The revival of Buddhism in Buryatia: Problems and prospects

Anthropology and Archeology of Eurasia

Volumn 39, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 23-47

  Zhukovskaia, N L ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0035539868     PISSN: 10611959     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2753/AAE1061-1959390423     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. N.L. Zhukovskaia, "250 let ofitsial'nogo priznaniia buddizma v Rossii (razmyshleniia o proshedshem iubilee nekotoroe vremia spustia)," Etnograficheskoe obozrenie, 1992, no. 3, pp. 118-31.
2. Buddhism is the most ancient of the world religions. Its birthplace is India, it arose around the turn of the sixth-fifth centuries B.C. According to estimates, there are over 400 million adherents to Buddhism in the world today, most in the countries of South, East, and Southeast Asia: Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Mongolia, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand, and Laos. In Russia, the native population of Buryatia, Kalmykia, and Tuva has been confessing Buddhism since the seventeenth century, and even earlier according to some data. Since the end of the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s, Buddhist centers and communities have begun to appear in various cities of the Russian Federation where this religious tradition had hitherto been completely unknown. As of today, there are over 120 of them in total, representing a variety of directions, schools, and forms of Buddhism. Buddhism is divided into three principal directions: Hīnayāna (the Small Vehicle), Mahāyāna (the Great Vehicle), and Vajrayāna (the Diamond Vehicle). Each of these, in its turn, has many varieties (forms, schools, sects, etc.). The form of Buddhism confessed by the Buryats, Kalmyks, and Tuvans arose at the cusp of Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna at the beginning of the fifteenth century in Tibet and until recently was called Lamaism (from the Tibetan word lama, which translates as "teacher, mentor"). The peoples of southern Siberia became acquainted with it through Mongolia and the intermediary activities of Tibetan and Mongolian missionaries. In recent years, the term "Lamaism" is gradually disappearing from scholarly usage, and all of its national varieties are now also being called "Buddhism" (Buryat Buddhism, Kalmyk Buddhism, etc.). The Buddhists of Buryatia are subordinated to the Central Spiritual Administration of Buddhists of the Russian Federation (CSAB RF). The head of the CSAB bears the title of Khambo-Lama. He has two deputies, called Did-Khambo-Lamas, and a council consisting of the abbots of functioning Buddhist monasteries. An ecclesiastical council, or sugandy, is periodically convened for making decisions on important matters; it is the body that confirms the charter that regulates the life of the community of believers.
3. See the summary of materials on this question: L.L. Rinchinov, "O pervonachal'nykh etapakh rasprostraneniia buddizma v Zabaikal'e," in "Banzarovskie chteniia," posviashchennye 170-letiiu so dnia rozhdeniia Sorzhi Banzarova (theses and presentations at scientific conference) (Ulan-Ude, 1992), pp. 61-67. See also G. Sukhbatar, "K voprosu o rasprostranenii buddizma sredi rannikh kochevnikov Mongolii," in Arkheologiia i etnografiia Mongolii (Novosibirsk, 1978), pp. 61-71.
4. See the summary of materials on this question: L.L. Rinchinov, "O pervonachal'nykh etapakh rasprostraneniia buddizma v Zabaikal'e," in "Banzarovskie chteniia," posviashchennye 170-letiiu so dnia rozhdeniia Sorzhi Banzarova (theses and presentations at scientific conference) (Ulan-Ude, 1992), pp. 61-67. See also G. Sukhbatar, "K voprosu o rasprostranenii buddizma sredi rannikh kochevnikov Mongolii," in Arkheologiia i etnografiia Mongolii (Novosibirsk, 1978), pp. 61-71.
5. The most significant of these works are the following: K.M. Gerasimova, Lamaizm i natsional'no-kolonial'naia politika tsarizma v Zabaikal'e v XIX i nachale XX vekov (Ulan-Ude, 1957); idem, Obnovlencheskoe dvizhenie buriatskogo lamaistskogo dukhovenstva (1917-1930 gg.) (Ulan-Ude, 1964) ; Lamaizm v Buriatii XVIII-nachala XX vv. Struktura I sotsial'naia rol' kul'tovoi sistemy (Novosibirsk, 1983); L.L. Abaeva, Kul't gor i buddizm v Buriatii (evoliutsiia verovanii i kul'tov selenginskikh buriat (Moscow, 1992); Buddizm i traditsionnye verovaniia narodov Tsentral'noi Azii (Novosibirsk, 1981); Buddizm i srednevekovaia kul'tura narodov Tsentral'noi Azii (Novosibirsk, 1980); Buddizm I kul'turno-psikhologicheskie traditsii narodov Vostoka (Novosibirsk, 1990); Buddizm i literaturno-khudozhestvennoe tvorchestvo narodov Tsentral'noi Azii (Novosibirsk, 1985); Psikhologicheskie aspekty buddizma (Novosibirsk, 1991); Filosofskie voprosy buddizma (Novosibirsk, 1984).
6. The most significant of these works are the following: K.M. Gerasimova, Lamaizm i natsional'no-kolonial'naia politika tsarizma v Zabaikal'e v XIX i nachale XX vekov (Ulan-Ude, 1957); idem, Obnovlencheskoe dvizhenie buriatskogo lamaistskogo dukhovenstva (1917-1930 gg.) (Ulan-Ude, 1964) ; Lamaizm v Buriatii XVIII-nachala XX vv. Struktura I sotsial'naia rol' kul'tovoi sistemy (Novosibirsk, 1983); L.L. Abaeva, Kul't gor i buddizm v Buriatii (evoliutsiia verovanii i kul'tov selenginskikh buriat (Moscow, 1992); Buddizm i traditsionnye verovaniia narodov Tsentral'noi Azii (Novosibirsk, 1981); Buddizm i srednevekovaia kul'tura narodov Tsentral'noi Azii (Novosibirsk, 1980); Buddizm I kul'turno-psikhologicheskie traditsii narodov Vostoka (Novosibirsk, 1990); Buddizm i literaturno-khudozhestvennoe tvorchestvo narodov Tsentral'noi Azii (Novosibirsk, 1985); Psikhologicheskie aspekty buddizma (Novosibirsk, 1991); Filosofskie voprosy buddizma (Novosibirsk, 1984).
7. The most significant of these works are the following: K.M. Gerasimova, Lamaizm i natsional'no-kolonial'naia politika tsarizma v Zabaikal'e v XIX i nachale XX vekov (Ulan-Ude, 1957); idem, Obnovlencheskoe dvizhenie buriatskogo lamaistskogo dukhovenstva (1917-1930 gg.) (Ulan-Ude, 1964) ; Lamaizm v Buriatii XVIII-nachala XX vv. Struktura I sotsial'naia rol' kul'tovoi sistemy (Novosibirsk, 1983); L.L. Abaeva, Kul't gor i buddizm v Buriatii (evoliutsiia verovanii i kul'tov selenginskikh buriat (Moscow, 1992); Buddizm i traditsionnye verovaniia narodov Tsentral'noi Azii (Novosibirsk, 1981); Buddizm i srednevekovaia kul'tura narodov Tsentral'noi Azii (Novosibirsk, 1980); Buddizm I kul'turno-psikhologicheskie traditsii narodov Vostoka (Novosibirsk, 1990); Buddizm i literaturno-khudozhestvennoe tvorchestvo narodov Tsentral'noi Azii (Novosibirsk, 1985); Psikhologicheskie aspekty buddizma (Novosibirsk, 1991); Filosofskie voprosy buddizma (Novosibirsk, 1984).
8. The most significant of these works are the following: K.M. Gerasimova, Lamaizm i natsional'no-kolonial'naia politika tsarizma v Zabaikal'e v XIX i nachale XX vekov (Ulan-Ude, 1957); idem, Obnovlencheskoe dvizhenie buriatskogo lamaistskogo dukhovenstva (1917-1930 gg.) (Ulan-Ude, 1964) ; Lamaizm v Buriatii XVIII-nachala XX vv. Struktura I sotsial'naia rol' kul'tovoi sistemy (Novosibirsk, 1983); L.L. Abaeva, Kul't gor i buddizm v Buriatii (evoliutsiia verovanii i kul'tov selenginskikh buriat (Moscow, 1992); Buddizm i traditsionnye verovaniia narodov Tsentral'noi Azii (Novosibirsk, 1981); Buddizm i srednevekovaia kul'tura narodov Tsentral'noi Azii (Novosibirsk, 1980); Buddizm I kul'turno-psikhologicheskie traditsii narodov Vostoka (Novosibirsk, 1990); Buddizm i literaturno-khudozhestvennoe tvorchestvo narodov Tsentral'noi Azii (Novosibirsk, 1985); Psikhologicheskie aspekty buddizma (Novosibirsk, 1991); Filosofskie voprosy buddizma (Novosibirsk, 1984).
9. The most significant of these works are the following: K.M. Gerasimova, Lamaizm i natsional'no-kolonial'naia politika tsarizma v Zabaikal'e v XIX i nachale XX vekov (Ulan-Ude, 1957); idem, Obnovlencheskoe dvizhenie buriatskogo lamaistskogo dukhovenstva (1917-1930 gg.) (Ulan-Ude, 1964) ; Lamaizm v Buriatii XVIII-nachala XX vv. Struktura I sotsial'naia rol' kul'tovoi sistemy (Novosibirsk, 1983); L.L. Abaeva, Kul't gor i buddizm v Buriatii (evoliutsiia verovanii i kul'tov selenginskikh buriat (Moscow, 1992); Buddizm i traditsionnye verovaniia narodov Tsentral'noi Azii (Novosibirsk, 1981); Buddizm i srednevekovaia kul'tura narodov Tsentral'noi Azii (Novosibirsk, 1980); Buddizm I kul'turno-psikhologicheskie traditsii narodov Vostoka (Novosibirsk, 1990); Buddizm i literaturno-khudozhestvennoe tvorchestvo narodov Tsentral'noi Azii (Novosibirsk, 1985); Psikhologicheskie aspekty buddizma (Novosibirsk, 1991); Filosofskie voprosy buddizma (Novosibirsk, 1984).
10. The most significant of these works are the following: K.M. Gerasimova, Lamaizm i natsional'no-kolonial'naia politika tsarizma v Zabaikal'e v XIX i nachale XX vekov (Ulan-Ude, 1957); idem, Obnovlencheskoe dvizhenie buriatskogo lamaistskogo dukhovenstva (1917-1930 gg.) (Ulan-Ude, 1964) ; Lamaizm v Buriatii XVIII-nachala XX vv. Struktura I sotsial'naia rol' kul'tovoi sistemy (Novosibirsk, 1983); L.L. Abaeva, Kul't gor i buddizm v Buriatii (evoliutsiia verovanii i kul'tov selenginskikh buriat (Moscow, 1992); Buddizm i traditsionnye verovaniia narodov Tsentral'noi Azii (Novosibirsk, 1981); Buddizm i srednevekovaia kul'tura narodov Tsentral'noi Azii (Novosibirsk, 1980); Buddizm I kul'turno-psikhologicheskie traditsii narodov Vostoka (Novosibirsk, 1990); Buddizm i literaturno-khudozhestvennoe tvorchestvo narodov Tsentral'noi Azii (Novosibirsk, 1985); Psikhologicheskie aspekty buddizma (Novosibirsk, 1991); Filosofskie voprosy buddizma (Novosibirsk, 1984).
11. The most significant of these works are the following: K.M. Gerasimova, Lamaizm i natsional'no-kolonial'naia politika tsarizma v Zabaikal'e v XIX i nachale XX vekov (Ulan-Ude, 1957); idem, Obnovlencheskoe dvizhenie buriatskogo lamaistskogo dukhovenstva (1917-1930 gg.) (Ulan-Ude, 1964) ; Lamaizm v Buriatii XVIII-nachala XX vv. Struktura I sotsial'naia rol' kul'tovoi sistemy (Novosibirsk, 1983); L.L. Abaeva, Kul't gor i buddizm v Buriatii (evoliutsiia verovanii i kul'tov selenginskikh buriat (Moscow, 1992); Buddizm i traditsionnye verovaniia narodov Tsentral'noi Azii (Novosibirsk, 1981); Buddizm i srednevekovaia kul'tura narodov Tsentral'noi Azii (Novosibirsk, 1980); Buddizm I kul'turno-psikhologicheskie traditsii narodov Vostoka (Novosibirsk, 1990); Buddizm i literaturno-khudozhestvennoe tvorchestvo narodov Tsentral'noi Azii (Novosibirsk, 1985); Psikhologicheskie aspekty buddizma (Novosibirsk, 1991); Filosofskie voprosy buddizma (Novosibirsk, 1984).
12. The most significant of these works are the following: K.M. Gerasimova, Lamaizm i natsional'no-kolonial'naia politika tsarizma v Zabaikal'e v XIX i nachale XX vekov (Ulan-Ude, 1957); idem, Obnovlencheskoe dvizhenie buriatskogo lamaistskogo dukhovenstva (1917-1930 gg.) (Ulan-Ude, 1964) ; Lamaizm v Buriatii XVIII-nachala XX vv. Struktura I sotsial'naia rol' kul'tovoi sistemy (Novosibirsk, 1983); L.L. Abaeva, Kul't gor i buddizm v Buriatii (evoliutsiia verovanii i kul'tov selenginskikh buriat (Moscow, 1992); Buddizm i traditsionnye verovaniia narodov Tsentral'noi Azii (Novosibirsk, 1981); Buddizm i srednevekovaia kul'tura narodov Tsentral'noi Azii (Novosibirsk, 1980); Buddizm I kul'turno-psikhologicheskie traditsii narodov Vostoka (Novosibirsk, 1990); Buddizm i literaturno-khudozhestvennoe tvorchestvo narodov Tsentral'noi Azii (Novosibirsk, 1985); Psikhologicheskie aspekty buddizma (Novosibirsk, 1991); Filosofskie voprosy buddizma (Novosibirsk, 1984).
13. The most significant of these works are the following: K.M. Gerasimova, Lamaizm i natsional'no-kolonial'naia politika tsarizma v Zabaikal'e v XIX i nachale XX vekov (Ulan-Ude, 1957); idem, Obnovlencheskoe dvizhenie buriatskogo lamaistskogo dukhovenstva (1917-1930 gg.) (Ulan-Ude, 1964) ; Lamaizm v Buriatii XVIII-nachala XX vv. Struktura I sotsial'naia rol' kul'tovoi sistemy (Novosibirsk, 1983); L.L. Abaeva, Kul't gor i buddizm v Buriatii (evoliutsiia verovanii i kul'tov selenginskikh buriat (Moscow, 1992); Buddizm i traditsionnye verovaniia narodov Tsentral'noi Azii (Novosibirsk, 1981); Buddizm i srednevekovaia kul'tura narodov Tsentral'noi Azii (Novosibirsk, 1980); Buddizm I kul'turno-psikhologicheskie traditsii narodov Vostoka (Novosibirsk, 1990); Buddizm i literaturno-khudozhestvennoe tvorchestvo narodov Tsentral'noi Azii (Novosibirsk, 1985); Psikhologicheskie aspekty buddizma (Novosibirsk, 1991); Filosofskie voprosy buddizma (Novosibirsk, 1984).
14. The most significant of these works are the following: K.M. Gerasimova, Lamaizm i natsional'no-kolonial'naia politika tsarizma v Zabaikal'e v XIX i nachale XX vekov (Ulan-Ude, 1957); idem, Obnovlencheskoe dvizhenie buriatskogo lamaistskogo dukhovenstva (1917-1930 gg.) (Ulan-Ude, 1964) ; Lamaizm v Buriatii XVIII-nachala XX vv. Struktura I sotsial'naia rol' kul'tovoi sistemy (Novosibirsk, 1983); L.L. Abaeva, Kul't gor i buddizm v Buriatii (evoliutsiia verovanii i kul'tov selenginskikh buriat (Moscow, 1992); Buddizm i traditsionnye verovaniia narodov Tsentral'noi Azii (Novosibirsk, 1981); Buddizm i srednevekovaia kul'tura narodov Tsentral'noi Azii (Novosibirsk, 1980); Buddizm I kul'turno-psikhologicheskie traditsii narodov Vostoka (Novosibirsk, 1990); Buddizm i literaturno-khudozhestvennoe tvorchestvo narodov Tsentral'noi Azii (Novosibirsk, 1985); Psikhologicheskie aspekty buddizma (Novosibirsk, 1991); Filosofskie voprosy buddizma (Novosibirsk, 1984).
15. E.M. Zalkind, Prisoedinenie Buriatii k Rossii (Ulan-Ude, 1958), p. 40.
16. M.M. Shmulevich, "K istorii krest'ianskoi kolonizatsii i vozniknoveniia russkikh sei v Zapadnom Zabaika'e v XVIII-pervoi polovine XIX v.," Etnograficheskii sbornik, issue 6 (Ulan-Ude, 1974), pp. 84-97.
17. E.M. Zalkind, "Iz istorii krest'ianskoi kolonizatsii Zabaikal'ia v XVHI-nachale XIX veka," Iz istorii narodov Buriatii (Ulan-Ude, 1962), pp. 73-83; Narody Sibiri (Moscow/Leningrad, 1956), pp. 136-38.
18. E.M. Zalkind, "Iz istorii krest'ianskoi kolonizatsii Zabaikal'ia v XVHI-nachale XIX veka," Iz istorii narodov Buriatii (Ulan-Ude, 1962), pp. 73-83; Narody Sibiri (Moscow/Leningrad, 1956), pp. 136-38.
19. Ocherki istorii kul'tury Buriatii, vol. 1 (Ulan-Ude, 1972), pp. 119-20.
20. Lamaizm v Buriatii XVIII-nachala XX v. (Novosibirsk, 1983), pp. 12-15.
21. 250-letie ofitsial'nogo priznaniia buddizma v Rossii (theses of presentations at scientific conference, 16-17 July 1991) (Ulan-Ude, 1991).
22. For why and how the term "lamaism" disappeared from the scholarly literature, see N.L. Zhukovskaia, "Lamaizm," in Buddizm. Slovar' (Moscow, 1992), p. 158 [and article 1 in this issue of Anthropology &Archeology of Eurasia - Ed.].
23. This was probably what had happened. It is no less probable that one of two statues was sent to be melted down, turned into scrap metal, [while] the other one was spared. History has not left us any documents. The lamas of the Aginskoe monastery and the lamas of Gandantekchiling (Ulan-Bator) testified in favor of the statue that had remained intact belonging to their monastery. The dispute never was resolved.
24. [For] information on the Buddhist centers in Russia, see Buddizm Rossii, 1995, no. 24, pp. 74-76.
25. I. Grishin and N. Sukhareva, "Nekoronavannyi tsar' Khorinska," Piatnitsa newspaper, 25 July 1996; I. Grishin and N. Sukhareva, "Tsar'-lama," Piatsnitsa newspaper, 8 August 1996.
26. I. Grishin and N. Sukhareva, "Nekoronavannyi tsar' Khorinska," Piatnitsa newspaper, 25 July 1996; I. Grishin and N. Sukhareva, "Tsar'-lama," Piatsnitsa newspaper, 8 August 1996.
27. E.S. Semeka, comp., Delo Dandarona (Florence, 1974). 71 pp.; A. Piatigorsky, "The Departure of Dandaron," Kontinent, 1977, no. 2, pp. 169-79.
28. E.S. Semeka, comp., Delo Dandarona (Florence, 1974). 71 pp.; A. Piatigorsky, "The Departure of Dandaron," Kontinent, 1977, no. 2, pp. 169-79.
29. I will name but some of them: V.M. Montlevich, "Tantra na Zapad!" Nauka i religiia, 1991, no. 2; V.M. Montlevich, "B.D. Dandaron - uchenyi-buddolog i religioznyi deiatel'," Stupeni. Filosofskii zhurnal (Leningrad, 1991), no. 1, p. 155; V.M. Montlevich, "Dandaron Bidiia Dandarovich," in Buddizm. Slovar' (Moscow, 1992), p. 107; "Delo Dandarona," Buddizm. Kul'turno-istoricheskii zhurnal, 1993, no. 1 (2), pp. 42-45; V. Pupyshev, "Zhizn', posvia-shchennaia dukhovnomu sovershenstvovaniiu," Sviashchennyi Baikal. Kul'turno-ekologicheskii zhurnal, 1995, special issue, pp. 9-12; V. Baraev, "Aura i karma uchitelia," in Buddiiskii mir (Moscow, 1994), pp. 84-91, and others.
30. I will name but some of them: V.M. Montlevich, "Tantra na Zapad!" Nauka i religiia, 1991, no. 2; V.M. Montlevich, "B.D. Dandaron - uchenyi-buddolog i religioznyi deiatel'," Stupeni. Filosofskii zhurnal (Leningrad, 1991), no. 1, p. 155; V.M. Montlevich, "Dandaron Bidiia Dandarovich," in Buddizm. Slovar' (Moscow, 1992), p. 107; "Delo Dandarona," Buddizm. Kul'turno-istoricheskii zhurnal, 1993, no. 1 (2), pp. 42-45; V. Pupyshev, "Zhizn', posvia-shchennaia dukhovnomu sovershenstvovaniiu," Sviashchennyi Baikal. Kul'turno-ekologicheskii zhurnal, 1995, special issue, pp. 9-12; V. Baraev, "Aura i karma uchitelia," in Buddiiskii mir (Moscow, 1994), pp. 84-91, and others.
31. I will name but some of them: V.M. Montlevich, "Tantra na Zapad!" Nauka i religiia, 1991, no. 2; V.M. Montlevich, "B.D. Dandaron - uchenyi-buddolog i religioznyi deiatel'," Stupeni. Filosofskii zhurnal (Leningrad, 1991), no. 1, p. 155; V.M. Montlevich, "Dandaron Bidiia Dandarovich," in Buddizm. Slovar' (Moscow, 1992), p. 107; "Delo Dandarona," Buddizm. Kul'turno-istoricheskii zhurnal, 1993, no. 1 (2), pp. 42-45; V. Pupyshev, "Zhizn', posvia-shchennaia dukhovnomu sovershenstvovaniiu," Sviashchennyi Baikal. Kul'turno-ekologicheskii zhurnal, 1995, special issue, pp. 9-12; V. Baraev, "Aura i karma uchitelia," in Buddiiskii mir (Moscow, 1994), pp. 84-91, and others.
32. I will name but some of them: V.M. Montlevich, "Tantra na Zapad!" Nauka i religiia, 1991, no. 2; V.M. Montlevich, "B.D. Dandaron - uchenyi-buddolog i religioznyi deiatel'," Stupeni. Filosofskii zhurnal (Leningrad, 1991), no. 1, p. 155; V.M. Montlevich, "Dandaron Bidiia Dandarovich," in Buddizm. Slovar' (Moscow, 1992), p. 107; "Delo Dandarona," Buddizm. Kul'turno-istoricheskii zhurnal, 1993, no. 1 (2), pp. 42-45; V. Pupyshev, "Zhizn', posvia-shchennaia dukhovnomu sovershenstvovaniiu," Sviashchennyi Baikal. Kul'turno-ekologicheskii zhurnal, 1995, special issue, pp. 9-12; V. Baraev, "Aura i karma uchitelia," in Buddiiskii mir (Moscow, 1994), pp. 84-91, and others.
33. I will name but some of them: V.M. Montlevich, "Tantra na Zapad!" Nauka i religiia, 1991, no. 2; V.M. Montlevich, "B.D. Dandaron - uchenyi-buddolog i religioznyi deiatel'," Stupeni. Filosofskii zhurnal (Leningrad, 1991), no. 1, p. 155; V.M. Montlevich, "Dandaron Bidiia Dandarovich," in Buddizm. Slovar' (Moscow, 1992), p. 107; "Delo Dandarona," Buddizm. Kul'turno-istoricheskii zhurnal, 1993, no. 1 (2), pp. 42-45; V. Pupyshev, "Zhizn', posvia-shchennaia dukhovnomu sovershenstvovaniiu," Sviashchennyi Baikal. Kul'turno-ekologicheskii zhurnal, 1995, special issue, pp. 9-12; V. Baraev, "Aura i karma uchitelia," in Buddiiskii mir (Moscow, 1994), pp. 84-91, and others.
34. I will name but some of them: V.M. Montlevich, "Tantra na Zapad!" Nauka i religiia, 1991, no. 2; V.M. Montlevich, "B.D. Dandaron - uchenyi-buddolog i religioznyi deiatel'," Stupeni. Filosofskii zhurnal (Leningrad, 1991), no. 1, p. 155; V.M. Montlevich, "Dandaron Bidiia Dandarovich," in Buddizm. Slovar' (Moscow, 1992), p. 107; "Delo Dandarona," Buddizm. Kul'turno-istoricheskii zhurnal, 1993, no. 1 (2), pp. 42-45; V. Pupyshev, "Zhizn', posvia-shchennaia dukhovnomu sovershenstvovaniiu," Sviashchennyi Baikal. Kul'turno-ekologicheskii zhurnal, 1995, special issue, pp. 9-12; V. Baraev, "Aura i karma uchitelia," in Buddiiskii mir (Moscow, 1994), pp. 84-91, and others.
35. B.D. Dandaron, "Makhamudra kak ob'ediniaiushchii printsip buddii-skogo tantrizma," in Zerkalo mudrosti chelovecheskoi, issue 0 (Ulan-Ude, 1992), 32 pp.; idem, Mysl'buddista (Vladivostok, 1993), 180 pp.; idem, "O chetyrekh blagorodnykh istinakh Buddy," in Buddiiskii mir (Moscow, 1994), pp. 84-122; idem, 99 pisem o buddizme i liubvi (1956-1959 gg.) (St. Petersburg: Datsan Gunzechoinei, 1995), 348 pp.; idem, Buddizm (St. Petersburg: Datsan Gunzechoinei, 1996), 144 pp.; idem, Chernaia tetrad' (o chetyrekh blagorodnykh istinax Buddy) (St. Petersburg: [Datsan] Gunzechoinei, 1995), 96 pp.; idem, Buddizm (St. Petersburg: Datsan Gunzechoinei, 1996) 144 pp.
36. B.D. Dandaron, "Makhamudra kak ob'ediniaiushchii printsip buddii-skogo tantrizma," in Zerkalo mudrosti chelovecheskoi, issue 0 (Ulan-Ude, 1992), 32 pp.; idem, Mysl'buddista (Vladivostok, 1993), 180 pp.; idem, "O chetyrekh blagorodnykh istinakh Buddy," in Buddiiskii mir (Moscow, 1994), pp. 84-122; idem, 99 pisem o buddizme i liubvi (1956-1959 gg.) (St. Petersburg: Datsan Gunzechoinei, 1995), 348 pp.; idem, Buddizm (St. Petersburg: Datsan Gunzechoinei, 1996), 144 pp.; idem, Chernaia tetrad' (o chetyrekh blagorodnykh istinax Buddy) (St. Petersburg: [Datsan] Gunzechoinei, 1995), 96 pp.; idem, Buddizm (St. Petersburg: Datsan Gunzechoinei, 1996) 144 pp.
37. B.D. Dandaron, "Makhamudra kak ob'ediniaiushchii printsip buddii-skogo tantrizma," in Zerkalo mudrosti chelovecheskoi, issue 0 (Ulan-Ude, 1992), 32 pp.; idem, Mysl'buddista (Vladivostok, 1993), 180 pp.; idem, "O chetyrekh blagorodnykh istinakh Buddy," in Buddiiskii mir (Moscow, 1994), pp. 84-122; idem, 99 pisem o buddizme i liubvi (1956-1959 gg.) (St. Petersburg: Datsan Gunzechoinei, 1995), 348 pp.; idem, Buddizm (St. Petersburg: Datsan Gunzechoinei, 1996), 144 pp.; idem, Chernaia tetrad' (o chetyrekh blagorodnykh istinax Buddy) (St. Petersburg: [Datsan] Gunzechoinei, 1995), 96 pp.; idem, Buddizm (St. Petersburg: Datsan Gunzechoinei, 1996) 144 pp.
38. B.D. Dandaron, "Makhamudra kak ob'ediniaiushchii printsip buddii-skogo tantrizma," in Zerkalo mudrosti chelovecheskoi, issue 0 (Ulan-Ude, 1992), 32 pp.; idem, Mysl'buddista (Vladivostok, 1993), 180 pp.; idem, "O chetyrekh blagorodnykh istinakh Buddy," in Buddiiskii mir (Moscow, 1994), pp. 84-122; idem, 99 pisem o buddizme i liubvi (1956-1959 gg.) (St. Petersburg: Datsan Gunzechoinei, 1995), 348 pp.; idem, Buddizm (St. Petersburg: Datsan Gunzechoinei, 1996), 144 pp.; idem, Chernaia tetrad' (o chetyrekh blagorodnykh istinax Buddy) (St. Petersburg: [Datsan] Gunzechoinei, 1995), 96 pp.; idem, Buddizm (St. Petersburg: Datsan Gunzechoinei, 1996) 144 pp.
39. B.D. Dandaron, "Makhamudra kak ob'ediniaiushchii printsip buddii-skogo tantrizma," in Zerkalo mudrosti chelovecheskoi, issue 0 (Ulan-Ude, 1992), 32 pp.; idem, Mysl'buddista (Vladivostok, 1993), 180 pp.; idem, "O chetyrekh blagorodnykh istinakh Buddy," in Buddiiskii mir (Moscow, 1994), pp. 84-122; idem, 99 pisem o buddizme i liubvi (1956-1959 gg.) (St. Petersburg: Datsan Gunzechoinei, 1995), 348 pp.; idem, Buddizm (St. Petersburg: Datsan Gunzechoinei, 1996), 144 pp.; idem, Chernaia tetrad' (o chetyrekh blagorodnykh istinax Buddy) (St. Petersburg: [Datsan] Gunzechoinei, 1995), 96 pp.; idem, Buddizm (St. Petersburg: Datsan Gunzechoinei, 1996) 144 pp.
40. B.D. Dandaron, "Makhamudra kak ob'ediniaiushchii printsip buddii-skogo tantrizma," in Zerkalo mudrosti chelovecheskoi, issue 0 (Ulan-Ude, 1992), 32 pp.; idem, Mysl'buddista (Vladivostok, 1993), 180 pp.; idem, "O chetyrekh blagorodnykh istinakh Buddy," in Buddiiskii mir (Moscow, 1994), pp. 84-122; idem, 99 pisem o buddizme i liubvi (1956-1959 gg.) (St. Petersburg: Datsan Gunzechoinei, 1995), 348 pp.; idem, Buddizm (St. Petersburg: Datsan Gunzechoinei, 1996), 144 pp.; idem, Chernaia tetrad' (o chetyrekh blagorodnykh istinax Buddy) (St. Petersburg: [Datsan] Gunzechoinei, 1995), 96 pp.; idem, Buddizm (St. Petersburg: Datsan Gunzechoinei, 1996) 144 pp.
41. B.D. Dandaron, "Makhamudra kak ob'ediniaiushchii printsip buddii-skogo tantrizma," in Zerkalo mudrosti chelovecheskoi, issue 0 (Ulan-Ude, 1992), 32 pp.; idem, Mysl'buddista (Vladivostok, 1993), 180 pp.; idem, "O chetyrekh blagorodnykh istinakh Buddy," in Buddiiskii mir (Moscow, 1994), pp. 84-122; idem, 99 pisem o buddizme i liubvi (1956-1959 gg.) (St. Petersburg: Datsan Gunzechoinei, 1995), 348 pp.; idem, Buddizm (St. Petersburg: Datsan Gunzechoinei, 1996), 144 pp.; idem, Chernaia tetrad' (o chetyrekh blagorodnykh istinax Buddy) (St. Petersburg: [Datsan] Gunzechoinei, 1995), 96 pp.; idem, Buddizm (St. Petersburg: Datsan Gunzechoinei, 1996) 144 pp.
42. G.-N.Z. Zaiatuev, Tsanidkhambo Agvan Dorzhiev (Ulan-Ude, 1991), 48 pp.; A.I. Andreev, Buddiiskaia sviatynia Petrograda (Ulan-Ude. 1992), 126 pp.; "Predaniia o krugosvetnom puteshestvii" ili Povestvovanie o zhizni Agvana Dorzieva, translated into Russian by Ts.P. Purbueva and D.I. Buraeva (Ulan-Ude, 1994), 120 pp. Also worthy of mention here is a book, based in part on Russian archival materials: John Snelling, Buddhism in Russia: The Story of Agvan Dorzhiev, Lhasa's Emissary to the Tsar (Shaftsbury, UK: Element, 1993), 320 pp.
43. G.-N.Z. Zaiatuev, Tsanidkhambo Agvan Dorzhiev (Ulan-Ude, 1991), 48 pp.; A.I. Andreev, Buddiiskaia sviatynia Petrograda (Ulan-Ude. 1992), 126 pp.; "Predaniia o krugosvetnom puteshestvii" ili Povestvovanie o zhizni Agvana Dorzieva, translated into Russian by Ts.P. Purbueva and D.I. Buraeva (Ulan-Ude, 1994), 120 pp. Also worthy of mention here is a book, based in part on Russian archival materials: John Snelling, Buddhism in Russia: The Story of Agvan Dorzhiev, Lhasa's Emissary to the Tsar (Shaftsbury, UK: Element, 1993), 320 pp.
44. G.-N.Z. Zaiatuev, Tsanidkhambo Agvan Dorzhiev (Ulan-Ude, 1991), 48 pp.; A.I. Andreev, Buddiiskaia sviatynia Petrograda (Ulan-Ude. 1992), 126 pp.; "Predaniia o krugosvetnom puteshestvii" ili Povestvovanie o zhizni Agvana Dorzieva, translated into Russian by Ts.P. Purbueva and D.I. Buraeva (Ulan-Ude, 1994), 120 pp. Also worthy of mention here is a book, based in part on Russian archival materials: John Snelling, Buddhism in Russia: The Story of Agvan Dorzhiev, Lhasa's Emissary to the Tsar (Shaftsbury, UK: Element, 1993), 320 pp.
45. G.-N.Z. Zaiatuev, Tsanidkhambo Agvan Dorzhiev (Ulan-Ude, 1991), 48 pp.; A.I. Andreev, Buddiiskaia sviatynia Petrograda (Ulan-Ude. 1992), 126 pp.; "Predaniia o krugosvetnom puteshestvii" ili Povestvovanie o zhizni Agvana Dorzieva, translated into Russian by Ts.P. Purbueva and D.I. Buraeva (Ulan-Ude, 1994), 120 pp. Also worthy of mention here is a book, based in part on Russian archival materials: John Snelling, Buddhism in Russia: The Story of Agvan Dorzhiev, Lhasa's Emissary to the Tsar (Shaftsbury, UK: Element, 1993), 320 pp.
46. Among the newspaper publications, the most interesting are: B. Bazarov and Iu. Shagdurov, "Poslednie stranitsy zhizni Agvana Dorzhieva," Pravda Buriatii, 10 March 1992; R. Pubaev, "Agvan Dorzhiev umel ubezhdat' tsaria," Buriatiia, 27 January 1993; B. Tsybikov, "Prosvetitel', diplomat, sviashchen-nosluzhitel '," Pravda Buriatii, 2 August 1995.
47. Among the newspaper publications, the most interesting are: B. Bazarov and Iu. Shagdurov, "Poslednie stranitsy zhizni Agvana Dorzhieva," Pravda Buriatii, 10 March 1992; R. Pubaev, "Agvan Dorzhiev umel ubezhdat' tsaria," Buriatiia, 27 January 1993; B. Tsybikov, "Prosvetitel', diplomat, sviashchen-nosluzhitel '," Pravda Buriatii, 2 August 1995.
48. Among the newspaper publications, the most interesting are: B. Bazarov and Iu. Shagdurov, "Poslednie stranitsy zhizni Agvana Dorzhieva," Pravda Buriatii, 10 March 1992; R. Pubaev, "Agvan Dorzhiev umel ubezhdat' tsaria," Buriatiia, 27 January 1993; B. Tsybikov, "Prosvetitel', diplomat, sviashchen-nosluzhitel '," Pravda Buriatii, 2 August 1995.
49. "Bandido khambo-lama M. Tsybikov" (obituary), Pravda Buriatii, 23 July 1992; "Proshchanie s Bandido khambo-lamoi," Molodezh' Buriatii, 31 July 1992; A. Terent'ev, "Uchitel'," Sviashchennyi Baikal, 1993, no. 0, p. 29; A. Terent'ev, Nekrolog [Obituary] (Zhimba-Zhamso Tzybenov)," Buddizm Rossii, 1995, no. 24, pp. 34-37.
50. "Bandido khambo-lama M. Tsybikov" (obituary), Pravda Buriatii, 23 July 1992; "Proshchanie s Bandido khambo-lamoi," Molodezh' Buriatii, 31 July 1992; A. Terent'ev, "Uchitel'," Sviashchennyi Baikal, 1993, no. 0, p. 29; A. Terent'ev, Nekrolog [Obituary] (Zhimba-Zhamso Tzybenov)," Buddizm Rossii, 1995, no. 24, pp. 34-37.
51. "Bandido khambo-lama M. Tsybikov" (obituary), Pravda Buriatii, 23 July 1992; "Proshchanie s Bandido khambo-lamoi," Molodezh' Buriatii, 31 July 1992; A. Terent'ev, "Uchitel'," Sviashchennyi Baikal, 1993, no. 0, p. 29; A. Terent'ev, Nekrolog [Obituary] (Zhimba-Zhamso Tzybenov)," Buddizm Rossii, 1995, no. 24, pp. 34-37.
52. "Bandido khambo-lama M. Tsybikov" (obituary), Pravda Buriatii, 23 July 1992; "Proshchanie s Bandido khambo-lamoi," Molodezh' Buriatii, 31 July 1992; A. Terent'ev, "Uchitel'," Sviashchennyi Baikal, 1993, no. 0, p. 29; A. Terent'ev, Nekrolog [Obituary] (Zhimba-Zhamso Tzybenov)," Buddizm Rossii, 1995, no. 24, pp. 34-37.
53. See, for example: "V mestnom datsane - novyi rukovoditel'," Buriatiia, 13 July 1996.
54. See concerning his activities in the capacity of a Deputy: "Teper' my svobodny!" Buriatiia, 15 February 1992.
55. See V. Mitypov, "Ne k litsu! Otkrytoe pis 'mo ego sviateishenstvu did-khambo-lame TsDUB, uchastniku Konstitutsionnogo sobraniia RF g. D. Mar-khaevu," Buriatiia, 30 November 1993; V. Galindabaev, "Khochu vnesti iasnost'," Pravda Buriatii, 3 December 1993; idem, "Razve sviashchennik - ne grazhadnin? Otkrytoe pis 'mo pisateliu V.G. Mitypovu," Buriatiia, 10 December 1993.
56. See V. Mitypov, "Ne k litsu! Otkrytoe pis 'mo ego sviateishenstvu did-khambo-lame TsDUB, uchastniku Konstitutsionnogo sobraniia RF g. D. Mar-khaevu," Buriatiia, 30 November 1993; V. Galindabaev, "Khochu vnesti iasnost'," Pravda Buriatii, 3 December 1993; idem, "Razve sviashchennik - ne grazhadnin? Otkrytoe pis 'mo pisateliu V.G. Mitypovu," Buriatiia, 10 December 1993.
57. See V. Mitypov, "Ne k litsu! Otkrytoe pis 'mo ego sviateishenstvu did-khambo-lame TsDUB, uchastniku Konstitutsionnogo sobraniia RF g. D. Mar-khaevu," Buriatiia, 30 November 1993; V. Galindabaev, "Khochu vnesti iasnost'," Pravda Buriatii, 3 December 1993; idem, "Razve sviashchennik - ne grazhadnin? Otkrytoe pis 'mo pisateliu V.G. Mitypovu," Buriatiia, 10 December 1993.
58. Lama Nimazham Iliukhinov, "Ia za nravstvennye printsipy razvitiia," Pravda Buriatii, 15 December 1995; Lama Nimazhap Iliukhinov, "Vo blago vsego zhivogo na zemle," Buriatiia, 14 December 1995.
59. Lama Nimazham Iliukhinov, "Ia za nravstvennye printsipy razvitiia," Pravda Buriatii, 15 December 1995; Lama Nimazhap Iliukhinov, "Vo blago vsego zhivogo na zemle," Buriatiia, 14 December 1995.
60. Concerning this, see the interview with F. Samaev: E. Sosnovskaia, "Delit' ili mnozhit'?" Buriatiia, 6 October 1993; L.Kh. Gomboeva, "Akhalar-lama: 'Uchites' ponimat' drug druga,'" Buriatiia, 6 August 1994.
61. Concerning this, see the interview with F. Samaev: E. Sosnovskaia, "Delit' ili mnozhit'?" Buriatiia, 6 October 1993; L.Kh. Gomboeva, "Akhalar-lama: 'Uchites' ponimat' drug druga,'" Buriatiia, 6 August 1994.
62. We researched this phenomenon in Buryatia using the village of Tory of Tunka Raion as an example. See N.L. Zhukovskaia, "Na perekrestke trekh religii (iz istorii dukhovnoi zhizni buriatskogo sela Tory)," in Shamanizm i rannie religioznye predstavleniia. K 90-letiiu doktora istoricheskikh nauk, professera L.P. Potapova (Moscow, 1995), pp. 76-87; N.L. Zhukovskaia, "Drugaia zhizn' sela Tory," Rossiiskaia provintsiia, 1996, no. 3 (16), pp. 140-144.
63. We researched this phenomenon in Buryatia using the village of Tory of Tunka Raion as an example. See N.L. Zhukovskaia, "Na perekrestke trekh religii (iz istorii dukhovnoi zhizni buriatskogo sela Tory)," in Shamanizm i rannie religioznye predstavleniia. K 90-letiiu doktora istoricheskikh nauk, professera L.P. Potapova (Moscow, 1995), pp. 76-87; N.L. Zhukovskaia, "Drugaia zhizn' sela Tory," Rossiiskaia provintsiia, 1996, no. 3 (16), pp. 140-144.
64. S. Nikol'skikh, "Nastoiatel' na Ol'khone," Buriatiia, 3 July 1996.
65. He told the author about this himself during the time of our meeting in Washington in the summer of 1993.
66. N.L. Zhukovskaia, 250 let ofitsial'nogo priznaniia buddizma v Rossii, pp. 118-119, 128.
67. Idem, "Buddizm v Buriatii: nachalo, istoriia, den' segodniashnii," Sviashchennyi Baikai, 1993, no. 0, p. 13.
68. Idem, "Buddiiskie organizatsii Moskvy," in Etnokonfessional'nye organizatsii Moskvy (Moscow, 1997).
69. See: Buddizm Rossii, 1995, no. 23.
70. Curious from this point of view is my dialogue with Fr. Aleksandr, priest of the Tunka parish, in the summer of 1996: He: Who are you by denomination? I: I am interested in all religions at the same time; I take and use whatever works for me. He: Yes, but still, [could you be more specific]? I: I'm probably more of a shamanist than anything else. He: Too bad; had I known that sooner, I would not have even begun talking with you.
71. See, for example: "Beregites' Izheprorokov!" Epistle of Bishop Palladii of Chita and Zabaikal'e to the all-upstanding pastors and God-loving flock of the diocese of Chita-Zabaikal'e, all inhabitants of Chita Oblast and the Republic of Buryatia," Pravda Buriatii, 23 May 1995.
72. See Buriatiia, 5 January 1996.
73. See Buriatiia, 17 April 1997.
74. A. Fadeeva, "Zakon v zashchitu naṡhikh dush priniat v pervom chtenii," Buriatiia, 24 April 1997.
75. N.L. Zhukovskaia, "250 let ofitsial'nogo priznaniia buddizma v Rossii." pp. 130-31; idem, "Buriatiia: zharkii iiul' 1991 goda," Buddizm. Kul'turno-istoricheskii zhurnal, 1992, no. 1, pp. 15-19.
76. N.L. Zhukovskaia, "250 let ofitsial'nogo priznaniia buddizma v Rossii." pp. 130-31; idem, "Buriatiia: zharkii iiul' 1991 goda," Buddizm. Kul'turno-istoricheskii zhurnal, 1992, no. 1, pp. 15-19.