child from Chile in 1998 when the child had been abducted to Chile in 1993).
28. Pesin v. Rodriguez, 77 F. Supp. 2d 1277 (S.D. Fla. 1999). See also Kanth v. Kanth, 79 F. Supp. 2d 1317 (D. Utah 1999) (father not entitled to return of children to Australia because their nine month stay was planned to be temporary).
29. 42 U.S.C. §§ 11601-11610 (1989).
30. Egervary v. Rooney, 80 F. Supp. 2d 491 (E.D. Pa. 2000) (order returning the child to Hungary without notice and an opportunity to be heard violated the father's due process rights). See also In re Jeffers, 992 P.2d 686 (Colo. Ct. App. 1999) (court should not have ordered a mother to return her children to their father in Greece without first holding a hearing to determine whether the mother had wrongfully removed or retained the children and whether there were any applicable defenses).
31. Croll v. Croll, 66 F. Supp. 2d 554 (S.D. N.Y. 1999).
32. Sampson v. Sampson, 975 P.2d 1211 (Kan. 1999). See also Janakakis-Kostun v. Janakakis, 6 S.W.3d 843 (Ky. Ct. App. 1999), review denied 12/99 (Greek court orders established that husband had custodial rights to child for purpose of finding "wrongful removal"). But see Shalit v. Coppe, 182 F. 3d 1124 (9th Cir. 1999) (attorney's declaration that father had rights of custody under Israeli statute was not sufficient to establish that mother's retention was wrongful).
33. Tabacchi v. Harrison, 2000 WL 190576 (N.D. Ill. 2000), Memorandum Opinion - Order. See also Dalmasso v. Dalmasso, 9 P.3d 551 (Kan. 2000) (the father's striking the child with a belt did not establish a grave risk of harm defense to the return of the child to France). See Merle H. Weiner, International Child Abduction and the Escape from Domestic Violence, 69 FORDHAM L. REV. 5993 (2000).
34. Blondin v. Dubois, 189 F.3d 240 (2d Cir. 1999) (Blondin II); Turner v. Frowein, 752 A.2d 955 (Conn. 2000).
35. Blondin v. Dubois, 78 F. Supp.2d 283, 294 (S.D. N.Y. 2000) (Blondin III).
36. Walsh v. Walsh, 221 F.3d 204 (1st Cir. 2000).
37. Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Minnesota, Montana, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Tennessee, Texas, Utah and West Virginia. It has been introduced in 12 states. For the text of UCCJEA, the history and an article by the reporter, see Uniform Child-Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act (with Prefatory Note and Comments by Robert G. Spector), 32 FAM. L.Q. 301 (1998).
38. In re Adoption of Carl, 709 N.Y.S.2d 905 (Fam. Ct. 2000).
39. In re Petition of P.A.L. v. R. for Adoption of Adult, 5 P.3d 390 (Colo. Ct. App. 2000).
40. L.J.R. v. T. T., 739 So. 2d 1283 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1999).
41. In re Adoption of Koszyzki, 728 N.E.2d 437 (Ohio App. Ct. 1999). See also Hagy v. Pruitt, 529 S.E.2d 714 (S.C. 2000) (mother's consent irrevocable where she had been advised by attorney).
42. See In re Ariel H., 86 Cal. Rptr. 2d 125 (Ct. App. 1999) (15 year old unwed father failed to timely demonstrate his full commitment to his parental responsibilities when he chose shopping at mall over helping mother). See also In re Derek W., 86 Cal. Rptr. 2d 739 (Ct. App. 1999) (although father had maintained visitation, child had resided with foster parents since 9 days of age); In re H.H.M., 754 So. 2d 425 (La. Ct. App. 2000); In re Adoption of R.W.B, 7 P.3d 306 (Kan. Ct. App. 2000) (when parent contributed only minimal - 31% - support, his consent was not required); In re K.L.C., 9 S.W.2d 768 (Mo. Ct. App. 2000) (father failed to pay $25 a month support, missed visits, did not comply with plan); In re Adoption of G.P.B., 736 A.2d 1277 (N.J. 1999); Doe v. Queen, 535 S.E.2d 658 (S. C. Ct. App. 2000).
43. In re Adoption of B.M.W., 2 P.3d 159 (Kan. 2000). See also In re Newton, 606 N.W.2d 34 (Mich. Ct. App. 2000); In re K.L.C., 9 S.W. 3d 768 (Mo. Ct. App. 2000).
44. In re Swanson, 2 S.W.3d 180 (Tenn. 1999).
45. In re Adoption of Leslie P., 604 N.W.2d 853 (Neb. Ct. App. 2000).
46. Jones v. S.C. Dep't of Social Services, 534 S.E. 2d 713 (S.C. Ct. App. 2000).
47. Shepherd v. Clemens, 752 A.2d 533 (Del. Super. Ct. 2000).
48. In re Adoption of A.P., 982 P.2d 985 (Kan. Ct. App. 1999), review denied.
49. In re I.K.E.W., 724 N.E.2d 245 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000) (failure to give notice on foster parent's petition to adopt was an abuse of discretion). But see In re Adoption of H.M.C., 11 S.W.3d 81 (Mo. Ct. App. 2000) (where biological parents abandoned the child, the grandparents did not have right to intervene).
50. In re Adoption by W.P. and M.P., 748 A.2d 515 (N.J. 2000); State ex rel. H.J. v. State, 986 P.2d 115 (Utah Ct. App. 1999).
51. In re Visitation of A.R., 723 N.E.2d 476 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000).
52. In re Adoption of Trystyn D., 611 N.W.2d 112 (Neb. 2000).
53. IDAHO CODE § 16-1512.
54. F.E. v. G. F. M., 534 S.E.2d 337 (Va. Ct. App. 2000).
55. Salzman v. Bachrach, 996 P.2d 1263 (Colo. 2000).
56. In re Marriage of Pendleton, 99 Cal. Rptr. 2d 278 (Cal. 2000). See also In re Marriage of Pownall, 5 P.3d 911 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2000); Critchell v. Critchell, 746 A.2d 282 (D.C. 2000).
57. In re Marriage of Bonds, 99 Cal. Rptr. 2d 252 (Ct. App. 2000), rehearing denied.
58. Witowski v. Witowski, 758 So. 2d 1181 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2000).
59. Peirce v. Peirce, 994 P.2d 193 (Utah 2000).
60. Williams v. Williams, 760 So. 2d 49 (La. Ct. App. 2000).
61. Davis v. Miller, 1 P.3d 1223 (Kan. 2000).
62. Griffin v. Griffin, 1999 WL 1097849 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999) (unpublished, text in Westlaw) (although breast cancer was in remission, the risk that it might reoccur required the trial court to award a nominal amount of alimony ($100 a month) which could be modified if necessary).
63. See Hammer v. Hammer, 991 P.2d 195 (Alaska 1999); Maurer v. Maurer, 607 N.W.2d 176 (Minn. Ct. App. 2000) (traditional homemaker and part-time employee is not underemployed in bad faith); Berard v. Berard, 749 A.2d 577 (R.I. 2000) (husband who received sole custody of three children and had to pay their support and improvements on house did not have money to pay support to mother who had been a truck driver during marriage).
64. Roginsky v. Blake-Roginsky, 740 A.2d 125 (Md. Ct. App. 1999).
65. Nichols v. Nichols, 14 S.W.3d 630 (Mo. Ct. App. 2000).
66. Allen v. Allen, 712 N.Y.S.2d 496 (N.Y. App. Div. 2000).
67. Caccamise v. Caccamise, 747 A.2d 221 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 2000).
68. See Hammer v. Hammer, 991 P.2d 195 (Alaska 1999) (spouse had physical disability, lacked job skills, and had minimal prospects); Long v. Long, 743 A.2d 281 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 2000) (wife suffered from agoraphobia, panic attacks, and depression); Goodman v. Goodman, 8 S.W.3d 289 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999) (wife suffered from severe depression, never worked full-time and expert testified she was not capable of employment).
69. Jackson v. Jackson, 995 P.2d 1109 (Okla. 1999).
70. Robinson v. Robinson, 751 A.2d 457 (Me. 2000).
71. DeGrazia v. DeGrazia, 741 A.2d 1057 (D.C. Ct. App. 1999) (wife is now wealthier than the husband). But see Lane v. Lane, 526 S.E.2d 773 (Va. Ct. App. 2000) (spousal support provision included in a consent decree was a "stipulation" and therefore could not be modified); Staple v. Staple, 616 N.W.2d 219 (Mich. Ct. App. 2000) (a provision in the settlement agreement which provides that support alimony may not be modified is enforceable); Ashworth v. Busby, 526 S.E.2d 570 (Ga. 2000) (same).
72. See Staple v. Staple, 626 N.W.2d 219 (Mich. Ct. App. 2000); Waddey v. Waddey, 6 S.W.3d 230 (Tenn. 1999).
73. Szuri v. Szuri, 759 So. 2d 709 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2000); Crews v. Crews, 751 A.2d 524 (N.J. 2000).
74. Lambert v. Lambert, 617 N.W.2d 645 (Neb. Ct. App. 2000).
75. Baer v. Baer, 738 A.2d 923 (Md. Ct. App. 1999) (error to deny mentally ill woman an increase in alimony based on her refusal to take psychotropic medications to improve her mental health and increase her ability to work).
76. Sharp v. Sharp, 535 S.W.2d 913 (S.C. 2000), rehearing denied.
77. See Cleary v. Cleary, 743 So. 2d 1163 (Fla. Dist Ct. App. 1999) (voluntary retirement due to ex-wife's deteriorating health warranted an increase in the alimony payments); Yamaskai v. Yamasaki, 754 So. 2d 885 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2000) (former husband's decrease in income due to retirement justified reduction of alimony). But see Jameson v. Jameson, 600 N.W.2d 577 (S.D. 1999) (retirement 30 years after divorce was not a change of circumstances); Bogan v. Bogan, 1999 WL 994225 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999) (unpublished, text in Westlaw) (retirement forseeable at time of divorce of 54 year old man so no reduction).
78. In re Marriage of Vasquez, 2000 WL 703784 (Wash. Ct. App.) (unpublished) (alimony terminates on recipient's remarriage). See also Pearson v. Pearson, 606 N.W.2d 128 (N.D. 2000) (obligor did not meet burden of showing ex-wife had established a common law marriage and cohabitation could not be sole basis for terminating absent provision in decree); Pellegrin v. Pellegrin, 525 S.E.2d 611 (Va. Ct. App. 2000) (to terminate support there must be common residence, intimate or romantic involvement, financial support from the partner, and continuity or indicia of permanency).
79. Dalton v. Dalton, 534 S.E.2d 747 (W.Va. 2000). See In re Gray, 731 N.E.2d 942 (Ill. Ct. App. 2000) (alimony automatically ceased when the recipient began to cohabit with a man on a resident, continuing, and conjugal basis not when husband filed petition).
80. In re Marriage of Bothe, 722 N.E.2d 301 (Ill. App. Ct. 1999).
81. Sheppard v. Pace, 757 So. 2d 173 (Miss. 2000). See also In re Estate of Dahlstrom, 992 P.2d 1256 (Kan. Ct. App. 1999).
82. McMullan v. McMullan, 761 So. 2d 410 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2000); Shumaker v. Shumaker, 527 S.E.2d 55 (N.C. App. 2000).
83. Hogle v. Hogle, 732 N.E.2d 1278 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000).
84. See MINN. STAT. ANN. § 518.09.
85. In re Marriage of Duffy, 718 N.E.2d 286 (Ill. App. Ct. 1999).
86. Gould v. Gould, 523 S.E.2d 106 (Ga. Ct. App. 1999).
87. Wayno v. Wayno, 756 So. 2d 1024 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2000).
88. Kelm v. Kelm, 2000 WL 664720 (Ohio Ct. App.).
89. Cooper v. Austin, 750 So. 2d 711 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2000).
90. A.Z. v. B.Z., 725 N.E.2d 1051(Mass. 2000). See also R.R. v. M.H., 689 N.E.2d 790 (Mass. 1998) (surrogacy agreement between surrogate mother and father was unenforceable); J.B. v. M.B., 751 A.2d 613 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 2000) (in vitro agreement where parties agreed to relinquish embryos to IVF program if marriage dissolved was unenforceable as against public policy).
91. Cahill v. Cahill, 757 So. 2d 465 (Ala. Civ. App. 2000).
92. Dunkin v. Boskey, 98 Cal. Rptr. 2d 44 (Ct. App. 2000).
93. LaChappelle v. Mitten, 607 N.W.2d 751 (Minn. Ct. App. 2000).
94. In re Estate of Kolacy, 753 A.2d 1257 (N.J. Super. Ct. Ch. Div. 2000).
95. In re Carson, 991 P.2d 896 (Kan. 1999).
96. Calhoun v. Calhoun, 529 S.E.2d 14 (S.C. 2000).
97. Baker v. Arkansas Dep't of Human Services, 8 S.W.3d 499 (Ark. 2000).
98. In re Marriage of Will, 602 N.W.2d 202 (Iowa Ct. App. 1999). See also Blecha v. Blecha, 605 N.W.2d 449 (Neb. 1999) (attorney fees awarded to acknowledged father where woman filed frivolous paternity petition); Griffith v. Griffith, 985 P.2d 255 (Utah 1999) (attorney ordered to pay the attorney fees awarded against his client because of delay and inappropriate actions).
99. Brown v. Fullenweider, 7 S.W.3d 333 (Tex. Ct. App. 1999).
100. Greenberg v. State Bar, 92 Cal. Rptr. 2d 493 (Ct. App. 2000). See also Warden v. State Bar, 982 P.2d 154 (Cal. 1999) (continuing education program not unconstitutional because some judges, professors, and a few others are exempted).
101. In re Bruzga's Case, 753 A.2d 608 (N.H. 2000).
102. Attorney Grievance Commission v. Painter, 739 A.2d 24 (Md. 1999).
103. Lawyer Disciplinary Board v. Veneri, 524 S.E.2d 900 (W. Va. 1999).
104. In re Halverson, 998 P.2d 833 (Wash. 2000).
105. Gilman v. Hohman, 725 N.E.2d 425 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000).
106. Szurovy v. Olderman, 530 S.E.2d 783 (Ga. Ct. App. 2000).
107. Boyd v. Garvert, 9 P.3d 1161 (Colo. Ct. App. 2000).
108. Tenenbaum v. Williams, 193 F.3d 581 (2d Cir. 1999); Calabretta v. Floyd, 189 F.3d 808 (9th Cir. 1999).
109. In re Zeiser, 728 N.E.2d 10 338 (Ohio App. Ct. 1999).
110. State v. Watson, 751 A.2d 1004 (Me. 2000).
111. See Chronister v. Brenneman, 742 A.2d 190 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1999) (striking 16 year old on bottom five times for lying not abuse because no bruises); In re S.M., 722 N.E.2d 1213 (Ill. App. Ct. 2000) (stepfather's whipping 13 year old child not abuse where bruising but no blood and meant to discipline); Cobble v. Comm'r of Dep't of Social Services, 719 N.E.2d 500 (Mass. 1999) (father's spanking of child not abuse). See also State v. Hause, 1999 WL 959184 (Ohio Ct. App) (father's act of striking son in the face was reasonable parental discipline and father was not guilty of domestic violence).
112. In re Petition of Pace, 989 P.2d 297 (Kan. Ct. App. 1999). See also In re H.G., 601 N.W.2d 84(Iowa 1999) (16 year old girl's marriage to father of child could support finding that she was no longer in need of care); In re T.G., 726 N.E.2d 857 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000) (child could not be adjudicated a child in need of care after eighteenth birthday even though petition filed before).
113. In re Levi U., 92 Cal. Rptr. 2d 648 (Ct. App. 2000).
114. In re Laura D., 703 N.Y.S.2d 537 (App. Div. 2000). See also In re Misty B., 749 A.2d 754 (Me. 2000) (mentally ill mother had lost custody of other children and refused to take medications). But see In re Small, 530 S.E.2d 104 (N.C. Ct. App. 2000) (evidence must clearly demonstrate with certainty that mentally ill parent would continue to be ineffective parent).
115. In re M.C.J., 531 S.E.2d 404 (Ga. Ct. App.) (father's parental rights terminated where he was serving a 50 year sentence for aggravated assault given his history of substance abuse and violence); In re T.S., 728 N.E.2d 98 (Ill. App. Ct. 2000) (father's 6 felony convictions created presumption of depravity supporting termination of parental rights); In re C.R., 602 N.W.2d 520 (N.D. 1999) (incarcerated parent's rights could be terminated where present inability to care for child would continue long enough to prevent assimilation into another family).
116. Orville v. Division of Family Servs., 759 A.2d 595 (Del. 2000). See also State ex rel. Jeanette H. v. Pancake, 529 S.E.2d 865 (W.Va. 2000) (11 factors considered in determining whether incarcerated parent may attend hearing); In re Axsana S., 92 Cal. Rptr. 2d (Ct. App. 2000) (father had meaningful access to courts through court appointed attorney); In re Adoption/Guardianship No. 6Z980001, 748 A.2d 1020 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 2000) (incarcerated father's due process rights safeguarded by attorney and ability to respond to audiotapes).
117. In re T.M.C., 988 P.2d 241 (Kan. Ct. App. 1999). See also In re B.K.J., 9 P.3d 586 (Kan. Ct. App. 2000) (notice of hearing must be sent in accordance with statute and certified mail is not the same as restricted); In re Atkins, 602 N.W.2d 594 (Mich. Ct. App. 1999) (failure to provide notice by personal service rendered proceedings void).
118. Nadeau v. Nadeau, 716 A.2d 717(R.I. 1998). But see Scott v. Rutherfoord, 516 S.E.2d 225 (Va. Ct. App. 1999).
119. See Haywood v. Superior Ct., 92 Cal. Rptr. 2d 182 (Ct. App. 2000) (California had significant connection jurisdiction when a child was born in California after father filed for divorce in Michigan and mother in California); Abuchaibe v. Abuchaibe, 751 So. 2d 1257 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2000) (no significant connection when the child's only connection was that his mother, a Colombian citizen, was residing in Florida to obtain resident alien status); Thompson v. Thompson, 526 S.E.2d 576 (Ga. Ct. App. 1999) (while Florida also had significant connections, the Georgia case was filed first); Consford v. Consford, 711 N.Y.S.2d 199 (App. Div. 2000) (child born to military parents in transition had no home state).
120. Barclay v. Eckert, 743 A.2d 1259 (Me. 2000) (custodial father had lived in Colorado for two years); Lange v. Lange, 717 N.E.2d 507 (Ill. App. Ct. 1999) (Illinois retained jurisdiction to hear mother's application to move from Indiana to Texas).
121. Miley v. Miley, 598 N.W.2d 228 (S.D. 1999).
122. Thompson v. Thompson, 526 S.E.2d 586 (Ga. Ct. App. 1999). See also Steele v. Neeman, 6 P.3d 649 (Wyo. 2000) (where mother filed action in New York concurrent with custody litigation in Wyoming, the court must first determine if the other jurisdiction possesses jurisdiction under the PKPA; if so, analyze the facts as they apply to the UCCJA; and communicate with the other jurisdiction in an effort to determine which forum is appropriate for resolution of the dispute).
123. In re Marriage of DeRoque, 88 Cal. Rptr. 2d 618 (Ct. App. 1999).
124. ALI PRINCIPLES OF THE LAW OF FAMILY DISSOLUTION § 2. See also Kjelland v. Kjelland, 609 N.W.2d 100 (N.D. 2000) (primary caretaking is a factor in determining the best interest of a child).
125. See KAN. STAT. ANN. § 60-1625 (2000 Supp.); ORE. REV. STAT. § 107.102 (1999); OHIO REV. CODE § 3109.04(D) (2000).
126. See M.J.Y. v. J.S.Y., 758 So. 2d 571 (Ala. Civ. App. 1999); Hennessey v. Smith-Hennessey, 997 S.W.2d 538 (Mo. Ct. App. 1999) (court needed to make determination if abuse occurred where mother testified about three incidents of domestic violence and father admitted one incident); Berg v. Berg, 606 N.W.2d 903 (N.D. 2000) (findings must be specific, not reading of statute).
127. ARIZ. REV. STAT. §§ 25-403, 25-408 (2000) (prohibits a presumption if both parties committed acts of domestic violence; allegations of domestic violence are considered contrary to the best interest of the child unless proven otherwise; places burden of proof on abusive parent that visitation will not endanger or significantly impair the emotional development of the child).
128. Fuerstenberg v. Fuerstenberg, 591 N.W.2d 798 (S.D. 1999). But see Viamonte v. Viamonte, 748 A.2d 493 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 2000) (not necessary to make finding of actual harm to justify separation of siblings - especially not half-siblings).
129. Mixon v. Mixon, 602 N.W.2d 406 (Mich. Ct. App. 1999); In re Marriage of Robinson, 16 S.W.3d 451 (Tex. App. 2000) (presumption rebutted by evidence of conflict and geographical distance).
130. Clark v. Clark, 726 N.E.2d 854 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000). See also Deason v. Deason, 759 S.2d 219 (La. Ct. App. 2000).
131. Morris v. Morris, 758 So. 2d 1020 (Miss. Ct. App. 1999).
132. State v. Vakilzaden, 742 A.2d 767 (Conn. 1999) (defendant allegedly helped nephew abduct child and remove from country).
133. Laznovsky v. Laznovsky, 745 A.2d 1054 (Md. Ct. App. 2000).
134. Clark v. Madden, 725 N.E.2d 100 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000).
135. Kevin S.E. Sr. v. Diana M.E. 520 S.E.2d 197 (W. Va. 1999) (mother suffered from major depressive disorder with psychosis and hallucinations that told her to kill herself). See also Caccavale v. Brown, 705 N.Y.S.2d 139 (App. Div. 2000) (mother's long history of manic depression justified custody to father and requirement that mother continue mental health treatment and take medication to have visitation).
136. Goff v. Goff, 607 N.W.2d 573 (N.D. 2000).
137. See Hoversten v. Superior Court, 88 Cal. Rptr. 2d 197 (Ct. App. 1999) (incarcerated father entitled to hearing on visitation); McArdle v. McArdle, 753 So. 2d 696 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2000) (error to give nonresidential parent visitation rights only if child consents without proof of harm); Hendrickson v. Hendrickson, 603 N.W.2d 896 (N.D. 1999) (trial court erred in denying the mother supervised visitation); Wolfe v. Wolfe, 610 N.W.2d 222 (Wis. Ct. App. 2000) (father convicted of soliciting mother's murder entitled to mail contact absent proof of danger to child).
138. Hajenga v. Hajenga, 601 N.W.2d 528 (Neb. 1999).
139. A.E.B. v. J.B.E., 752 So. 2d 756 (La.1999) (mother and stepfather did not believe it).
140. Browning v. Helff, 524 S.E.2d 95 (N.C. Ct. App. 2000). See also Earls v. Earls, 2000 WL 794361 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000) (Appellate court dissolved an injunction prohibiting husband from seeing alleged paramour where there was no proof that relationship adversely affected child).
141. See In re Marriage of Divelbiss, 719 S.E.2d 375 (Ill. App. Ct. 1999) (naming father residential parent for five months justified based on mother's alienation); In re Marriage of Cobb, 988 P.2d 272 (Kan. Ct. App. 1999) (custody changed to father where mother's alienation and lack of cooperation extended over many years after repeated court admonitions); Thomas v. Thomas, 991 P.2d 7 (N.M. Ct. App. 1999) (constant haggling and inability to cooperate justified change of custody); Hendrickson v. Hendrickson, 603 N.W.2d 896 (N.D. 2000). Not many courts accept parental alienation syndrome (PAS). See People v. Fortin, 706 N.Y.S.2d 611 (Nassau 2000) (court refused to allow expert testimony on PAS on the basis that it was not a theory generally accepted in the scientific community).
142. Scheer v. Zeigler, 21 S.W.3d 807 (Ky. App. 2000).
143. Brown v. Brown, 19 S.W.3d 717 (Mo. Ct. App. 2000).
144. Newsom v. Newsom, 759 So. 2d 718 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2000).
145. Drury v. Tabares, 987 P.2d 659 (Wash. Ct. App. 1999) (court should not have awarded the mother more overnights per week with the children); In re Marriage of Christel Blanchard, 1 P.3d 600 (Wash. Ct. App. 2000) (Commissioner establishing a new dispute-resolution process and providing that a move triggered change of custody amounted to an impermissible modification of the shared parenting plan).
146. Winn v. Winn, 593 N.W.2d 662, 669 (Mich. Ct. App. 2000) (experts agreed that the child should spend as much time as possible with both parents but none presented evidence to support the judge's decision to change physical custody weekly).
147. See ARIZ. REV. STAT. § 25-408(F) (2000) (exempts parties from the notice provisions if the parties have a written agreement relating to relocation within one year of the proposed relocation); ARIZ. REV. STAT. § 25-408(J) (8) (2000)) (adds the potential effect of relocation on the child's stability as a factor); KAN. STAT. ANN. § 60-1620 (Supp 2000) (30 days notice required of any move and court must consider the effect on the best interests of the child, on parenting time, and the increased costs); MINN. STAT. § 518.1705 (2000) (parenting plan can direct the best interest standard to govern relocation if both parties are represented by counsel or were fully informed, the agreement was voluntary and the parents were aware of its implications).
148. Braun v. Headley, 750 A.2d 624 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 2000).
149. Thomas v. Thomas, 705 N.Y.S.2d 435 (N.Y. 2000) (court did consider the relocation in awarding the mother primary physical custody). See also Pearson v. Pearson, 5 P.3d 239 (Alaska 2000) (mother allowed to move to Pennsylvania and modified father's visitation); Walkowiak v. Walkowiak, 749 So. 2d 749 (La. Ct. App. 1999) (no error for court to make mother primary domiciliary parent and allow her to relocate to her home state); Farnsworth v. Farnsworth, 597 N.W.2d 592 (Neb. 1999) (career opportunities sufficient to allow the mother to move). See also In re Henion, 699 N.Y.S.2d 815 (App. Div. 805 1999) (preponderance of evidence showed relocation in best interest of children).
150. Johnson v. Johnson, 759 So. 2d 257 (La. Ct. App. 2000).
151. In re Ludwinski, 727 N.E.2d 419 (Ill. App. Ct. 2000).
152. Hurley v. Hurley, 754 A.2d 1283 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2000) (finding Gruber v. Gruber, 583 A.2d 434 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1990), applied when the mother decided to move to New York during the divorce case with neither parent having the burden of proof); Thomas v. Thomas, 739 A.2d 206 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1999)(Gruber applied to the modification of a shared parenting agreement); Zoccole v. Zoccole, 751 A.2d 248 (Pa. Super. 2000) (did not apply to a mother's relocation within the same county, even though the new residence was 25 miles away); Anderson v. McVay, 743 A.2d 472 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1999) (mother allowed to move and not required to show an independent benefit to her children apart from the substantial improvement in her quality of life and father awarded primary custody during the summer).
153. In re Marriage of Pape, 989 P.2d 1120 (Wash. 2000).
154. Gerov v. Holter, 731 So. 2d 152 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1999).
155. Lackey v. Fuller, 755 So. 2d 1083 (Miss. 2000).
156. Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57 (2000); affirming, In re Custody of Smith, 969 P.2d 21 (Wash. 1998). See also Young v. Young, 14 S.W.3d 261 (Mo. Ct. App. 2000); Watkins v. Nelson, 748 A.2d 558 (N.J. 2000); Montgomery v. Montgomery, 524 S.E.2d 360 (N.C. App. 2000).
157. In re Marriage of Huber, 723 N.E.2d 973 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000); Hamers v. Guttormson, 610 N.W.2d 758 (N.D. 2000).
158. See Kyle O. v. Donald R., 102 Cal. Rptr. 2d 476 (Ct. App. 2000); Lulay v. Lulay, 739 N.E.2d 521 (Ill. 2000); SRS v. Paillet, 16 P.3d 962 (Kan. 2001); Brice v. Brice, 754 A.2d 1132 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 2000); Rideout v. Riendeau, 761 A.2d 291 (Me. 2000).
159. Saul v. Brunetti, 753 So.2d 26 (Fla. 2000) (grandparent visitation for a child born out of wedlock was an unconstitutional violation of the parent's privacy rights under the state constitution).
160. In re G.P.C., 28 S.W.2d 357 (Mo. Ct. App. 2000); Ray v. Hannon, 14 S.W.3d 270 (Mo. Ct. App. 2000) (visitation not excessive for grandparents who had been the primary caregivers the child's first few years). But see Hampton v. Hampton, 17 S.W.3d 599 (Mo. Ct. App. 2000) (awarding visitation to maternal step-grandparent every other weekend while the mother was incarcerated was not authorized by the statute, exceeded minimal intrusion and was an unconstitutional application of the statute).
161. Sicking v. Sicking, 996 P.2d 471 (Okla. Ct. App. 2000), cert. denied.
162. V.C. v. M.L.B., 748 A.2d 539, 555 (N.J. 2000) (citing In re Custody of H.S.H.K., 533 N.W.2d 419 (Wis. 1995). See also E.N.O. v. L.M.M., 711 N.E.2d 886 (Mass. 1999); S.F. v. M.D., 751 A.2d 9 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 2000) (lesbian partner had standing but visitation was not in the best interests of the child).
163. LaChappelle v. Mitten, 607 N.W.2d 151 (Minn. Ct. App. 2000).
164. Thompson v. Thompson, 11 S.W.3d 913 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999). See also Kathleen C. v. Lisa W., 84 Cal. Rptr. 2d 48 (Ct. App. 1999) (mother's former same sex partner who is not an adoptive or biological parent has no right to visitation with child); In Matter of Visitation of Girl Baby, 723 N.E.2d 316 (Ill. App. Ct. 2000).
165. Kesler v. Weniger, 744 A.2d 794 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2000).
166. State ex rel. W.Va. Dep't of HHE v. Michael George K., 531 S.E.2d 669 (W. Va. 2000). But see State v. Maxwell, 6 P.3d 733 (Alaska 2000) (father was married to mother at child's birth but agency knew another man had legally established paternity so should not have denied him a hearing to challenge paternity presumption and support order).
167. Jackson v. Jackson, 739 N.E.2d 1203 (Ohio App. 2000).
168. Krambule v. Krambule, 994 P.2d 210 (Utah 1999).
169. Reid v. Dixon, 524 S.E.2d 576 (N.C. Ct. App. 2000).
170. Lauer v. Lauer, 609 N.W.2d 450 (N.D. 2000).
171. IDAHO CODE § 32-706A (2000) (cannot consider children born or adopted after initial decree in modification; additional amounts allowed for child care expenses; allocation of transportation costs allowed; tables should not be used after age 16 because of loss of child credit; prorating allowed of health insurance premium and health care expenses).
172. A.N. v. S.M., 756 A.2d 625 (N.J. App. Div. 2000).
173. Buncombe County ex rel. Blair v. Jackson, 531 S.E.2d 240 (N.C. Ct. App. 2000).
174. Berryhill v. Rhodes, 21 S.W.3d 188 (Tenn. 2000); In re Marriage of Monicken, 593 N.W.2d 509 (Wis. Ct. App. 1999).
175. Stewart v. Stewart, 771 So. 2d 484 (Ala. Civ. App. 2000). See also Allegro v. State, 747 So. 2d 913 (Ala. Civ. App. 1999).
176. Truman v. Truman, 591 N.W.2d 81 (Neb. 1999).
177. Hajenga v. Hajenga, 601 N.W.2d 528 (Neb. 1999).
178. Hokin v. Hokin, 605 N.W.2d 219 (Wis. Ct. App. 1999).
179. Peterson v. Peterson, 610 N.W.2d 69 (S.D. 2000).
180. Hicks v. Hicks, 526 S.E.2d 14 (W.V. Ct. App. 1999).
181. Tracy v. Tracy, 1999 WL 960570 (Ohio App.).
182. In re Knickerbocker, 601 N.W.2d 48 (Iowa 1999).
183. In re Marriage of Upson, 991 P.2d 341 (Colo. Ct. App. 1999).
184. Rhoades v. Rhoades, 605 N.W.2d 454 (Neb. 2000).
185. Glass v. Oeder, 716 N.E.2d 413 (Ind. 1999).
186. Elsome v. Elsome, 601 N.W.2d 537 (Neb. 1999).
187. In re Rice and Foutch, 987 P.2d 947 (Colo. Ct. App. 1999).
188. Askew v. Askew, 700 N.Y.S.2d 594 (N.Y. App. Div. 2000) (income can be imputed where obligor underreports business activity or pays personal expenses from business accounts).
189. In re Marriage of Dacumos, 90 Cal. Rptr. 2d 159 (Ct. App. 1999) (since obligor let property fall into disrepair, court could impute possible rental income).
190. State v. Martinez, 744 So. 2d 580 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1999).
191. Henry v. Henry, 604 N.W.2d 234 (N.D. 2000).
192. Halliwell v. Halliwell, 741 A.2d 638 (N.J. Super. App. Div. 1999).
193. Smith v. Smith, 737 So. 2d 641 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1999) (husband had earned up to $120,000 as a captain in the Merchant Marine).
194. Carr v. Blake, 2000 WL 192138 (Ohio App.).
195. In re Paternity of Hewitt, 988 P.2d 496 (Wash. Ct. App. 1999).
196. Knapp v. Knapp, 758 A.2d 1205 (Pa. Super. 2000).
197. Troche v. Troche, 2000 WL 256093 (Conn. Super.) (additional expenditures were voluntary and he could stop at any time); In re Marriage of Roth, 987 P.2d 1134 (Kan. Ct. App. 1999); Guillot v. Munn, 750 So. 2d 973 (La. 2000) (automatic deviation from state child support guidelines is not warranted based solely on amount of time spent with child). See also Elsome v. Elsome, 601 N.W.2d 537 (Neb. 1999) (where ex-husband had joint legal and shared physical custody, court should use shared custody formula).
198. Knypple v. Flanagan, 696 N.Y.S.2d 273 (App. Div. 1999).
199. West v. Marchlowska, 706 N.Y.S.2d 272 (N.Y. 2000).
200. Peace v. Peace, 737 A.2d 1164 (N.J. Super Ct. Ch. Div. 1999); Walker v. Amos, 2000 WL 569561 (Ohio Ct. App. 2000).
201. Linn v. Delaware Child Support Enforcement, 736 A.2d 954 (Del. 1999); In re Marriage of Abplanalp, 7 P.3d 1269 (Kan. Ct. App. 2000).
202. Alaska Child Support Enforcement Division v. Bromley, 987 P.2d 183 (Alaska 1999); Groseth v. Groseth, 600 N.W.2d 159 (Neb. 1999).
203. Badeaux v. Davis, 522 S.E.2d 835 (S.C. Ct. App. 1999). See also Brickner v. Brickner, 723 N.E.2d 468 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000);. Holbrook v. Cummings, 750 A.2d 724 (Md. Ct. Spec. App.), cert. granted, 757 A.2d 809 (Md. 2000); Kasdan v. Berneyu, 587 N.W.2d 319 (Minn. Ct. App. 1999); Cavallari v. Martin, 732 A.2d 739 (Vt. 1999).
204. In re Marriage of George, 988 P.2d 251 (Kan. Ct. App. 1999) (where child still dependent on parent and living at home, no constructive emancipation because of child and defunct marriage); In re Marriage of Schoby, 982 P.2d 406 (Kan. Ct. App. 1999) (parents by agreement could not terminate child support if child married at 16, when statute provides support to 18); Saliba v. Saliba, 753 So. 2d 1095 (Miss. 2000).
205. In re Scheehle, 730 N.E.2d 472 (Ohio App. Ct. 1999).
206. Ortman v. Ortman, 695 N.Y.S.2d 805 (App. Div. 1999) (trial judge erred in suspending a father's child support without first holding a hearing on whether the ex-wife's conduct rose to the level of deliberate frustration or active interference with his visitation); Kershaw v. Kershaw, 701 N.Y.S.2d 739 (App. Div. 2000) (father could not terminate support because ten year old abandoned but could suspend because of mother's frustration of his visitation rights).
207. Weinand v. Weinand, 616 N.W.2d 1 (Neb. 2000). See also R. E. v. C.E.W., 752 So. 2d 1019 (Miss. 1999) (husband who knew he was not father but agreed to pay support could be relieved of responsibility and biological father should pay support).
208. Hamer v. Hamer, 97 Cal. Rptr. 2d 195 (Ct. App. 2000).
209. Holmberg v. Holmberg, 588 N.W.2d 720 (Minn. 1999) (relying on Minnesota state constitution).
210. In re Marriage of Gully, 599 N.W.2d 814 (Minn. 1999).
211. Aguero v. Aguero, 976 P.2d 1088 (Okla. Ct. App. 1999) (equitable defenses not available in child support actions).
212. Rzadkowolski v. Pefley, 630 N.W.2d 646 (Mich. Ct. App. 1999).
213. In re Marriage of Nussbeck, 974 P.2d 493 (Colo. 1999).
214. Marshall v. Matthei, 744 A.2d 209 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 2000).
215. Youssefi v. Youssefi, 744 A.2d 662 (N.J. Super. Ct. 2000).
216. Linn v. Delaware Child Support Enforcement, 736 A.2d 954 (Del. 1999).
217. Brown v. Birman Managed Care, Inc., 2000 WL 122208 (Tenn. Ct. App.), appeal pending.
218. In re Marriage of Cohee, 994 P.2d 663 (Kan. Ct. App. 1999).
219. Earls v. Earls, 2000 WL 794361 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000).
220. Bubsey v. Oleyar, 2000 WL 680447 (Ohio Ct. App. 2000).
221. Hatchell-Freeman v. Freeman, 532 S.E.2d 299 (S.C. Ct. App. 2000).
222. In re Goode, 997 P.2d 244 (Or. Ct. App. 2000).
223. Modan v. Modan, 742 A.2d 611 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 2000).
224. Adoteye v. Adoteye, 527 S.E.2d. 453 (Va. Ct. App. 2000).
225. Weston v. Jones, 603 N.W.2d 706 (S.D. 1999).
226. In re Burgess, 725 N.E.2d 1266 (Ill. 2000).
227. Paul v. I.S.I. Services Inc., 726 N.E.2d 318 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000).
228. Lindh v. Surman, 742 A.2d 643 (Pa. 1999).
229. Baehr v. Miike, 994 P.2d 566 (Haw. 1999).
230. State v. Baker, 744 A.2d 864 (Vt. 1999).
231. VT. STAT. ANN. tit. 15, ch. 23 (2000).
232. Slattery v. City of New York, 697 N.Y.S.2d 603 (N.Y. App. Div.1999).
233. Littleton v. Prange, 9 S.W.3d 223 (Tex. Ct. App. 1999).
234. Estate of Crockett v. Crockett, 728 N.E.2d 765 (Ill. Ct. App. 2000).
235. Soto v. City of Newark, 72 F. Supp. 2d 489 (D.N.J. 1999).
236. La. Atty. Gen. Opinion No. 99-419, 26 Fam. L. Rep (BNA) 1201 (2000).
237. Workman v. Olszewski, 993 P.2d 667 (Mont. 1999).
238. Mazzone v. Miles, 532 S.E.2d 890 (S.C. App. 2000).
239. Acevedo v. Burley, 994 P.2d 389 (Alaska 1999).
240. May v. Grandy, 528 S.E.2d 105 (Va. 2000).
241. R.W.B. v. T.W., 23 S.W.3d 266 (Mo. App. 2000).
242. M.V.S. v. V.M.D., 1999 WL 1100860 (Ala. Civ. App. 1999).
243. Hall v. Lalli, 977 P.2d 776 (Ariz. 1999).
244. Carr v. Osborn, 757 So. 2d 1205 (Ala. Civ. App. 2000).
245. Witso v. Overby, 609 N.W.2d 618 (Minn. Ct. App.2000) (alleged father of a child born to a married woman entitled to an order for genetic testing); Brian C. v. Ginger K., 92 Cal. Rptr. 2d 294 (Ct. App. 2000) (due process precluded application of the conclusive statutory presumption of legitimacy).
246. Ferradaz v. Ortiz, 754 So. 2d 867 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2000).
247. Brown v. Smith, 526 S.E.2d 686 (N.C. Ct. App.).
248. Meyer v. Alaska Dep't of Revenue, 994 P.2d 365 (Alaska 1999).
249. Sheppard v. Bell, 696 N.Y.S.2d 450 (N.Y. App. Div. 1999).
250. Gilberston v. Boggs, 743 So. 2d 123 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1999).
251. Witso v. Overby, 609 N.W.2d 618 (Minn. App. 2000), review granted.
252. In re M.C. v. O.C., 703 N.Y.S.2d 483 (N.Y. App. Div. 2000).
253. Ferguson v. Winston, 996 P.2d 841 (Kan. Ct. App. 2000).
254. C.C.A. v. J.M.A., 744 So. 2d 515 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1999), appeal pending.
255. Anderson v. Anderson, 746 So. 2d 525 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1999).
256. Tyrone W. v. Danielle R., 741 A.2d 553 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999).
257. Brown v. Brown, 524 S.E.2d 89 (N.C. Ct. App. 2000).
258. Edelman v. Edelman, 3 P.3d 348 (Alaska 2000).
259. Rodrigue v. Rodrigue, 218 F.3d 432 (5th Cir. 2000), reversing, 55 F. Supp. 2d 534 (E.D. La. 1999).
260. Fabich v. Fabich, 744 A.2d 615 (N.H. 1999).
261. Gragg v. Gragg, 12 S.W.3d 412 (Tenn. 2000).
262. Bratcher v. Bratcher, 26 S.W.3d 797 (Ky. App. 2000). See also Preiss v. Preiss, 617 N.W.2d 514 (Wis. App. 2000) (accumulated sick leave is not a divisible asset).
263. Peterson v. Peterson, 1999 WL 988800 (Ohio Ct. App. 1999) (unpublished, text in Westlaw).
264. Keff v. Keff, 757 So. 2d 450 (Ala. Ct. Civ. App. 2000).
265. Parde v. Parde, 602 N.W.2d 657 (Neb. 1999). See also Newborn v. Newborn, 754 A.2d 476 (Md. Ct. App 2000) (also adopting analytical approach).
266. Moyars v. Moyars, 717 N.E.2d 976 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999).
267. Skelton v. Skelton, 5 S.W.3d 2 (Ark. 1999).
268. Silcox v. Silcox, 6 S.W.3d 899 (Mo. 1999).
269. Finkelstein v. Finkelstein, 701 N.Y.S.2d 52 (App. Div. 2000).
270. Minsky v. Minsky, 25 Fla. L. Weekly D1272 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2000).
271. Larman v. Larman, 991 P.2d 536 (Okla. 1999). See also Holden v. Holden, 520 S.E.2d 842 (Va. Ct. App. 1999) (husband is entitled to a return of separate funds deposited in joint bank account).
272. Rhodus v. McKinley, 16 S.W.3d 615 (Mo. Ct. App. 2000).
273. Gilman v. Gilman, 526 S.E.2d 763 (Va. Ct. App. 2000).
274. Havlen v. McDougall, 22 S.W.3d 343 (Tex. 2000).
275. Estate of Egelhoff, 2001 WL 273198 (U.S.).
276. Tirado v. Tirado, 530 S.E.2d 128 (S.C. App. 2000).
277. Lewis v. Estate of Lewis, 527 S.E.2d 340 (N.C. Ct. App. 2000).
278. Critchell v. Critchell, 746 A.2d 282 (D.C. 2000).
279. Public Employees' Retirement Sys. v. Porter, 763 So. 2d 845 (Miss. 2000).
280. Strong v. Strong, 8 P.3d 763 (Mont. 2000).
281. Scheidel v. Scheidel, 4 P.3d 670 (N.M. Ct. App. 2000).
282. Howard v. Howard, No. 98-DR-3439-D (D.C. Super. 1999).
283. Greene v. Greene, 986 P.2d 144 (Wash. Ct. App. 1999).
284. Eisenhardt v. Eisenhardt, 740 A.2d 164 (N.J. Super. 1999).
285. Hokin v. Hokin, 605 N.W.2d 219 (Wis. Ct. App. 1999).
286. Schlesinger v. Johnson, 1999 WL 997499 (E.D. La. 1999) (unpublished, text in Westlaw).
287. Nelson v. Nelson, 14 S.W.3d 645 (Mo. Ct. App. 2000).
288. Taylor v. Taylor, 1999 WL 1043934 (Ohio Ct. App. 1999) (unpublished, text in Westlaw).
289. Smith v. Smith, 768 So. 2d 393 (Ala. Civ. App. 2000).
290. Diener v. Diener, 696 N.Y.S.2d 755 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1999).
291. Kopec v. Kopec, 70 F. Supp. 2d 217 (E.D.N.Y. 1999) (unpublished, text in Westlaw).
292. Riley v. Commissioner, 1999 WL 985282 (T.C. 1999).
293. In re Moore, 719 N.E.2d 326 (Ill. Ct. App. 1999).
294. Miller v. Miller, 744 A.2d 778 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2000). See also Harris v. Harris, 753 So. 2d 774 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2000).
295. Miller v. Commissioner, Nos. 8094-97 (Tax. Ct. 2000).
296. Brignac v. Commissioner, 78 T.C.M. (CCH) 844, T.C.M. (RIA) 99,387, 1999 RIA TC Memo 99,387 (T.C. 1999).
297. Morrison, 529 U.S. at 598.
298. Doe v. Doe, 747 A.2d 617 (Md. 2000).
299. See Robert G. Spector, Marital Torts: The Current Legal Landscape, 33 FAM. L.Q. 745 (1999).
300. Hargan v. Southwestern Electric Cooperative, 725 N.E.2d 807 (Ill. Ct. App. 2000). See also McDermott v. Reynolds, 530 S.E.2d 902 (Va. 2000) (man cannot maintain an intentional infliction of emotional distress claim against his ex-wife's paramour since to do so would revive the abolished tort of alienation of affections); Quinn v. Walsh, 732 N.E.2d 330 (Mass. Ct. App. 2000) (father and son cannot maintain action against wife's lover for intentional infliction of emotional distress).
301. Quinn v. Walsh, 732 N.E.2d 330 (Mass. App. Ct. 2000).
302. Shin v. Kong, 95 Cal. Rptr. 2d 304 (Ct. App. 2000),
303. State ex rel. Kuntz v. Montana Thirteenth Judicial Dist., 995 P.2d 951 (Mont. 2000).
304. Bishop v. State, 526 S.E.2d 917 (Ga. 1999). See also Barlow v. Barlow, 526 S.E.2d 857 (Ga. 2000) (husband can not introduce tapes of wife's cordless phone conversations with third party that he intercepted).
305. Kirkland v. Franco, 92 F. Supp. 2d 578 (E.D. La. 2000).
306. Williamson v. Daniels, 748 So. 2d 754 (Miss. 1999).
307. Canida v. Canida, 751 So. 2d 647 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1999).
308. Brown v. Birnam Managed Care, 2000 WL 122208 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000) (unpublished, text in Westlaw).
309. Falk v. Sadler, 2000 WL 797464 (S.C. Ct. App. 2000).
310. Taylor v. Evans, 72 F. Supp. 2d 298 (S.D. N.Y. 1999).
311. Truelove v. Hunt, 67 F. Supp. 2d 569 (D. S.C. 1999).
312. Tenenbaum v. Williams, 193 F.3d 581 (2d Cir. 1999).
313. Dunlap v. Hilgenkamp, 82 F. Supp. 2d 1052 (D. Neb. 2000).
314. Morris v. Dearborne, 69 F. Supp. 2d 868 (E.D. Tex. 1999).
315. Hobbs ex rel. Winner v. North Carolina Dep't of Human Res., 520 S.E.2d 595 (N.C. Ct App. 1999). See also P.G. v. State Dep't of Health & Human Servs., 4 P.3d 326 (Alaska 2000) (agency's failure to make reasonable efforts to disclose information about the child's background exposed the foster parents to a foreseeable risk that the child would engage in harmful conduct (sexually abused their two biological children)).
316. Fierstein v. DePaul Health Ctr., 24 S.W.3d 200 (Mo. App. 2000).
317. Horwitz v. Horwitz, 16 S.W.3d 599 (Mo. Ct. App. 2000). See also Ex parte Howle, 2000 WL 804451 (Ala. 2000) (wife who received alimony to compensate her for her future medical expenses was barred from bringing a tort action against her husband).
318. Caudle v. Mendel, 994 P.2d 372 (Alaska 1999).