The national association of manufacturers and the militarization of American conservatism

Business History Review

Volumn 75, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 775-805

  Soffer, Jonathan ^a  

^a POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0035567286     PISSN: 00076805     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3116511     Document Type: Article

References (156)

1. Dwight D. Eisenhower, "Notes for National Association of Manufacturers," 7 Dec. 1962, Congress of American Industry Binder, NAM Papers, Series IV, Box 18, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Del. Eisenhower delivered his Farewell Address on January 17, 1961.
2. Ibid.
3. Robert M. Collins, The Business Response to Keynes, 1929-1964 (New York, 1981), 47.
4. Malcolm Forbes, editorial, Forbes, 25 Aug. 1951, 13. For a good discussion of social consensus and the widespread fear of "extremism" in the 1950s, see Rick Perlstein, Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus (New York, 2001), 202-7.
5. Malcolm Forbes, editorial, Forbes, 25 Aug. 1951, 13. For a good discussion of social consensus and the widespread fear of "extremism" in the 1950s, see Rick Perlstein, Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus (New York, 2001), 202-7.
6. W. P. Gullander appearance on "Meet the Press," 6 Feb. 1966, tape available from http:// www.old-time.com/sponsors/radiomemories/regular/meet_the_press.html.
7. NAM representatives rarely invoked the word "conservative" until the late 1950s. Nonetheless, its anti-union and anti-welfare-state policies provided institutional continuity between the Old Right and the New. On the general continuity of NAM's main goals, see Elizabeth Fones-VVolf, Selling Free Enterprise: The Assault on Labor and Liberalism, 1945-1960 (Urbana, 1994). 1. By the late 1950s, NAM executive vice president Charles Sligh began to exhort businessmen to get more involved in politics in order to build a "conservative coalition." Charles R. Sligh Jr., "This is Public Affairs for the Businessman," 5 Dec. 1958, Box 181, file Charles R. Sligh Jr. For more on NAM's historically conservative politics, see Collins, 47-8. In addition to President Eisenhower, who echoed the theme of getting businessmen into politics, the 1962 convention also featured leading rightist intellectuals and politicians, such as political scientist Felix Morley and economist Friedrich A. Hayek. At the previous year's meeting, NAM president John W. McGovern had applauded "the conservative revolution on campus" as he presented speakers from the Young Americans for Freedom and the Intercollegiate Society of Individualists. NAM, "Blueprint for American Strategy," addresses at the 66th Annual Congress of American Industry, 1962, Box 1 Communism; John W. McGovern, "Address to the Congress of American Industry," 8 Dec. 1961, NAM Papers, Series I, Box 79, folder McGovern, John W.
8. NAM representatives rarely invoked the word "conservative" until the late 1950s. Nonetheless, its anti-union and anti-welfare-state policies provided institutional continuity between the Old Right and the New. On the general continuity of NAM's main goals, see Elizabeth Fones-VVolf, Selling Free Enterprise: The Assault on Labor and Liberalism, 1945-1960 (Urbana, 1994). 1. By the late 1950s, NAM executive vice president Charles Sligh began to exhort businessmen to get more involved in politics in order to build a "conservative coalition." Charles R. Sligh Jr., "This is Public Affairs for the Businessman," 5 Dec. 1958, Box 181, file Charles R. Sligh Jr. For more on NAM's historically conservative politics, see Collins, 47-8. In addition to President Eisenhower, who echoed the theme of getting businessmen into politics, the 1962 convention also featured leading rightist intellectuals and politicians, such as political scientist Felix Morley and economist Friedrich A. Hayek. At the previous year's meeting, NAM president John W. McGovern had applauded "the conservative revolution on campus" as he presented speakers from the Young Americans for Freedom and the Intercollegiate Society of Individualists. NAM, "Blueprint for American Strategy," addresses at the 66th Annual Congress of American Industry, 1962, Box 1 Communism; John W. McGovern, "Address to the Congress of American Industry," 8 Dec. 1961, NAM Papers, Series I, Box 79, folder McGovern, John W.
9. NAM representatives rarely invoked the word "conservative" until the late 1950s. Nonetheless, its anti-union and anti-welfare-state policies provided institutional continuity between the Old Right and the New. On the general continuity of NAM's main goals, see Elizabeth Fones-VVolf, Selling Free Enterprise: The Assault on Labor and Liberalism, 1945-1960 (Urbana, 1994). 1. By the late 1950s, NAM executive vice president Charles Sligh began to exhort businessmen to get more involved in politics in order to build a "conservative coalition." Charles R. Sligh Jr., "This is Public Affairs for the Businessman," 5 Dec. 1958, Box 181, file Charles R. Sligh Jr. For more on NAM's historically conservative politics, see Collins, 47-8. In addition to President Eisenhower, who echoed the theme of getting businessmen into politics, the 1962 convention also featured leading rightist intellectuals and politicians, such as political scientist Felix Morley and economist Friedrich A. Hayek. At the previous year's meeting, NAM president John W. McGovern had applauded "the conservative revolution on campus" as he presented speakers from the Young Americans for Freedom and the Intercollegiate Society of Individualists. NAM, "Blueprint for American Strategy," addresses at the 66th Annual Congress of American Industry, 1962, Box 1 Communism; John W. McGovern, "Address to the Congress of American Industry," 8 Dec. 1961, NAM Papers, Series I, Box 79, folder McGovern, John W.
10. NAM representatives rarely invoked the word "conservative" until the late 1950s. Nonetheless, its anti-union and anti-welfare-state policies provided institutional continuity between the Old Right and the New. On the general continuity of NAM's main goals, see Elizabeth Fones-VVolf, Selling Free Enterprise: The Assault on Labor and Liberalism, 1945-1960 (Urbana, 1994). 1. By the late 1950s, NAM executive vice president Charles Sligh began to exhort businessmen to get more involved in politics in order to build a "conservative coalition." Charles R. Sligh Jr., "This is Public Affairs for the Businessman," 5 Dec. 1958, Box 181, file Charles R. Sligh Jr. For more on NAM's historically conservative politics, see Collins, 47-8. In addition to President Eisenhower, who echoed the theme of getting businessmen into politics, the 1962 convention also featured leading rightist intellectuals and politicians, such as political scientist Felix Morley and economist Friedrich A. Hayek. At the previous year's meeting, NAM president John W. McGovern had applauded "the conservative revolution on campus" as he presented speakers from the Young Americans for Freedom and the Intercollegiate Society of Individualists. NAM, "Blueprint for American Strategy," addresses at the 66th Annual Congress of American Industry, 1962, Box 1 Communism; John W. McGovern, "Address to the Congress of American Industry," 8 Dec. 1961, NAM Papers, Series I, Box 79, folder McGovern, John W.
11. Lisa McGirr, Suburban Warriors: The Origins of the New American Right (Princeton, 2001), 174-5.
12. Jerome Himmelstein, To the Right: The Transformation of American Conservatism (Berkeley, 1990), 31-43.
13. NAM's deepening involvement with the military-industrial complex in the 1960s and the role of the National Defense Committee in the shift have not been previously studied. Most recent scholarship has focused on NAM's role in labor relations and in promoting its own economic vision. Elizabeth Fones-Wolf, for example, has argued for the effectiveness of NAM's public relations campaign on behalf of free-market capitalism in the 1940s-1960s. Fones-Wolf, Selling Free Enterprise, 3-5. For a study more skeptical of NAM's power as a lobbying group, see Richard W. Gable, "NAM: Influential Lobby or Kiss of Death?" Journal of Politics 15 (May 1953): 254-73. On the centrality of NAM's anti-union stance to the organization's mission, and its ties to a larger conservative movement, see Sanford Jacoby, Modern Manors (Princeton, 1999), 232-5.
14. NAM's deepening involvement with the military-industrial complex in the 1960s and the role of the National Defense Committee in the shift have not been previously studied. Most recent scholarship has focused on NAM's role in labor relations and in promoting its own economic vision. Elizabeth Fones-Wolf, for example, has argued for the effectiveness of NAM's public relations campaign on behalf of free-market capitalism in the 1940s-1960s. Fones-Wolf, Selling Free Enterprise, 3-5. For a study more skeptical of NAM's power as a lobbying group, see Richard W. Gable, "NAM: Influential Lobby or Kiss of Death?" Journal of Politics 15 (May 1953): 254-73. On the centrality of NAM's anti-union stance to the organization's mission, and its ties to a larger conservative movement, see Sanford Jacoby, Modern Manors (Princeton, 1999), 232-5.
15. NAM's deepening involvement with the military-industrial complex in the 1960s and the role of the National Defense Committee in the shift have not been previously studied. Most recent scholarship has focused on NAM's role in labor relations and in promoting its own economic vision. Elizabeth Fones-Wolf, for example, has argued for the effectiveness of NAM's public relations campaign on behalf of free-market capitalism in the 1940s-1960s. Fones-Wolf, Selling Free Enterprise, 3-5. For a study more skeptical of NAM's power as a lobbying group, see Richard W. Gable, "NAM: Influential Lobby or Kiss of Death?" Journal of Politics 15 (May 1953): 254-73. On the centrality of NAM's anti-union stance to the organization's mission, and its ties to a larger conservative movement, see Sanford Jacoby, Modern Manors (Princeton, 1999), 232-5.
16. Paul A. C. Koistinen, Planning War, Pursuing Peace: The Political Economy of American Warfare, 1920-1939 (Lawrence, Kans., 1998), 91. There have been no sustained efforts to assess the place of NAM within the postwar conservative movement. Meg Jacobs's work in progress may help fill some of this void. See "The Politics of Inflation in the Twentieth Century United States," presented before the Columbia University Seminar for Twentieth Century Politics and Society, 7 Dec. 2000. Partly because most studies have concentrated on the period before the Vietnam War, they have paid little attention to the National Defense Committee or the history of NAM's engagement with the military.
17. Paul A. C. Koistinen, Planning War, Pursuing Peace: The Political Economy of American Warfare, 1920-1939 (Lawrence, Kans., 1998), 91. There have been no sustained efforts to assess the place of NAM within the postwar conservative movement. Meg Jacobs's work in progress may help fill some of this void. See "The Politics of Inflation in the Twentieth Century United States," presented before the Columbia University Seminar for Twentieth Century Politics and Society, 7 Dec. 2000. Partly because most studies have concentrated on the period before the Vietnam War, they have paid little attention to the National Defense Committee or the history of NAM's engagement with the military.
18. Ibid., 96. See also Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 1920-1933 (Lexington, Ky., 1971), 48-9; Ellis W. Hawley, The Great War and the Search for a Modern Order: A History of the American People and Their Institutions, 1917-1933, 2nd ed. (New York, 1992), 83-96; Roland Stromberg, "American Business and the Approach of War," Journal of Economic History 13 (Winter 1953): 58.
19. Ibid., 96. See also Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 1920-1933 (Lexington, Ky., 1971), 48-9; Ellis W. Hawley, The Great War and the Search for a Modern Order: A History of the American People and Their Institutions, 1917-1933, 2nd ed. (New York, 1992), 83-96; Roland Stromberg, "American Business and the Approach of War," Journal of Economic History 13 (Winter 1953): 58.
20. Ibid., 96. See also Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 1920-1933 (Lexington, Ky., 1971), 48-9; Ellis W. Hawley, The Great War and the Search for a Modern Order: A History of the American People and Their Institutions, 1917-1933, 2nd ed. (New York, 1992), 83-96; Roland Stromberg, "American Business and the Approach of War," Journal of Economic History 13 (Winter 1953): 58.
21. Ibid., 96. See also Joan Hoff Wilson, American Business and Foreign Policy, 1920-1933 (Lexington, Ky., 1971), 48-9; Ellis W. Hawley, The Great War and the Search for a Modern Order: A History of the American People and Their Institutions, 1917-1933, 2nd ed. (New York, 1992), 83-96; Roland Stromberg, "American Business and the Approach of War," Journal of Economic History 13 (Winter 1953): 58.
22. "Arms and the Men," Fortune, March 1934, 52ff. Reader's Digest, the most widely read magazine in America, serialized the article two months later. See also Helmuth C. Engelbrecht and Frank C. Hanighen, Merchants of Death: A Study of the International Armament Industry (New York, 1934). On the Senate hearings, see John E. Wiltz, In Search of Peace: The Senate Munitions Inquiry, 1934-36 (Baton Rouge, 1963); Wayne S. Cole, Senator Gerald P. Nye and American Foreign Relations (Minneapolis, 1962); Matthew W. Coulter, The Senate Munitions Inquiry of the 1930s: Beyond the Merchants of Death (Westport, Conn., 1997).
23. "Arms and the Men," Fortune, March 1934, 52ff. Reader's Digest, the most widely read magazine in America, serialized the article two months later. See also Helmuth C. Engelbrecht and Frank C. Hanighen, Merchants of Death: A Study of the International Armament Industry (New York, 1934). On the Senate hearings, see John E. Wiltz, In Search of Peace: The Senate Munitions Inquiry, 1934-36 (Baton Rouge, 1963); Wayne S. Cole, Senator Gerald P. Nye and American Foreign Relations (Minneapolis, 1962); Matthew W. Coulter, The Senate Munitions Inquiry of the 1930s: Beyond the Merchants of Death (Westport, Conn., 1997).
24. "Arms and the Men," Fortune, March 1934, 52ff. Reader's Digest, the most widely read magazine in America, serialized the article two months later. See also Helmuth C. Engelbrecht and Frank C. Hanighen, Merchants of Death: A Study of the International Armament Industry (New York, 1934). On the Senate hearings, see John E. Wiltz, In Search of Peace: The Senate Munitions Inquiry, 1934-36 (Baton Rouge, 1963); Wayne S. Cole, Senator Gerald P. Nye and American Foreign Relations (Minneapolis, 1962); Matthew W. Coulter, The Senate Munitions Inquiry of the 1930s: Beyond the Merchants of Death (Westport, Conn., 1997).
25. "Arms and the Men," Fortune, March 1934, 52ff. Reader's Digest, the most widely read magazine in America, serialized the article two months later. See also Helmuth C. Engelbrecht and Frank C. Hanighen, Merchants of Death: A Study of the International Armament Industry (New York, 1934). On the Senate hearings, see John E. Wiltz, In Search of Peace: The Senate Munitions Inquiry, 1934-36 (Baton Rouge, 1963); Wayne S. Cole, Senator Gerald P. Nye and American Foreign Relations (Minneapolis, 1962); Matthew W. Coulter, The Senate Munitions Inquiry of the 1930s: Beyond the Merchants of Death (Westport, Conn., 1997).
26. "Arms and the Men," Fortune, March 1934, 52ff. Reader's Digest, the most widely read magazine in America, serialized the article two months later. See also Helmuth C. Engelbrecht and Frank C. Hanighen, Merchants of Death: A Study of the International Armament Industry (New York, 1934). On the Senate hearings, see John E. Wiltz, In Search of Peace: The Senate Munitions Inquiry, 1934-36 (Baton Rouge, 1963); Wayne S. Cole, Senator Gerald P. Nye and American Foreign Relations (Minneapolis, 1962); Matthew W. Coulter, The Senate Munitions Inquiry of the 1930s: Beyond the Merchants of Death (Westport, Conn., 1997).
27. "Arms and the Men," Fortune, March 1934, 52ff. Reader's Digest, the most widely read magazine in America, serialized the article two months later. See also Helmuth C. Engelbrecht and Frank C. Hanighen, Merchants of Death: A Study of the International Armament Industry (New York, 1934). On the Senate hearings, see John E. Wiltz, In Search of Peace: The Senate Munitions Inquiry, 1934-36 (Baton Rouge, 1963); Wayne S. Cole, Senator Gerald P. Nye and American Foreign Relations (Minneapolis, 1962); Matthew W. Coulter, The Senate Munitions Inquiry of the 1930s: Beyond the Merchants of Death (Westport, Conn., 1997).
28. NAM Newsletter 6, no. 17, 29 Apr. 1939, Hagley Museum and Library.
29. NAM Newsletter 6, no. 2, 14 Jan. 1939, 2; Special Newsletter Supplement on National Defense and Industrial Mobilization, 5 Aug. 1939.
30. NAM Newsletter 6, no. 2, 14 Jan. 1939, 2; Special Newsletter Supplement on National Defense and Industrial Mobilization, 5 Aug. 1939.
31. On Welch and the John Birch Society, see Perlstein, Before the Storm, 110-19.
32. Michael J. Hogan, A Cross of Iron: Harry S. Truman and the Origins of the National Security State, 1945-1954 (Cambridge, 1998), 18-19. For a detailed discussion and comprehensive references on the New Look defense policy, see Jonathan Soffer, General Matthew B. Ridgway: From Progressivism to Reaganism, 1895-1993 (Westport, Conn., 1998), 175-92. On NAM and the New Look, see Fones-Wolf, 4-5; 35. On Eisenhower's strong and consistent concern about militarism, see Michael Sherry, In the Shadow of War: The United States since the 1930s (New Haven, 1995), 190-93.
33. Michael J. Hogan, A Cross of Iron: Harry S. Truman and the Origins of the National Security State, 1945-1954 (Cambridge, 1998), 18-19. For a detailed discussion and comprehensive references on the New Look defense policy, see Jonathan Soffer, General Matthew B. Ridgway: From Progressivism to Reaganism, 1895-1993 (Westport, Conn., 1998), 175-92. On NAM and the New Look, see Fones-Wolf, 4-5; 35. On Eisenhower's strong and consistent concern about militarism, see Michael Sherry, In the Shadow of War: The United States since the 1930s (New Haven, 1995), 190-93.
34. Michael J. Hogan, A Cross of Iron: Harry S. Truman and the Origins of the National Security State, 1945-1954 (Cambridge, 1998), 18-19. For a detailed discussion and comprehensive references on the New Look defense policy, see Jonathan Soffer, General Matthew B. Ridgway: From Progressivism to Reaganism, 1895-1993 (Westport, Conn., 1998), 175-92. On NAM and the New Look, see Fones-Wolf, 4-5; 35. On Eisenhower's strong and consistent concern about militarism, see Michael Sherry, In the Shadow of War: The United States since the 1930s (New Haven, 1995), 190-93.
35. Michael J. Hogan, A Cross of Iron: Harry S. Truman and the Origins of the National Security State, 1945-1954 (Cambridge, 1998), 18-19. For a detailed discussion and comprehensive references on the New Look defense policy, see Jonathan Soffer, General Matthew B. Ridgway: From Progressivism to Reaganism, 1895-1993 (Westport, Conn., 1998), 175-92. On NAM and the New Look, see Fones-Wolf, 4-5; 35. On Eisenhower's strong and consistent concern about militarism, see Michael Sherry, In the Shadow of War: The United States since the 1930s (New Haven, 1995), 190-93.
36. Forbes, editorial, 13.
37. Gable, "NAM: Influential Lobby or Kiss of Death?" 254-73, 258-60,
38. Craig Miner, Grede of Milwaukee (Witchita, 1989), 158-9. See also Philip H. Burch Jr., "The NAM as an Interest Group," Politics and Society 4 (Fall 1973): 120-5. On the Manionites, see Perlstein, 4-16.
39. Craig Miner, Grede of Milwaukee (Witchita, 1989), 158-9. See also Philip H. Burch Jr., "The NAM as an Interest Group," Politics and Society 4 (Fall 1973): 120-5. On the Manionites, see Perlstein, 4-16.
40. Craig Miner, Grede of Milwaukee (Witchita, 1989), 158-9. See also Philip H. Burch Jr., "The NAM as an Interest Group," Politics and Society 4 (Fall 1973): 120-5. On the Manionites, see Perlstein, 4-16.
41. Who's Who in American Commerce and Finance, 11th ed. (Chicago, 1959).
42. Memorandum of Conference with the President, 24 Aug. 1959, AWF, DDE Diary, Box 43, Staff Notes, Aug. 1959 (1) DDE Presidential Library. Obtained from Declassified Documents Reference System database. CDROM ID: 19801010416.
43. Cola G. Parker, "Statement to the Committee on Resolutions, Democratic National Convention," 1956, Box 5, "National Political Conventions," NAM Papers, Series I.
44. Cola G. Parker, "Statement to the Committee on Resolutions, Democratic National Convention," 1956, Box 5, "National Political Conventions," NAM Papers, Series I.
45. NAM, "A Platform for Prosperity and Progress," 1956, Box 5 "National Presidential Conventions," NAM Papers, Series I.
46. NAM, "A Platform for Prosperity and Progress," 1956, Box 5 "National Presidential Conventions," NAM Papers, Series I.
47. Burch, "The NAM as an Interest Group," 107, n. 25. In dollar terms, this meant sales volume of over $50 million per annum for the late 1950s, over $75 million for the period 1960-65, and over $100 million from 1965-1971.
48. Ibid., 108; Gable, "NAM: Influential Lobby or Kiss of Death?" 258-60; Burch, "The NAM as an Interest Group," 122-5. Andrew Workman has shown how staff pragmatism affected NAM policy during World War II: "Manufacturing Power: The Organizational Revival of the National Association of Manufacturers, 1941-1945," Business History Review 72 (Summer 1998): 279-81.
49. Ibid., 108; Gable, "NAM: Influential Lobby or Kiss of Death?" 258-60; Burch, "The NAM as an Interest Group," 122-5. Andrew Workman has shown how staff pragmatism affected NAM policy during World War II: "Manufacturing Power: The Organizational Revival of the National Association of Manufacturers, 1941-1945," Business History Review 72 (Summer 1998): 279-81.
50. Ibid., 108; Gable, "NAM: Influential Lobby or Kiss of Death?" 258-60; Burch, "The NAM as an Interest Group," 122-5. Andrew Workman has shown how staff pragmatism affected NAM policy during World War II: "Manufacturing Power: The Organizational Revival of the National Association of Manufacturers, 1941-1945," Business History Review 72 (Summer 1998): 279-81.
51. Ibid., 108; Gable, "NAM: Influential Lobby or Kiss of Death?" 258-60; Burch, "The NAM as an Interest Group," 122-5. Andrew Workman has shown how staff pragmatism affected NAM policy during World War II: "Manufacturing Power: The Organizational Revival of the National Association of Manufacturers, 1941-1945," Business History Review 72 (Summer 1998): 279-81.
52. Membership Committee Report to the Board, 17-18 Sept. 1964, Box 54 Bd. of Dir. Mtg., NAM Papers, Series I.
53. Gullander appearance on "Meet the Press," 6 Feb. 1966; Richard W. Gable, "A Political Analysis of an Employer's Association: The National Association of Manfacturers" (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago, 1951), Appendix I; New York Times, 8 June 1976.
54. Gullander appearance on "Meet the Press," 6 Feb. 1966; Richard W. Gable, "A Political Analysis of an Employer's Association: The National Association of Manfacturers" (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago, 1951), Appendix I; New York Times, 8 June 1976.
55. Gullander appearance on "Meet the Press," 6 Feb. 1966; Richard W. Gable, "A Political Analysis of an Employer's Association: The National Association of Manfacturers" (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago, 1951), Appendix I; New York Times, 8 June 1976.
56. Robert Alan Goldberg, Barry Goldwater (New Haven, 1995), 119; Perlstein, 33.
57. Robert Alan Goldberg, Barry Goldwater (New Haven, 1995), 119; Perlstein, 33.
58. Barry M. Goldwater, "The Preservation of Our Basic Institutions," speech to Senate United States Senate, Washington, D.C., 8 Apr. 1957; Goldberg, Barry Goldwater, 119.
59. Barry M. Goldwater, "The Preservation of Our Basic Institutions," speech to Senate United States Senate, Washington, D.C., 8 Apr. 1957; Goldberg, Barry Goldwater, 119.
60. "Businessmen vs. Eisenhower," Business Week, 18 May 1957; See also Styles Bridges, "Here's How to Gut the Budget," National Review, 25 May 1957, 493-5, which called for a cut of $750 million from the defense budget increase proposed by the Administration; L. Brent Bozell, "Budgetary Elephantiasis," National Review, 2 Feb. 1957, 104-5.
61. "Businessmen vs. Eisenhower," Business Week, 18 May 1957; See also Styles Bridges, "Here's How to Gut the Budget," National Review, 25 May 1957, 493-5, which called for a cut of $750 million from the defense budget increase proposed by the Administration; L. Brent Bozell, "Budgetary Elephantiasis," National Review, 2 Feb. 1957, 104-5.
62. "Businessmen vs. Eisenhower," Business Week, 18 May 1957; See also Styles Bridges, "Here's How to Gut the Budget," National Review, 25 May 1957, 493-5, which called for a cut of $750 million from the defense budget increase proposed by the Administration; L. Brent Bozell, "Budgetary Elephantiasis," National Review, 2 Feb. 1957, 104-5.
63. Robert H. W. Welch, The Politician (Belmont, Mass., 1964), 6.
64. Kenneth R. Miller to NAM Division and Department Heads, Memorandum dated 4 Apr. 1961, Box 99 Organizations, John Birch Society, NAM Papers, Series I; Burch, 123-4.
65. Miner, Grede of Milwaukee, 213-20.
66. Burch, "The NAM as an Interest Group," 129.
67. "NAM Urges Congress to Streamline U.S. Defense Procurement Systems," NAM News, 7 Aug. 1959, NAM Papers, Box 48, Public Affairs, 1958-1959.
68. C. Stewart Baeder, "The NAM and the East-West Trade Question," speech to NAM International Economic Affairs Committee, New York, 25 Apr. 1966. NAM Papers, Box 27, File International Economic Affairs Committee, 1966.
69. See Fones-Wolf, 257-62; Victor Riesel, "NAM Seeks to Develop Art of Practical Politics," Marion Ohio Star, n.d.; Lester Tanzer, "More Companies Edge Into Politics, Draft Bigger 1960 Ventures, GOP Schools Executives in Electioneering, Stands to Gain Most from the Trend," Wall Street Journal, 14 Oct. 1958, Box 5, Political, NAM Papers Series 1. On increasing identification of NAM with rhetoric of conservatism after the Republican electoral loss of 1958, see L. R. Boulware, "Politics . . . The Businessman's Biggest Job in 1958," Box 5, Political, NAM Papers Series 1; Charles R. Sligh Jr., "This Is Public Affairs for the Businessman," 5 Dec. 1958; and "Like It or Not, We're in Politics," 31 Oct. 1958, Box 181, 31 Oct. 1958 folder, NAM Papers, Series I.
70. See Fones-Wolf, 257-62; Victor Riesel, "NAM Seeks to Develop Art of Practical Politics," Marion Ohio Star, n.d.; Lester Tanzer, "More Companies Edge Into Politics, Draft Bigger 1960 Ventures, GOP Schools Executives in Electioneering, Stands to Gain Most from the Trend," Wall Street Journal, 14 Oct. 1958, Box 5, Political, NAM Papers Series 1. On increasing identification of NAM with rhetoric of conservatism after the Republican electoral loss of 1958, see L. R. Boulware, "Politics . . . The Businessman's Biggest Job in 1958," Box 5, Political, NAM Papers Series 1; Charles R. Sligh Jr., "This Is Public Affairs for the Businessman," 5 Dec. 1958; and "Like It or Not, We're in Politics," 31 Oct. 1958, Box 181, 31 Oct. 1958 folder, NAM Papers, Series I.
71. See Fones-Wolf, 257-62; Victor Riesel, "NAM Seeks to Develop Art of Practical Politics," Marion Ohio Star, n.d.; Lester Tanzer, "More Companies Edge Into Politics, Draft Bigger 1960 Ventures, GOP Schools Executives in Electioneering, Stands to Gain Most from the Trend," Wall Street Journal, 14 Oct. 1958, Box 5, Political, NAM Papers Series 1. On increasing identification of NAM with rhetoric of conservatism after the Republican electoral loss of 1958, see L. R. Boulware, "Politics . . . The Businessman's Biggest Job in 1958," Box 5, Political, NAM Papers Series 1; Charles R. Sligh Jr., "This Is Public Affairs for the Businessman," 5 Dec. 1958; and "Like It or Not, We're in Politics," 31 Oct. 1958, Box 181, 31 Oct. 1958 folder, NAM Papers, Series I.
72. See Fones-Wolf, 257-62; Victor Riesel, "NAM Seeks to Develop Art of Practical Politics," Marion Ohio Star, n.d.; Lester Tanzer, "More Companies Edge Into Politics, Draft Bigger 1960 Ventures, GOP Schools Executives in Electioneering, Stands to Gain Most from the Trend," Wall Street Journal, 14 Oct. 1958, Box 5, Political, NAM Papers Series 1. On increasing identification of NAM with rhetoric of conservatism after the Republican electoral loss of 1958, see L. R. Boulware, "Politics . . . The Businessman's Biggest Job in 1958," Box 5, Political, NAM Papers Series 1; Charles R. Sligh Jr., "This Is Public Affairs for the Businessman," 5 Dec. 1958; and "Like It or Not, We're in Politics," 31 Oct. 1958, Box 181, 31 Oct. 1958 folder, NAM Papers, Series I.
73. See Fones-Wolf, 257-62; Victor Riesel, "NAM Seeks to Develop Art of Practical Politics," Marion Ohio Star, n.d.; Lester Tanzer, "More Companies Edge Into Politics, Draft Bigger 1960 Ventures, GOP Schools Executives in Electioneering, Stands to Gain Most from the Trend," Wall Street Journal, 14 Oct. 1958, Box 5, Political, NAM Papers Series 1. On increasing identification of NAM with rhetoric of conservatism after the Republican electoral loss of 1958, see L. R. Boulware, "Politics . . . The Businessman's Biggest Job in 1958," Box 5, Political, NAM Papers Series 1; Charles R. Sligh Jr., "This Is Public Affairs for the Businessman," 5 Dec. 1958; and "Like It or Not, We're in Politics," 31 Oct. 1958, Box 181, 31 Oct. 1958 folder, NAM Papers, Series I.
74. NAM Press Release, "News from the 67th Congress of American Industry," 7 Nov. 1962, Binder, Congress of American Industry, NAM Series IV, Box 18.
75. Burch, "The NAM as an Interest Group," 127.
76. "Meet the Press" interview, 6 Feb. 1966.
77. Ibid.; quoted in Frank J. Prial, "A 'New' NAM? Business Group Edges From Far Right, Pushes Its Own Social Plans," Wall Streel Journal, 31 May 1966, Box 40, NDC 1966.
78. Ibid.; quoted in Frank J. Prial, "A 'New' NAM? Business Group Edges From Far Right, Pushes Its Own Social Plans," Wall Streel Journal, 31 May 1966, Box 40, NDC 1966.
79. Richard C. Cornuelle, Reclaiming the American Dream (New York, 1965), 21-8.
80. W. P. Gullander, "Opening Address," 73rd Congress of Industry, 4 Dec. 1968, Box 178, Gullander File, NAM Papers, Series I.
81. NAM Reports, 2 Aug. 1965.
82. Ibid., see also Michael F. Coady, "Gullander Recasts Image of NAM," Boston Herald, 7 July 1965, Box 4, NAM Papers, Series IV.
83. Ibid., see also Michael F. Coady, "Gullander Recasts Image of NAM," Boston Herald, 7 July 1965, Box 4, NAM Papers, Series IV.
84. Coady, "Gullander Recasts Image of NAM."
85. Priai "A 'New' NAM?"
86. Ibid.
87. "Program for a Strong America," 1951, Box 6, Programs, NAM Papers, Series I.
88. "NAM Pledges Aid to Outdo Russians," New York Times, 8 Nov. 1957.
89. Richard A. Aliano, American Defense Policy from Eisenhower to Kennedy: The Politics of Changing Military Requirements, 1957-61 (Athens, Ohio, 1975), 58; C. W. Borklund, The Department of Defense (New York, 1968), 74-5.
90. Richard A. Aliano, American Defense Policy from Eisenhower to Kennedy: The Politics of Changing Military Requirements, 1957-61 (Athens, Ohio, 1975), 58; C. W. Borklund, The Department of Defense (New York, 1968), 74-5.
91. NAM Vice President Stuart Baeder later listed some of the organizations competing for defense industry dollars: the National Security Industries Association; the Aerospace Industries Association; the Electronic Industries Association; the American Ordnance Association; the Machinery and Allied Products Institute; the Council of Defense & Space Industry Associations (CODSIA); the National Defense Department of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce; the Manufacturers Aircraft Association; the Strategic Industries Association; the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants; the American Management Association; the Automobile Manufactures Association; the Manufacturing Chemists Association; the National Electrical Manufacturers Association; the National Industrial Conference Board; the National Small Business Association; the Navy League; the Air Force Association; the Property Administration Association; the Stanford Research Institute; the Rand Corporation; Arthur D. Little, Inc.; the Hudson Institute; the Center for Strategic Studies at Georgetown University; and the Council on Foreign Relations. C. Stewart Baeder, "The Role of NAM in National Defense," 24 Sept. 1965, Box 25, NDC 1965.
92. Report On NAM National Defense Committee, prepared for the Economic Advisory Committee of the NAM Board of Directors, 19 Apr. 1962. Box 29, folder NDC 1962, NAM Papers, Series I.
93. "Expediting National Defense Procurement," adopted 25 June 1959; NAM National Defense Committee, "Outlook for 1962," Box 29, Defense Procurement Subcommittee 1966, NAM Papers, Series I. On the meaning of "military requirements," see Soffer, 180.
94. "Expediting National Defense Procurement," adopted 25 June 1959; NAM National Defense Committee, "Outlook for 1962," Box 29, Defense Procurement Subcommittee 1966, NAM Papers, Series I. On the meaning of "military requirements," see Soffer, 180.
95. "NAM Urges Congress to Streamline U.S. Defense Procurement Systems."
96. NAM Economic Problems Department, "Report on NAM National Defense Committee: Structure, Objectives and Current Programs, Prepared for the Economic Advisory Committee, NAM Board of Directors," 13 Feb. 1962, Box 29, NDC 1962, NAM Papers, Series I.
97. D. Beryl Maneschewitz and John A. Stuart, "Marketing Under Attack," Journal of Marketing 26 (July 1962): 4; "Advertising: Counterattack on Critics Urged," New York Times, 6 July 1962.
98. D. Beryl Maneschewitz and John A. Stuart, "Marketing Under Attack," Journal of Marketing 26 (July 1962): 4; "Advertising: Counterattack on Critics Urged," New York Times, 6 July 1962.
99. Ibid.
100. Andrew J. Goodpaster, interview with author, 24 June 1994.
101. NAM Economic Problems Department, "Report on the NAM National Defense Committee."
102. Trudeau obituary, New York Times, 8 June 1991.
103. Who's Who in America 1970-71, v. 36 (Chicago, 1971), 59.
104. Ibid., 2320.
105. Baeder, "The Role of NAM in National Defense."
106. W. P. Gullander, "Defense and the Free Market," address delivered to the Association of the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, Washington, 30 Jan. 1964, Box 178, Gullander file, NAM Papers, Series I.
107. NAM Government Economy Committee, "Operation Watchdog," 1963, Box 24, Government Economy file, NAM Papers, Series I.
108. Minutes of the NAM Government Economy Committee, 7 Feb. 1962; Minutes of the Meeting of the NAM Government Economy Committee, 5 Feb. 1963; Working Draft of the Government Economy Committee Report, 5 Feb. 1963; "The Federal Budget for 1961: Report of the NAM Government Economy Committee," and "The Federal Budget for 1962: Report of the NAM Government Economy Committee," Box 24, Government Economy Committee, NAM Papers, Series I.
109. Minutes of the NAM Government Economy Committee, 7 Feb. 1962; Minutes of the Meeting of the NAM Government Economy Committee, 5 Feb. 1963; Working Draft of the Government Economy Committee Report, 5 Feb. 1963; "The Federal Budget for 1961: Report of the NAM Government Economy Committee," and "The Federal Budget for 1962: Report of the NAM Government Economy Committee," Box 24, Government Economy Committee, NAM Papers, Series I.
110. Minutes of the NAM Government Economy Committee, 7 Feb. 1962; Minutes of the Meeting of the NAM Government Economy Committee, 5 Feb. 1963; Working Draft of the Government Economy Committee Report, 5 Feb. 1963; "The Federal Budget for 1961: Report of the NAM Government Economy Committee," and "The Federal Budget for 1962: Report of the NAM Government Economy Committee," Box 24, Government Economy Committee, NAM Papers, Series I.
111. Minutes of the NAM Government Economy Committee, 7 Feb. 1962; Minutes of the Meeting of the NAM Government Economy Committee, 5 Feb. 1963; Working Draft of the Government Economy Committee Report, 5 Feb. 1963; "The Federal Budget for 1961: Report of the NAM Government Economy Committee," and "The Federal Budget for 1962: Report of the NAM Government Economy Committee," Box 24, Government Economy Committee, NAM Papers, Series I.
112. Minutes of the NAM Government Economy Committee, 7 Feb. 1962; Minutes of the Meeting of the NAM Government Economy Committee, 5 Feb. 1963; Working Draft of the Government Economy Committee Report, 5 Feb. 1963; "The Federal Budget for 1961: Report of the NAM Government Economy Committee," and "The Federal Budget for 1962: Report of the NAM Government Economy Committee," Box 24, Government Economy Committee, NAM Papers, Series I.
113. John Stuart, "Forward Plan of the NAM National Defense Committee," 2 Apr. 1966, Box 29, National Defense Committee, 1970 folder, NAM Papers, Series I. See also Elden L. Auker to Members of the NDC, 11 Apr. 1973, Box 36, Elden Auker folder, NAM Papers, Series IV.
114. John Stuart, "Forward Plan of the NAM National Defense Committee," 2 Apr. 1966, Box 29, National Defense Committee, 1970 folder, NAM Papers, Series I. See also Elden L. Auker to Members of the NDC, 11 Apr. 1973, Box 36, Elden Auker folder, NAM Papers, Series IV.
115. Stuart to Baeder, 14 Oct. 1965, Memo re: Potential for NAM Programming, Box 37, folder Fairchild Institute, NAM Papers, Series IV.
116. See also W. R. Peers, "Counterinsurgency; The Road to Security and Peace," address given at the 1966 Autumn Conference on National Defense, 25 Oct. 1966, Box 40, NAM Papers, Series IV.
117. NAM National Defense Committee, Minutes of the Meeting of the Policy and Program Advisory Committee of the National Defense Committee, 30 Nov. 1965, Box 25, NDC 1965 folder; and Marilyn B. Young, The Vietnam Wars. 1945-1990 (New York, 1991), 150-2.
118. NAM National Defense Committee, Minutes of the Meeting of the Policy and Program Advisory Committee of the National Defense Committee, 30 Nov. 1965, Box 25, NDC 1965 folder; and Marilyn B. Young, The Vietnam Wars. 1945-1990 (New York, 1991), 150-2.
119. Charles E. Hastings, "Seldom Have Tomorrows Military Needs Been More Urgent," address before the 1966 Mid-Winter Conference on National Defense of the NAM NDC. 11 Feb. 1966, Box 29, NAM Papers, Series I.
120. "Meet the Press," 6 Feb. 1966.
121. Both quotes from John Stuart, "Public Attitudes and the Defense Industry: Suggested Approaches to a Program to Build Public Understanding of the Role of U.S. Industry in Producing for the National Defense," 10 Mar. 1966, Box 29, National Defense Committee 1966 folder, NAM Papers, Series I.
122. Ibid.
123. "Meet the Press," 6 Feb. 1966.
124. "Bunker to Rusk, Cable 041230Z, Sept. 1967, Declassified Documents Reference System, CDROM ID: 1991090102666. A note on the document reads: "Mr. Rostow - This cable was read to the President at 5:00 a.m."
125. Max Frankel, "Observers Tell Johnson South Vietnam's Election Was Fair," New York Times, 7 Sept. 1967.
126. Robert E. Beach, "War Profiteering - The Oldest Witch is Dead!" address to the NAM NDC, 20 June 1968, Box 29, NAM Papers, Series I.
127. CODSIA to Malloy, 24 Apr. 1968, Box 29, NAM Papers, Series I.
128. Murray L. Weidenbaum, The Economics of Peacetime Defense (New York, 1974), 69-73.
129. McCreery to Stuart, "National Defense Committee Activities Report for Mr. Gullander," 2 May 1968, Box 40, Business activities folder, NAM Papers, Series IV.
130. Policy and Program Advisory Committee, National Defense Committee Meeting Minutes, New York City, 6 Nov. 1968, Box 40, Policy and Program Advisory Committee 1968-1970 folder, NAM Papers, Series IV.
131. Samuel P. Huntington, "The Defense Establishment: Vested Interests and the Public Interest," in The Military Industrial Complex and U.S. Foreign Policy, ed. Omar L. Carey (Pullman, Wash., 1969), 2.
132. Membership List, Policy and Program Advisory Committee of the NAM National Defense Committee, Policy and Program Advisory Committee 1968-1970 folder, NAM Papers, Series IV.
133. Minutes, 1968 Fall Conference on National Defense, NAM NDC, 7 Nov. 1968; and Arden to Leadership Group, "Plan for Selection of Priority Programs," in NAM NDC, Policy and Program Advisory Committee 1968-1970 folder, NAM Papers, Series IV.
134. Minutes, 1968 Fall Conference on National Defense, NAM NDC, 7 Nov. 1968; and Arden to Leadership Group, "Plan for Selection of Priority Programs," in NAM NDC, Policy and Program Advisory Committee 1968-1970 folder, NAM Papers, Series IV.
135. See "Report On NAM National Defense Committee," prepared for the Economic Advisory Committee of the NAM Board of Directors, 19 Apr. 1962, Box 29, folder NDC 1962, NAM Papers, Series I.
136. NAM, "What Eisenhower Really Said About the Military Industrial Complex," 1969, Box 37, CODSIA, NAM Papers, Series IV. Although NAM documents assert that this ad ran in the Washington Post, I was unable to confirm this - possibly it did not run in the particular edition of the Post that was committed to microfilm.
137. Ibid.
138. The Eisenhower Administration spent $48.1 billion in 1960, the last budget fully under its control. The Kennedy Administration spent $53.4 billion in the 1962 defense budget (the first one fully under JFK's purview). See Executive Office of the President, Budget of the United States Government Fiscal Year 1993, Supplement February 1992 (Washington, D.C., 1992), Table 6.1. Figures are in contemporary dollars.
139. NAM, "What Eisenhower Really Said About the Military Industrial Complex"; Dwight D. Eisenhower, "Notes for National Association of Manufacturers," 7 Dec. 1962, Congress of American Industry Binder, NAM Papers, Series IV, Box 18.
140. NAM, "What Eisenhower Really Said About the Military Industrial Complex"; Dwight D. Eisenhower, "Notes for National Association of Manufacturers," 7 Dec. 1962, Congress of American Industry Binder, NAM Papers, Series IV, Box 18.
141. Edward G. Uhl to All Members, NAM NDC, 20 Nov. 1970, Box 40, "8/14/69 mailing" folder, NAM Papers, Series IV.
142. Gullander to All Members of NAM Staff, 21 May 1970, Box 29, NDC 1970 folder, NAM Papers, Series I.
143. Joseph A. Bailey, obituary, Washington Post, 4 July 1994.
144. Craig S. Powell to Donald C. Foster, 24 Feb. 1971, Box 40, Retired Officers Assn; Edward G. Uhl to All Members, NAM NDC, 20 Nov. 1970; John A. Stuart, Program and Policy Advisory Committee, National Defense Committee Minutes, 18 Mar. 1970; Leo V. Bodine, Joseph A. Bailey, summary of the statement of purpose of the National Defense Committee adopted 18 May 1970, memo dated 22 Oct. 1970, Box 40, Policy and Program Advisory Committee, NAM Papers, Series IV. See also "U.S. Defense Policy and Public Criticism," 1970 Spring Conference on National Defense, Report and Minutes, 12 May 1970, Box 29, National Defense Committee, 1970, NAM Papers, Series I.
145. Uhl to Gwinn, 11 Feb. 1971, Box 40, NAM Papers, Series IV.
146. New York Times, 7 Dec. 1972.
147. See David Vogel, Fluctuating Fortunes: The Political Power of Business in America (New York, 1989), 144-8; William J. Lanouette, "Business Lobbyists Hope Their Unity On the Tax Bill Wasn't Just a Fluke," The National Journal, 24 Oct. 1981, 1896.
148. See David Vogel, Fluctuating Fortunes: The Political Power of Business in America (New York, 1989), 144-8; William J. Lanouette, "Business Lobbyists Hope Their Unity On the Tax Bill Wasn't Just a Fluke," The National Journal, 24 Oct. 1981, 1896.
149. Auker to Members of the NAM National Defense Committee, 11 Apr. 1973, Box 36, Elden Auker folder, NAM Papers, Series IV.
150. Ibid.
151. "NAM and the Chamber Bid for More Power," New York Times, 27 June 1976; "NAM Rejects a Merger," Business Week, 1 Nov. 1976; for claimed membership of 12,000 companies see New York Times, 8 Dec. 1972.
152. "NAM and the Chamber Bid for More Power," New York Times, 27 June 1976; "NAM Rejects a Merger," Business Week, 1 Nov. 1976; for claimed membership of 12,000 companies see New York Times, 8 Dec. 1972.
153. "NAM and the Chamber Bid for More Power," New York Times, 27 June 1976; "NAM Rejects a Merger," Business Week, 1 Nov. 1976; for claimed membership of 12,000 companies see New York Times, 8 Dec. 1972.
154. Vogel, 199-200; on the Business Roundtable and other new coalitions of business lobbyists in the 1970s, see Kim McQuaid, "Big Business and Government Policy in Post-New Deal America: From Depression to Détente," reprinted in Government-Business Cooperation 1945-1964, v. 9, Corporatism in the Postwar Era, ed. Robert F Himmelberg (New York, 1994), 279-309; "The Tax Group Without a Name," The National Journal, 28 June 1980, 1053.
155. Vogel, 199-200; on the Business Roundtable and other new coalitions of business lobbyists in the 1970s, see Kim McQuaid, "Big Business and Government Policy in Post-New Deal America: From Depression to Détente," reprinted in Government-Business Cooperation 1945-1964, v. 9, Corporatism in the Postwar Era, ed. Robert F Himmelberg (New York, 1994), 279-309; "The Tax Group Without a Name," The National Journal, 28 June 1980, 1053.
156. Vogel, 199-200; on the Business Roundtable and other new coalitions of business lobbyists in the 1970s, see Kim McQuaid, "Big Business and Government Policy in Post-New Deal America: From Depression to Détente," reprinted in Government-Business Cooperation 1945-1964, v. 9, Corporatism in the Postwar Era, ed. Robert F Himmelberg (New York, 1994), 279-309; "The Tax Group Without a Name," The National Journal, 28 June 1980, 1053.