Whither (wither) the family?

Journal of Psychohistory

Volumn 28, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 334-342

  Fraad, Harriet ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0035585714     PISSN: 01453378     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Arthur Norton and Louisa Miller, 1992. Marriage, Divorce, Remarriage in the 1990s. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P23-180. U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, D.C. 1992.
2. Arlene Saluter and Terry Lugaila, March, 1998. Marital Status and Living Arrangements: March 1996. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P20-496. U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, D.C. 1998.
3. Gardyn, Rebecca, March 2000. "And Baby Makes Two." American Demographics Magazine, March 2000. Annie E. Casey Foundation, 1997. Kids Count: Special Report 1997.
4. Stephanie Coontz, 1992. The Way We Never Were. New York: Basic Books. p.2.
5. These figures were based on statistics reported in the US Department of Labor, Bureau of Information, December 1999. "Marital and Family Characteristics of the Labor Force from the March 1999 Current Population Survey. p.293.
6. Children without quality child care suffer from intellectual deficits that pursue them throughout their lives. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, 1999. "Access to Child Care for Low Income Families." Washington D.C:. United States Department of Health and Human Services.
7. Children's Defense Fund, October 18, 1999. "Childcare Update" on the Internet states that only one child in ten receives quality daycare.
8. Science News, Vol.140, August 24, 1991. "Infant Daycare: Nothing Beats Quality."
9. Betty Hart and Todd Risley, 1995. Meaningful Difference in the Everyday Experiences Of Young American Children. Baltimore: Paul H. Brooks Publishing Company.
10. Public Agenda, 1999. Kids These Days '99'. New York: Public Agenda, 1999. p.9.
11. Howard Snyder and Melissa Sickmund, 1999. Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 1999 National Report. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Programs. p.34.
12. Greg Critzer, March 2000. "Let Them Eat Fat." Harpers Magazine. p.41-47.
13. Seventy-eight percent of child abuse perpetrators are parents. Another 10.9% are care giving relatives or household members. Children's Bureau, 1998. Child Maltreatment 1996. Washington, D.C. United States Department of Health and Human Services. These 1996 figures are corroborated by 1999 statistics. According to the "National Child Abuse and Neglect Statistical Fact Sheet" from the National Clearing House on Child Abuse, internet http://www.caib.com/nccanch/pubs/statinfo/stats.htm, October 1999, 77% of child abusers were parents and 11% were other relatives. These figures do not include other household members such as live-in lovers who are often cited as child abusers. They conclude that 88% of child abusers are parents or other family members. If we added in other household members, the statistics for 1996 and 1999 would either be the same or the 1999 numbers would be higher.
14. Urie Bronfenbrenner et al., 1996. The State of Americans. New York: Free Press. p.155. Children under five are the poorest Americans followed by children from six to seventeen.
15. United States Department of Education, National Center for Educational Statistics, 1997. The Condition of Education 1997. Washington D.C.: United States Government Printing Office.
16. op.cit. Critzer, p.41. MacDonalds, Crispy Crème and other fast food chains purveying sugar and fat saturated foods usually locate in or near poor neighborhoods to entice the poor who need cheap meals consumed outside the home. There, for an extra fifty cents, one can purchase the double coke with free refills and large fries, "specials" which boost a meal's calorie intake by 680 calories or more.
17. Administration for Children and Families, 1997. Child Maltreatment 1997. United States Department of Health and Human Services: United States Government Printing Office, United States.
18. Children's Bureau, Department of Health and Human Services, 1998. Child Maltreatment 1996. Washington, D.C. National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS). Child abuse reports are not necessarily corroborated. Therefore these figures of reported abuse may seem inflated. However, that would be highly unlikely because the most conservative estimates are that at the very most one out of every three abuses is reported.
19. Ibid. 62.
20. Children's Defense Fund, 2000. The State of America's Children. Washington D.C.: Children's Defense Fund. p.160.
21. Chira, S. 1994. "Murdered Children." The New York Times, November 5. p.9.
22. Michael Petit et al., 1999. Child Abuse and Neglect. Washington D.C.: CWLA Press. p.62.
23. Ibid. p.60.
24. Martin Forst and Martha-Elin Blomquist, 1999. Missing Children. New York: Lexington Books.
25. Randolf Schmid, 2000. "Family Members are Common Kidnappers." Associated Press. Internet AOL.
26. David Finklehor et al., 1990. Abducted, Thrown Away and Runaway Children in America. Washington, D.C.: Department of Justice.
27. Felicia Lee, 1993. "Tracking Leads When the Young Disappear." The New York Times, February 9. p.B1.
28. Ibid. Coontz p.231. The non-possessive and child centered nurturance of many Native American tribes is well reported in stories of white children captured by and reared as Native Americans who then refused to return to their colonial communities. James Axtell, 1991. White Indians of Colonial America. Fairfield Washington: Ye Galleon Press.
29. Ibid. Coontz p.231. The non-possessive and child centered nurturance of many Native American tribes is well reported in stories of white children captured by and reared as Native Americans who then refused to return to their colonial communities. James Axtell, 1991. White Indians of Colonial America. Fairfield Washington: Ye Galleon Press.
30. Donald Pitzer, Ed., 1997. America's Communal Utopias. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Unfortunately the extensive literature that describes America's communal experiments does not emphasize child rearing.
31. Developers and real estate interests were either actually threatened or pretended to be threatened by women's organizations from the Women's Christian Temperance Union to the YWCA to the American Association of University Women and the League of Women Voters. They promoted the idea that the interests that some of these groups shared in promoting suffrage, empowerment, child-care and collective housing developments with domestic conveniences like shared laundry rooms was part of a communist plot to disrupt the nuclear family and destroy America. They published a chart of these women's organizations labeling them "Alexandra Kollontai's Red Web" (Kollontai was the first woman cabinet minister in the first ministry of women in the newly formed Soviet Revolutionary Government). The years 1919 and 1920 were years of a red scare that repressed communality everywhere. Actually the roots of the US movement to change women's isolated private domestic labor and child care were more to be found in American materialist feminist ideas. This is eloquently described in Delores Hayden, 1985. The Grand Domestic Revolution. Boston: MIT Press, p.281-287.
32. Once again real estate interests, threatened by the government housing entitlements that returning soldiers were claiming, backed Senator Joseph McCarthy in defeating urban and collective government housing in favor of private suburban housing developments. Rosalyn Baxandall and Liz Ewen, 2000. Picture Windows. New York: Basic Books. p.87-116.
33. A.B. Atkinson, L. Rainwater and T. Smeeding, 1995. Income Distribution in OECD Countries. Paris, France: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The results of this study are reported in Petit et al., 1999. p.235.
34. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. February, 1997. "Roles of Homicide, Suicide and Firearm Deaths Among Children." Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Vol.46, No. 5. p 101-105.
35. Ibid.
36. French national childcare is passionately supported. When the government has tried to reduce subsidies for child care, huge popular demonstrations have resulted.
37. These have previously existed and succeeded in the United States (see Hayden, Baxandall and Ewen).