Britain's last imperial frontier: The Aden protectorates, 1952-59

Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History

Volumn 29, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 75-100

  Mawby, Spencer ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEICESTER   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 0035591004     PISSN: 03086534     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03086530108583120     Document Type: Article

References (142)

1. Two excellent general histories emphasizing this theme are David Reynolds, Britannia Overruled (London, 1991 ) and R.F. Holland, The Pursuit of Greatness (London, 1991).
2. Two excellent general histories emphasizing this theme are David Reynolds, Britannia Overruled (London, 1991 ) and R.F. Holland, The Pursuit of Greatness (London, 1991).
3. John Gallagher The Decline, Revival and Fall of the British Empire (Cambridge, 1982); Philip Darby. British Defence Policy East of Suez (London, 1973); David Goldsworthy, 'Keeping Change Within Bounds: Aspects of Colonial Policy during the Churchill and Eden Governments, 1951-57', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History (JICH), 18, 1
4. John Gallagher The Decline, Revival and Fall of the British Empire (Cambridge, 1982); Philip Darby. British Defence Policy East of Suez (London, 1973); David Goldsworthy, 'Keeping Change Within Bounds: Aspects of Colonial Policy during the Churchill and Eden Governments, 1951-57', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History (JICH), 18, 1
5. John Gallagher The Decline, Revival and Fall of the British Empire (Cambridge, 1982); Philip Darby. British Defence Policy East of Suez (London, 1973); David Goldsworthy, 'Keeping Change Within Bounds: Aspects of Colonial Policy during the Churchill and Eden Governments, 1951-57', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History (JICH), 18, 1
6. R. Hyam, 'Africa and the Labour Government 1945-51', JICH, 16, 3 (1988), 148-72; J. Kent, British Imperial Strategy and the Origins of the Cold War (Leicester, 1993); R. Holland, 'British Strategies from Attlee to Macmillan 1945-63', JICH, 12, 2 (1984), 165-86.
7. R. Hyam, 'Africa and the Labour Government 1945-51', JICH, 16, 3 (1988), 148-72; J. Kent, British Imperial Strategy and the Origins of the Cold War (Leicester, 1993); R. Holland, 'British Strategies from Attlee to Macmillan 1945-63', JICH, 12, 2 (1984), 165-86.
8. R. Hyam, 'Africa and the Labour Government 1945-51', JICH, 16, 3 (1988), 148-72; J. Kent, British Imperial Strategy and the Origins of the Cold War (Leicester, 1993); R. Holland, 'British Strategies from Attlee to Macmillan 1945-63', JICH, 12, 2 (1984), 165-86.
9. Wm Roger Louis and Ronald Robinson. 'The Imperialism of Decolonization', JICH, 22, 3 (1994), 462-511.
10. Joseph Kostiner, The Struggle for South Yemen (London, 1984); Karl Pieragostini, Britain, Aden and South Arabia (London, 1991); Glen Balfour-Paul, End of Empire in the Middle East (Cambridge, 1991), ch.3.
11. Joseph Kostiner, The Struggle for South Yemen (London, 1984); Karl Pieragostini, Britain, Aden and South Arabia (London, 1991); Glen Balfour-Paul, End of Empire in the Middle East (Cambridge, 1991), ch.3.
12. Joseph Kostiner, The Struggle for South Yemen (London, 1984); Karl Pieragostini, Britain, Aden and South Arabia (London, 1991); Glen Balfour-Paul, End of Empire in the Middle East (Cambridge, 1991), ch.3.
13. Louis and Robinson, 462-511; R. Ovendale, Britain, the United States and the Transfer of Power in the Middle East 1945-1962 (Leicester, 1996); Anne Orde, The Eclipse of Great Bretain: The United States and British Imperial Decline, 1895-1956 (Basingstoke, 1996).
14. Louis and Robinson, 462-511; R. Ovendale, Britain, the United States and the Transfer of Power in the Middle East 1945-1962 (Leicester, 1996); Anne Orde, The Eclipse of Great Bretain: The United States and British Imperial Decline, 1895-1956 (Basingstoke, 1996).
15. Louis and Robinson, 462-511; R. Ovendale, Britain, the United States and the Transfer of Power in the Middle East 1945-1962 (Leicester, 1996); Anne Orde, The Eclipse of Great Bretain: The United States and British Imperial Decline, 1895-1956 (Basingstoke, 1996).
16. Parker T. Hart, Saudi Arabia an the United States (Bloomington, 1998), chs 5-7: Steven L. Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict (Chicago, 1985), 102-5.
17. Parker T. Hart, Saudi Arabia an the United States (Bloomington, 1998), chs 5-7: Steven L. Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict (Chicago, 1985), 102-5.
18. Harold Ingrams, The Yemen: Imams, Rulers and Revolutionaries (London, 1963), 79.
19. Tom Hickinbotham, Aden (London, 1958), 111.
20. Donald Foster, Landscape With Arabs (London, 1969), 51.
21. Philip Murphy, Alan Lennox-Boyd (London, 1999), 104.
22. Murphy, 178-9; A.N. Porter and A.J. Stockwell, British Imperial Policy and Decolonization 1938-64: Vol. 1 (Basingstoke, 1987), 375.
23. Murphy, 178-9; A.N. Porter and A.J. Stockwell, British Imperial Policy and Decolonization 1938-64: Vol. 1 (Basingstoke, 1987), 375.
24. Seager to Chief Secretary with enclosure, 3 Feb. 1952, India Office Records (IOR), British Library: R/20/B/2122.
25. Good memo on WAP federation, 29 May 1952, Minutes of a meeting at Government House, 4 March 1952, Hickinbotham minute, 9 June 1952, R/20/B/2122.
26. Hickinbotham to Secretary of State with enclosure, 25 Oct. 1952, R/20/B/2122.
27. Hickinbotham memo on federation, 29 Jan. 1953, R/20/B/2124; Hone to Marnham, 17 Sept. 1953, Trevaskis to Chief Secretary, 5 Nov. 1953, Hickinbotham memo, 18 Nov. 1953, R/20/B/2122; Kennedy Trevaskis, Shades of Amber (London, 1968), 43-5.
28. Hickinbotham memo on federation, 29 Jan. 1953, R/20/B/2124; Hone to Marnham, 17 Sept. 1953, Trevaskis to Chief Secretary, 5 Nov. 1953, Hickinbotham memo, 18 Nov. 1953, R/20/B/2122; Kennedy Trevaskis, Shades of Amber (London, 1968), 43-5.
29. British Agent WAP to Chief Secretary, 20 Jan. 1954 with draft constitution, Trevaskis to Chief Secretary, 9 Feb. 1954, 4, 8 and 16 March 1954, R/20/B/2603; Robin Bidwell, The Two Yemens (London, 1983), 98.
30. British Agent WAP to Chief Secretary, 20 Jan. 1954 with draft constitution, Trevaskis to Chief Secretary, 9 Feb. 1954, 4, 8 and 16 March 1954, R/20/B/2603; Robin Bidwell, The Two Yemens (London, 1983), 98.
31. Bidwell, 92; Kostiner, 40-41.
32. Bidwell, 92; Kostiner, 40-41.
33. Boustead to Chief Secretary, 22 Jan. 1952, Hickinbotham minute, 3 Feb. 1952, memo on Federation with Hickinbotham minute, 17 April 1952, Boustead to Chief Secretary, 17 Nov. 1952, Sultan Hussein to Boustead, 2 June 1952, Hickinbotham memo on Federation, 29 Jan. 1953, Boustead to Chief Secretary, 5 Feb. 1953, R/20/B/2124.
34. Boustead to Hickinbotham, 12 Nov. 1953, Boustead to Chief Secretary, 14 Nov. 1953, Boustead to Chief Secretary, 28 Dec. 1953, R20/B/2124; Boustead to Hickinbotham with memo, 28 July 1954, Governor's Note to Boustead, 3 Aug. 1954, memo by Boustead, 13 Aug 1954, Hickinbotham minute, 19 Aug. 1954, R/20/B/2431.
35. Shuckburgh to Gorell Barnes, 17 Aug. 1954, Record of a meeting between CO and FO, 19 Aug. 1954, CO1015/829 Public Record Office, London (PRO); Lloyd to Gorell Barnes, 30 June 1954, CO1015/942.
36. Shuckburgh to Gorell Barnes, 17 Aug. 1954, Record of a meeting between CO and FO, 19 Aug. 1954, CO1015/829 Public Record Office, London (PRO); Lloyd to Gorell Barnes, 30 June 1954, CO1015/942.
37. Draft Cabinet memo, Jan. 1955, Gorell Barnes minute, 29 March 1955, Reilly memo, 14 April 1955, Hickinbotham to Morgan, 6 Aug. 1955, Colonial Office Paper on Long Range Policy in the Aden Protectorate and Aden Colony, 22 Sept. 1955, CO1015/1211.
38. Simon C. Smith, 'Rulers and Residents: British Relations with the Aden Protectorates 1937-59', Middle Eastern Studies, 31, 3 (1995), 517-18.
39. Aden (Hickinbotham) to Secretary of State, 12 May 1956, including draft statement, CO1015/1202; Pieragostini, 26; Trevaskis, 99.
40. Aden (Hickinbotham) to Secretary of State, 12 May 1956, including draft statement, CO1015/1202; Pieragostini, 26; Trevaskis, 99.
41. Aden (Hickinbotham) to Secretary of State, 12 May 1956, including draft statement, CO1015/1202; Pieragostini, 26; Trevaskis, 99.
42. Butler to Lennox-Boyd, 8 Oct. 1955, Macmillan to Lennox-Boyd, 14 Oct. 1955, Gorell Barnes to Johnston, 28 Oct. 1955, Lennox-Boyd to Macmillan, 1 Nov. 1955, CO1015/1212; Samuel minute, 29 Sept. 1955, with Shuckburgh minute 5 Oct. 1955, and Macmillan minute, 6 Oct. 1955, FO 371/114558, E1015/27, PRO.
43. Butler to Lennox-Boyd, 8 Oct. 1955, Macmillan to Lennox-Boyd, 14 Oct. 1955, Gorell Barnes to Johnston, 28 Oct. 1955, Lennox-Boyd to Macmillan, 1 Nov. 1955, CO1015/1212; Samuel minute, 29 Sept. 1955, with Shuckburgh minute 5 Oct. 1955, and Macmillan minute, 6 Oct. 1955, FO 371/114558, E1015/27, PRO.
44. CA (55)6th mtg., minute 3, 24 Nov. 1955, CA(56)1st mtg., minute 2, 4 Jan. 1956: CAB 134/1201, PRO; CA(56)1, 2 Jan. 1956, CAB 134/1202; Lennox-Boyd to Hickinbotham, 5 Dec. 1955, Hickinbotham to Lennox-Boyd, 15 Dec. 1955, Lennox-Boyd to Hickinbotham, 11 Jan. 1956, CO 1015/1212.
45. CA (55)6th mtg., minute 3, 24 Nov. 1955, CA(56)1st mtg., minute 2, 4 Jan. 1956: CAB 134/1201, PRO; CA(56)1, 2 Jan. 1956, CAB 134/1202; Lennox-Boyd to Hickinbotham, 5 Dec. 1955, Hickinbotham to Lennox-Boyd, 15 Dec. 1955, Lennox-Boyd to Hickinbotham, 11 Jan. 1956, CO 1015/1212.
46. CA (55)6th mtg., minute 3, 24 Nov. 1955, CA(56)1st mtg., minute 2, 4 Jan. 1956: CAB 134/1201, PRO; CA(56)1, 2 Jan. 1956, CAB 134/1202; Lennox-Boyd to Hickinbotham, 5 Dec. 1955, Hickinbotham to Lennox-Boyd, 15 Dec. 1955, Lennox-Boyd to Hickinbotham, 11 Jan. 1956, CO 1015/1212.
47. CM(56)22nd mtg., 13 March 1956, CAB 128/30; CA(56)13th mtg., 12 March 1956, CAB 134/1201; CA(56)12, 8 March 1956, CAB 134/1202; Governor to Secretary of State, 8 Feb. 1956, Morgan to Hickinbotham, 17 Feb. 1956, Secretary of State to Aden, 6 March 1956 and 14 March 1956, CO1015/1212.
48. CM(56)22nd mtg., 13 March 1956, CAB 128/30; CA(56)13th mtg., 12 March 1956, CAB 134/1201; CA(56)12, 8 March 1956, CAB 134/1202; Governor to Secretary of State, 8 Feb. 1956, Morgan to Hickinbotham, 17 Feb. 1956, Secretary of State to Aden, 6 March 1956 and 14 March 1956, CO1015/1212.
49. CM(56)22nd mtg., 13 March 1956, CAB 128/30; CA(56)13th mtg., 12 March 1956, CAB 134/1201; CA(56)12, 8 March 1956, CAB 134/1202; Governor to Secretary of State, 8 Feb. 1956, Morgan to Hickinbotham, 17 Feb. 1956, Secretary of State to Aden, 6 March 1956 and 14 March 1956, CO1015/1212.
50. CM(56)22nd mtg., 13 March 1956, CAB 128/30; CA(56)13th mtg., 12 March 1956, CAB 134/1201; CA(56)12, 8 March 1956, CAB 134/1202; Governor to Secretary of State, 8 Feb. 1956, Morgan to Hickinbotham, 17 Feb. 1956, Secretary of State to Aden, 6 March 1956 and 14 March 1956, CO1015/1212.
51. Hickinbotham to Lennox-Boyd, 5 April 1956, CO 1015/1213; Address Delivered by Governor, 31 March 1956, Notes of meeting with rulers, 7 April 1956, R/20/B/2611.
52. Hickinbotham to Lennox-Boyd, 19 June 1956, CO 1015/1131.
53. Lennox-Boyd to Eden, 28 June 1956, Eden to Lennox-Boyd, 29 June 1956, Lennox-Boyd to Eden, 6 July 1956, with Eden minute, 6 July 1956, Luce to Lennox-Boyd, 11 Dec. 1956, CO 1015/1213; Luce to Hone, 5 Oct. 1956, R/20/B/2612.
54. Marnham to Gorell Barnes, 27 Nov. 1952, CO 1015/685.
55. Ingrams, 85; Hickinbotham, 117-25.
56. Ingrams, 85; Hickinbotham, 117-25.
57. Hickinbotham to Secretary of State, 17 Oct. 1952, Reilly to Marnham, 30 Oct. 1952, Secretary of State to Aden, 28 Nov. 1952, CO1015/685.
58. Hickinbotham to Secretary of State, 17 Feb. 1953, CO1015/685.
59. Hickinbotham to Secretary of State, 19 Nov. 1953, CO 1015/683.
60. The governor reported that during Jan. 1955 there were 14 attacks on Robat fort. See Hickinbotham to Secretary of State, 20 Jan. 1955, Hickinbotham to Secretary of State, 5 Feb. 1955, CO1015/836.
61. Aden (OAG) to Secretary of State, 20 June 1955, PREM 11/1461, PRO.
62. Hickinbotham to Secretary of State, 16 June 1955, with Eden minute, 17 June 1955, Hickinbotham to Secretary of State, 17 June 1955, Johnston to de Zulueta, 18 June 1955, de Zulueta to Johnston, 19 June 1955, PREM 11/1461; CM(55)16th mtg., minute 4, 21 June 1955, CAB 128/29.
63. Hickinbotham to Secretary of State, 16 June 1955, with Eden minute, 17 June 1955, Hickinbotham to Secretary of State, 17 June 1955, Johnston to de Zulueta, 18 June 1955, de Zulueta to Johnston, 19 June 1955, PREM 11/1461; CM(55)16th mtg., minute 4, 21 June 1955, CAB 128/29.
64. Aden (OAG) to Secretary of State, 9 July 1955, with Eden minutes, Aden (OAG) to Secretary of State, 10 July 1955, Aden (OAG) to Secretary of State, 11 July 1955, PREM 11/1461; CM(55)17th mtg., 23 June 1955, CAB 128/29; DC(55)4th mtg., minute 1, 27 June 1955, DC(55)5th mtg., minute 2, 11 July 1955, DC(55)18, 8 July 1955. CAB 131/16; COS(55)49th mtg., minute 1, COS(55)51st mtg., minute 3, DEFE 4/77, PRO.
65. Aden (OAG) to Secretary of State, 9 July 1955, with Eden minutes, Aden (OAG) to Secretary of State, 10 July 1955, Aden (OAG) to Secretary of State, 11 July 1955, PREM 11/1461; CM(55)17th mtg., 23 June 1955, CAB 128/29; DC(55)4th mtg., minute 1, 27 June 1955, DC(55)5th mtg., minute 2, 11 July 1955, DC(55)18, 8 July 1955. CAB 131/16; COS(55)49th mtg., minute 1, COS(55)51st mtg., minute 3, DEFE 4/77, PRO.
66. Aden (OAG) to Secretary of State, 9 July 1955, with Eden minutes, Aden (OAG) to Secretary of State, 10 July 1955, Aden (OAG) to Secretary of State, 11 July 1955, PREM 11/1461; CM(55)17th mtg., 23 June 1955, CAB 128/29; DC(55)4th mtg., minute 1, 27 June 1955, DC(55)5th mtg., minute 2, 11 July 1955, DC(55)18, 8 July 1955. CAB 131/16; COS(55)49th mtg., minute 1, COS(55)51st mtg., minute 3, DEFE 4/77, PRO.
67. Aden (OAG) to Secretary of State, 9 July 1955, with Eden minutes, Aden (OAG) to Secretary of State, 10 July 1955, Aden (OAG) to Secretary of State, 11 July 1955, PREM 11/1461; CM(55)17th mtg., 23 June 1955, CAB 128/29; DC(55)4th mtg., minute 1, 27 June 1955, DC(55)5th mtg., minute 2, 11 July 1955, DC(55)18, 8 July 1955. CAB 131/16; COS(55)49th mtg., minute 1, COS(55)51st mtg., minute 3, DEFE 4/77, PRO.
68. Stephen Harper, Last Sunset (London, 1978), 34-5. The impact of Harper's colourful account is somewhat vitiated by his placing of the incident in 1953.
69. James Lunt, The Barren Rocks of Aden (London, 1966), 160-6.
70. Lekon, The British and Hadhramaut, 1863-1967: A Contribution to Robinson's Multicausal Theory of Imperialism', PhD thesis, London, 2000, 154, 285.
71. Hickinbotham minute, 16 Aug. 1953, Military Assistant to Boustead, Oct. 1953, Boustead to Chief Secretary 25 Jan. 1954, R/20/B/2124.
72. Boustead to Chief Secretary, 21 April 1955, Governor to Lennox-Boyd, 2 June 1955, Lennox-Boyd to Hickinbotham, 6 Oct. 1955, Boustead to Chief Secretary, 4 Dec. 1955, R/20/B/2124.
73. Lennox-Boyd memo with Eden minutes, 23 May 1956, PREM 11/1458; Boustead to Chief Secretary, 7 July 1955, Governor to Lennox-Boyd, 2 June 1955, Chief Secretary to Resident Adviser, EAP, 8 July 1955, Hickinbotham to Lennox-Boyd, 8 March 1956, Lennox-Boyd to Hickinbotham, 6 Oct. 1955, R/20/B/2597.
74. Hickinbotham to Lennox-Boyd, 5 April 1956, CO 1015/1213; Luce to Hone, 5 Oct. 1956 with a Note on Policy, R/20/B/2612.
75. Bidwell, chs. 1-3.
76. Eric Macro, Yemen and the Western World (London, 1968), ch.3.
77. R. J. Gavin, Aden Under British Rule (London, 1975), 296-7; Trevaskis, 17-18; Ingrams, 68-9.
78. R. J. Gavin, Aden Under British Rule (London, 1975), 296-7; Trevaskis, 17-18; Ingrams, 68-9.
79. R. J. Gavin, Aden Under British Rule (London, 1975), 296-7; Trevaskis, 17-18; Ingrams, 68-9.
80. Macro, 96; Bidwell, 96-7; Trevaskis, 73-7; Ingrams, 83-6.
81. Macro, 96; Bidwell, 96-7; Trevaskis, 73-7; Ingrams, 83-6.
82. Macro, 96; Bidwell, 96-7; Trevaskis, 73-7; Ingrams, 83-6.
83. Macro, 96; Bidwell, 96-7; Trevaskis, 73-7; Ingrams, 83-6.
84. FO to UN Delegation, 1 July 1954, RMS Queen Elizabeth to FO, 3 July 1954, Lyttelton to Eden and Churchill, July 1954, Churchill to Lyttelton, 17 July 1954, Lyttelton to Churchill, 22 July 1954, PREM 11/1461; CC(54)48th mtg., minute 1, 8 July 1954, CAB 128/27; COS(54)80th mtg., minute 1, 7 July 1954, DEFE 4/71; Aden (OAG) to Secretary of State, 19 June 1954, Acting Governor to Secretary of State, 23 June 1954, Marnham to Gorell Barnes, 24 June 1954, Marnham minute, 1 July 1954, Secretary of State to Aden, 12 July 1954, Gorell Barnes to Lloyd, 16 July 1954, Lloyd to Gorell Barnes, 16 July 1954, CO 1015/828; Lloyd to Lyttelton, 19 July 1954, Secretary of State to Aden, 4 Aug. 1954, CO 1015/829.
85. FO to UN Delegation, 1 July 1954, RMS Queen Elizabeth to FO, 3 July 1954, Lyttelton to Eden and Churchill, July 1954, Churchill to Lyttelton, 17 July 1954, Lyttelton to Churchill, 22 July 1954, PREM 11/1461; CC(54)48th mtg., minute 1, 8 July 1954, CAB 128/27; COS(54)80th mtg., minute 1, 7 July 1954, DEFE 4/71; Aden (OAG) to Secretary of State, 19 June 1954, Acting Governor to Secretary of State, 23 June 1954, Marnham to Gorell Barnes, 24 June 1954, Marnham minute, 1 July 1954, Secretary of State to Aden, 12 July 1954, Gorell Barnes to Lloyd, 16 July 1954, Lloyd to Gorell Barnes, 16 July 1954, CO 1015/828; Lloyd to Lyttelton, 19 July 1954, Secretary of State to Aden, 4 Aug. 1954, CO 1015/829.
86. FO to UN Delegation, 1 July 1954, RMS Queen Elizabeth to FO, 3 July 1954, Lyttelton to Eden and Churchill, July 1954, Churchill to Lyttelton, 17 July 1954, Lyttelton to Churchill, 22 July 1954, PREM 11/1461; CC(54)48th mtg., minute 1, 8 July 1954, CAB 128/27; COS(54)80th mtg., minute 1, 7 July 1954, DEFE 4/71; Aden (OAG) to Secretary of State, 19 June 1954, Acting Governor to Secretary of State, 23 June 1954, Marnham to Gorell Barnes, 24 June 1954, Marnham minute, 1 July 1954, Secretary of State to Aden, 12 July 1954, Gorell Barnes to Lloyd, 16 July 1954, Lloyd to Gorell Barnes, 16 July 1954, CO 1015/828; Lloyd to Lyttelton, 19 July 1954, Secretary of State to Aden, 4 Aug. 1954, CO 1015/829.
87. FO to UN Delegation, 1 July 1954, RMS Queen Elizabeth to FO, 3 July 1954, Lyttelton to Eden and Churchill, July 1954, Churchill to Lyttelton, 17 July 1954, Lyttelton to Churchill, 22 July 1954, PREM 11/1461; CC(54)48th mtg., minute 1, 8 July 1954, CAB 128/27; COS(54)80th mtg., minute 1, 7 July 1954, DEFE 4/71; Aden (OAG) to Secretary of State, 19 June 1954, Acting Governor to Secretary of State, 23 June 1954, Marnham to Gorell Barnes, 24 June 1954, Marnham minute, 1 July 1954, Secretary of State to Aden, 12 July 1954, Gorell Barnes to Lloyd, 16 July 1954, Lloyd to Gorell Barnes, 16 July 1954, CO 1015/828; Lloyd to Lyttelton, 19 July 1954, Secretary of State to Aden, 4 Aug. 1954, CO 1015/829.
88. Taiz to FO, 19 Oct. 1954, Hickinbotham to Lennox-Boyd, 28 Oct. 1954, CO1015/830.
89. Trevaskis, 71.
90. Gorell Barnes to Shuckburgh with Draft Cabinet Paper by Secretary of State for Colonies, 25 Nov. 1955, Aden (OAG) to Secretary of State, 29 June 1955, DEFE 11/76.
91. Record of a meeting on 14 April at the CO, 18 April 1955, DEFE 11/76; Lennox-Boyd to Eden, 9 Sept. 1955, PREM 11/1461.
92. Record of a meeting on 14 April at the CO, 18 April 1955, DEFE 11/76; Lennox-Boyd to Eden, 9 Sept. 1955, PREM 11/1461.
93. Lennox-Boyd to Eden, Oct. 1955, PREM 11/2401.
94. COS(55)43rd mtg., minute 1, 13 June 1955, DEFE 4/77; Extract from CM(55)17th, mtg., minute 3, 23 June 1955, Secretary of State to Aden, 27 June 1955, Aden to Secretary of State, 29 June 1955, DEFE 11/76.
95. COS(55)43rd mtg., minute 1, 13 June 1955, DEFE 4/77; Extract from CM(55)17th, mtg., minute 3, 23 June 1955, Secretary of State to Aden, 27 June 1955, Aden to Secretary of State, 29 June 1955, DEFE 11/76.
96. De Zulueta to Stacpoole, 5 Sept. 1955, Lennox-Boyd to Eden, 9 Sept. 1955, with Eden minutes, PREM 11/1461.
97. Hickinbotham to Gorell Barnes, 13 Oct. 1955, Hickinbotham to Gorell Barnes, 24 March 1956, DEFE 11/338.
98. Governor to Secretary of State with enclosure on Dhala and Radfan, 1 Oct. 1956, CO1015/837; Trevaskis, 105-6.
99. Governor to Secretary of State with enclosure on Dhala and Radfan, 1 Oct. 1956, CO1015/837; Trevaskis, 105-6.
100. Governor to Secretary of State, 30 Sept. 1956, with Eden minute. 2 Oct. 1956, Lennox-Boyd to Eden with enclosure, Oct. 1956, FO to New York, 6 Oct. 1955, New York to FO, 6 Oct. 1956, Maclay to Eden, 3 Jan. 1957, PREM 11/2401; COS(57)42, 13 Feb. 1957, DEFE 5/73; Dickson to Minister of Defence, 14 Jan. 1957, DEFE 13/329; Luce to Morgan, 23 Dec. 1956, CO 1015/809; Luce to Secretary of State, 28 Jan. 1957, CO 1015/1298; Luce to Secretary of State, 6 Dec. 1956, CO 1015/1315; David Holden, Farewell to Arabia (London, 1966), 79; Macro, 105-9; Ingrams, 7.
101. Governor to Secretary of State, 30 Sept. 1956, with Eden minute. 2 Oct. 1956, Lennox-Boyd to Eden with enclosure, Oct. 1956, FO to New York, 6 Oct. 1955, New York to FO, 6 Oct. 1956, Maclay to Eden, 3 Jan. 1957, PREM 11/2401; COS(57)42, 13 Feb. 1957, DEFE 5/73; Dickson to Minister of Defence, 14 Jan. 1957, DEFE 13/329; Luce to Morgan, 23 Dec. 1956, CO 1015/809; Luce to Secretary of State, 28 Jan. 1957, CO 1015/1298; Luce to Secretary of State, 6 Dec. 1956, CO 1015/1315; David Holden, Farewell to Arabia (London, 1966), 79; Macro, 105-9; Ingrams, 7.
102. Governor to Secretary of State, 30 Sept. 1956, with Eden minute. 2 Oct. 1956, Lennox-Boyd to Eden with enclosure, Oct. 1956, FO to New York, 6 Oct. 1955, New York to FO, 6 Oct. 1956, Maclay to Eden, 3 Jan. 1957, PREM 11/2401; COS(57)42, 13 Feb. 1957, DEFE 5/73; Dickson to Minister of Defence, 14 Jan. 1957, DEFE 13/329; Luce to Morgan, 23 Dec. 1956, CO 1015/809; Luce to Secretary of State, 28 Jan. 1957, CO 1015/1298; Luce to Secretary of State, 6 Dec. 1956, CO 1015/1315; David Holden, Farewell to Arabia (London, 1966), 79; Macro, 105-9; Ingrams, 7.
103. Governor to Secretary of State, 30 Sept. 1956, with Eden minute. 2 Oct. 1956, Lennox-Boyd to Eden with enclosure, Oct. 1956, FO to New York, 6 Oct. 1955, New York to FO, 6 Oct. 1956, Maclay to Eden, 3 Jan. 1957, PREM 11/2401; COS(57)42, 13 Feb. 1957, DEFE 5/73; Dickson to Minister of Defence, 14 Jan. 1957, DEFE 13/329; Luce to Morgan, 23 Dec. 1956, CO 1015/809; Luce to Secretary of State, 28 Jan. 1957, CO 1015/1298; Luce to Secretary of State, 6 Dec. 1956, CO 1015/1315; David Holden, Farewell to Arabia (London, 1966), 79; Macro, 105-9; Ingrams, 7.
104. Governor to Secretary of State, 30 Sept. 1956, with Eden minute. 2 Oct. 1956, Lennox-Boyd to Eden with enclosure, Oct. 1956, FO to New York, 6 Oct. 1955, New York to FO, 6 Oct. 1956, Maclay to Eden, 3 Jan. 1957, PREM 11/2401; COS(57)42, 13 Feb. 1957, DEFE 5/73; Dickson to Minister of Defence, 14 Jan. 1957, DEFE 13/329; Luce to Morgan, 23 Dec. 1956, CO 1015/809; Luce to Secretary of State, 28 Jan. 1957, CO 1015/1298; Luce to Secretary of State, 6 Dec. 1956, CO 1015/1315; David Holden, Farewell to Arabia (London, 1966), 79; Macro, 105-9; Ingrams, 7.
105. Governor to Secretary of State, 30 Sept. 1956, with Eden minute. 2 Oct. 1956, Lennox-Boyd to Eden with enclosure, Oct. 1956, FO to New York, 6 Oct. 1955, New York to FO, 6 Oct. 1956, Maclay to Eden, 3 Jan. 1957, PREM 11/2401; COS(57)42, 13 Feb. 1957, DEFE 5/73; Dickson to Minister of Defence, 14 Jan. 1957, DEFE 13/329; Luce to Morgan, 23 Dec. 1956, CO 1015/809; Luce to Secretary of State, 28 Jan. 1957, CO 1015/1298; Luce to Secretary of State, 6 Dec. 1956, CO 1015/1315; David Holden, Farewell to Arabia (London, 1966), 79; Macro, 105-9; Ingrams, 7.
106. Governor to Secretary of State, 30 Sept. 1956, with Eden minute. 2 Oct. 1956, Lennox-Boyd to Eden with enclosure, Oct. 1956, FO to New York, 6 Oct. 1955, New York to FO, 6 Oct. 1956, Maclay to Eden, 3 Jan. 1957, PREM 11/2401; COS(57)42, 13 Feb. 1957, DEFE 5/73; Dickson to Minister of Defence, 14 Jan. 1957, DEFE 13/329; Luce to Morgan, 23 Dec. 1956, CO 1015/809; Luce to Secretary of State, 28 Jan. 1957, CO 1015/1298; Luce to Secretary of State, 6 Dec. 1956, CO 1015/1315; David Holden, Farewell to Arabia (London, 1966), 79; Macro, 105-9; Ingrams, 7.
107. Luce to Morgan, 23 Dec. 1956, CO 1015/809.
108. Macro, 117-9; Ingrams, 99.
109. Macro, 117-9; Ingrams, 99.
110. Luce to Secretary of State, 2 Dec. 1957, CO 1015/1304.
111. Luce to Secretary of State, 3 Dec. 1957 and 4 Dec. 1957, de Zulueta to Macmillan, 6 Dec. 1957, Lennox-Boyd to Macmillan, 9 Dec. 1957, with Macmillan minute, 9 Dec. 1957, Secretary of State to Luce, 11 Dec. 1957, PREM 11/2401.
112. Balfour-Paul, 70-1.
113. Beihan, Audhali and Fadhli rulers to Luce 21 Feb. 1958, R/20/B/3259; COS(58)48th mtg., minute 6, 5 July 1956, DEFE 4/107; COS(58)149, 6 June 1958, DEFE 5/84;
114. Beihan, Audhali and Fadhli rulers to Luce 21 Feb. 1958, R/20/B/3259; COS(58)48th mtg., minute 6, 5 July 1956, DEFE 4/107; COS(58)149, 6 June 1958, DEFE 5/84;
115. Beihan, Audhali and Fadhli rulers to Luce 21 Feb. 1958, R/20/B/3259; COS(58)48th mtg., minute 6, 5 July 1956, DEFE 4/107; COS(58)149, 6 June 1958, DEFE 5/84;
116. Note from four rulers to the Secretary of State, 11 May 1958, Luce to Gorell Barnes, 19 May 1958, CO 1015/1667.
117. CC(58)50th mtg., minute 6, 26 June 1958, CAB 128/32; C(58)131, 24 June 1958, CAB 129/93; CPC(58)10th mtg., 19 June 1958, CAB 134/1557.
118. CC(58)50th mtg., minute 6, 26 June 1958, CAB 128/32; C(58)131, 24 June 1958, CAB 129/93; CPC(58)10th mtg., 19 June 1958, CAB 134/1557.
119. CC(58)50th mtg., minute 6, 26 June 1958, CAB 128/32; C(58)131, 24 June 1958, CAB 129/93; CPC(58)10th mtg., 19 June 1958, CAB 134/1557.
120. CC(58)30th mtg., minute 2, 14 April 1958, CAB 128/32; D(58)7th mtg., minute 1, 11 April 1958, CAB 131/19; Trevaskis, 135-8. 70. CC(58)33rd mtg., minute 2, 21 April 1958, CAB 128/32; COS(58)102, 11 April 1958, DEFE 5/83; HQBFAP to MoD, 18 April 1958, Luce to Secretary of State, 21 April 1958,DEFE 11/256.
121. CC(58)30th mtg., minute 2, 14 April 1958, CAB 128/32; D(58)7th mtg., minute 1, 11 April 1958, CAB 131/19; Trevaskis, 135-8. 70. CC(58)33rd mtg., minute 2, 21 April 1958, CAB 128/32; COS(58)102, 11 April 1958, DEFE 5/83; HQBFAP to MoD, 18 April 1958, Luce to Secretary of State, 21 April 1958,DEFE 11/256.
122. CC(58)30th mtg., minute 2, 14 April 1958, CAB 128/32; D(58)7th mtg., minute 1, 11 April 1958, CAB 131/19; Trevaskis, 135-8. 70. CC(58)33rd mtg., minute 2, 21 April 1958, CAB 128/32; COS(58)102, 11 April 1958, DEFE 5/83; HQBFAP to MoD, 18 April 1958, Luce to Secretary of State, 21 April 1958,DEFE 11/256.
123. CC(58)30th mtg., minute 2, 14 April 1958, CAB 128/32; D(58)7th mtg., minute 1, 11 April 1958, CAB 131/19; Trevaskis, 135-8. 70. CC(58)33rd mtg., minute 2, 21 April 1958, CAB 128/32; COS(58)102, 11 April 1958, DEFE 5/83; HQBFAP to MoD, 18 April 1958, Luce to Secretary of State, 21 April 1958,DEFE 11/256.
124. CC(58)30th mtg., minute 2, 14 April 1958, CAB 128/32; D(58)7th mtg., minute 1, 11 April 1958, CAB 131/19; Trevaskis, 135-8. 70. CC(58)33rd mtg., minute 2, 21 April 1958, CAB 128/32; COS(58)102, 11 April 1958, DEFE 5/83; HQBFAP to MoD, 18 April 1958, Luce to Secretary of State, 21 April 1958,DEFE 11/256.
125. CC(58)30th mtg., minute 2, 14 April 1958, CAB 128/32; D(58)7th mtg., minute 1, 11 April 1958, CAB 131/19; Trevaskis, 135-8. 70. CC(58)33rd mtg., minute 2, 21 April 1958, CAB 128/32; COS(58)102, 11 April 1958, DEFE 5/83; HQBFAP to MoD, 18 April 1958, Luce to Secretary of State, 21 April 1958,DEFE 11/256.
126. CC(58)53rd mtg., minute 2, 10 July 1958, CAB 128/32; COS(58)57th mtg., minute 3, 8 July 1958, DEFE 4/109; Luce to Secretary of State, 2 June 1958, Morgan to Gorell Barnes, 10 June 1958, Secretary of State to OAG, 18 June 1958, CO1015/1551. This account differs substantially from that given by Macmillan, See Harold Macmillan, Riding the Storm (London, 1971), 504-5.
127. CC(58)53rd mtg., minute 2, 10 July 1958, CAB 128/32; COS(58)57th mtg., minute 3, 8 July 1958, DEFE 4/109; Luce to Secretary of State, 2 June 1958, Morgan to Gorell Barnes, 10 June 1958, Secretary of State to OAG, 18 June 1958, CO1015/1551. This account differs substantially from that given by Macmillan, See Harold Macmillan, Riding the Storm (London, 1971), 504-5.
128. CC(58)53rd mtg., minute 2, 10 July 1958, CAB 128/32; COS(58)57th mtg., minute 3, 8 July 1958, DEFE 4/109; Luce to Secretary of State, 2 June 1958, Morgan to Gorell Barnes, 10 June 1958, Secretary of State to OAG, 18 June 1958, CO1015/1551. This account differs substantially from that given by Macmillan, See Harold Macmillan, Riding the Storm (London, 1971), 504-5.
129. CC(58)53rd mtg., minute 2, 10 July 1958, CAB 128/32; COS(58)57th mtg., minute 3, 8 July 1958, DEFE 4/109; Luce to Secretary of State, 2 June 1958, Morgan to Gorell Barnes, 10 June 1958, Secretary of State to OAG, 18 June 1958, CO1015/1551. This account differs substantially from that given by Macmillan, See Harold Macmillan, Riding the Storm (London, 1971), 504-5.
130. Bidwell, 134.
131. Note by Kemp, Feb. 1958, Hammer minute, 3 March 1958, CO1015/1266.
132. FO to Chiefs of Staff, 9 April 1958, and Luce to Secretary of State, 17 April 1958, DEFE 11/256; D(58)9, Brief for Secretary of State, 12 March 1958, Lloyd to Prime Minister, 12 April 1958, Hammer to Gorell Barnes, 13 April 1958, Morgan minute, 16 April 1958, CO 1015/1321.
133. FO to Chiefs of Staff, 9 April 1958, and Luce to Secretary of State, 17 April 1958, DEFE 11/256; D(58)9, Brief for Secretary of State, 12 March 1958, Lloyd to Prime Minister, 12 April 1958, Hammer to Gorell Barnes, 13 April 1958, Morgan minute, 16 April 1958, CO 1015/1321.
134. FO to Chiefs of Staff, 9 April 1958, and Luce to Secretary of State, 17 April 1958, DEFE 11/256; D(58)9, Brief for Secretary of State, 12 March 1958, Lloyd to Prime Minister, 12 April 1958, Hammer to Gorell Barnes, 13 April 1958, Morgan minute, 16 April 1958, CO 1015/1321.
135. Lennox-Boyd to Macmillan, 19 May, 1958, FO to Washington, 8 June 1958, Washington to FO, 10 June 1958. PREM 11/2755.
136. Lee minute, 2 July 1958, Sandys to Prime Minister, 9 July 1958, JP(58)85, Operations Against the Yemen, DEFE 11/257.
137. Lee minute, 2 July 1958, Sandys to Prime Minister, 9 July 1958, JP(58)85, Operations Against the Yemen, DEFE 11/257.
138. Luce to Chiefs of Staff, 12 Sept. 1958, HQ BFAP to Ministry of Defence, 22 Sept. 1958, Luce to Secretary of State, 23 Sept. 1958, DEFE 11/258; Macleod to Minister of Defence, 31 Dec. 1958, DEFE 11/400.
139. Luce to Chiefs of Staff, 12 Sept. 1958, HQ BFAP to Ministry of Defence, 22 Sept. 1958, Luce to Secretary of State, 23 Sept. 1958, DEFE 11/258; Macleod to Minister of Defence, 31 Dec. 1958, DEFE 11/400.
140. ME(M)(59)4, 4 Feb. 1959, CAB 134/2230; Luce to Morgan, 11 March 1959, CO1015/1261.
141. ME(M)(59)4, 4 Feb. 1959, CAB 134/2230; Luce to Morgan, 11 March 1959, CO1015/1261.
142. Bidwell, 127-8.