Race and history in China

New Left Review

Volumn , Issue 11, 2001, Pages 55-76

  Jenner, W J F ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0035537971     PISSN: 00286060     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
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References (55)

1. Su Bingqi in Kaogu, 1991, 12, p. 1111. Reprinted on p. 116 of 'Zhongguo Wenming Qiyuan Yu Chongjian Zhongguo Shiqianshi' [The origins of Chinese Culture and the Rebuilding of China's Prehistory], in Su Bingqi, Huaren, Long De Chuanren, Zhongguoren [Hua People, Heirs of the Dragon, Chinese], Shenyang, 1994.
2. Su Bingqi in Kaogu, 1991, 12, p. 1111. Reprinted on p. 116 of 'Zhongguo Wenming Qiyuan Yu Chongjian Zhongguo Shiqianshi' [The origins of Chinese Culture and the Rebuilding of China's Prehistory], in Su Bingqi, Huaren, Long De Chuanren, Zhongguoren [Hua People, Heirs of the Dragon, Chinese], Shenyang, 1994.
3. Su Bingqi in Kaogu, 1991, 12, p. 1111. Reprinted on p. 116 of 'Zhongguo Wenming Qiyuan Yu Chongjian Zhongguo Shiqianshi' [The origins of Chinese Culture and the Rebuilding of China's Prehistory], in Su Bingqi, Huaren, Long De Chuanren, Zhongguoren [Hua People, Heirs of the Dragon, Chinese], Shenyang, 1994.
4. See especially Benedict Anderson, 'Western Nationalism and Eastern Nationalism', NLR 9, May-June 2001; Imagined Communities, London and New York 1991; and Eric Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism since 1780, Cambridge 1990.
5. See especially Benedict Anderson, 'Western Nationalism and Eastern Nationalism', NLR 9, May-June 2001; Imagined Communities, London and New York 1991; and Eric Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism since 1780, Cambridge 1990.
6. See especially Benedict Anderson, 'Western Nationalism and Eastern Nationalism', NLR 9, May-June 2001; Imagined Communities, London and New York 1991; and Eric Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism since 1780, Cambridge 1990.
7. Lun yu 3.5. See Yang Bojun, ed., Lun yu yi zhu [The Analects translated and commentated], Peking 1958, reprinted 1963, p. 26.
8. Lun yu 9.14; Yang Bojun, p. 98.
9. Lun yu 9.14; Yang Bojun, p. 98.
10. Lun yu 14.17; Yang Bojun, p. 159.
11. Lun yu 14.17; Yang Bojun, p. 159.
12. As by Frank Dikötter in The Discourse of Race in Modern China, London 1992, p. 6.
13. I refer to the edition edited by Yuan Ke, Shan Hai Jing Jiao Zhu [Annotated variorum edition of the Classic of Mountains and Seas], Shanghai 1980. On the nature of this text see Yuan Ke's Shan Hai Jing Yanjiu and Gu Jiegang, translation by Li Zhurun, revised by W. J. F. Jenner, 'The Kunlun Region as described in the Shan Hai Jing (Classic of Mountains and Seas)', Social Sciences in China, vol. 6, no. 4, 1985, pp. 95-140.
14. I refer to the edition edited by Yuan Ke, Shan Hai Jing Jiao Zhu [Annotated variorum edition of the Classic of Mountains and Seas], Shanghai 1980. On the nature of this text see Yuan Ke's Shan Hai Jing Yanjiu and Gu Jiegang, translation by Li Zhurun, revised by W. J. F. Jenner, 'The Kunlun Region as described in the Shan Hai Jing (Classic of Mountains and Seas)', Social Sciences in China, vol. 6, no. 4, 1985, pp. 95-140.
15. Yang Kuan, Yan Tie Lun [Discussions on Salt and Iron], 7/38. See Yan Tie Lun Jiao Zhu, ed. Wang Liqi, Shanghai 1958, p. 262.
16. Yang Kuan, Yan Tie Lun [Discussions on Salt and Iron], 7/38. See Yan Tie Lun Jiao Zhu, ed. Wang Liqi, Shanghai 1958, p. 262.
17. Yan Tie Lun 9/52; Yan Tie Lun Jiao Zhu, p. 326.
18. Yan Tie Lun 9/52; Yan Tie Lun Jiao Zhu, p. 326.
19. This is well illustrated in the sixth-century account of life in the Northern Wei capital Luoyang, Luoyang Qielan Ji [Record of the monasteries of Luoyang] by Yang Xuanzhi. See W. J. F. Jenner, Memories of Loyang: Yang Hsüan-chih and the Lost Capital (493-534), Oxford 1981, pp. 201-2.
20. This is well illustrated in the sixth-century account of life in the Northern Wei capital Luoyang, Luoyang Qielan Ji [Record of the monasteries of Luoyang] by Yang Xuanzhi. See W. J. F. Jenner, Memories of Loyang: Yang Hsüan-chih and the Lost Capital (493-534), Oxford 1981, pp. 201-2.
21. See Xiao Zixian, Nan Qi Shu, 57, Peking 1972, pp. 983-1001.
22. See, for example, the references to the Li Ji and Zheng Xiao's commentary on it in The Discourse of Race in Modern China, pp. 4 and 8.
23. A useful introduction to Chen's ferocious nationalism is Hoyt Tillman, 'Protonationalism in twelfth-century China? The case of Ch'en Liang', Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, vol. 39, no. 2, 1979, pp. 403-28.
24. Chen Liang Ji [Collected Works of Chen Liang] 1, Peking 1974, pp. 3, 5-6. This collection was previoulsy known as Long Chuan Wen Ji.
25. Chen Liang Ji, pp. 47-8; translated in Tillman, op. cit., pp. 410-11, where Chu is rather suprisingly rendered as Yüeh, and zi as misread as 'son' instead of 'viscount'.
26. Chen Liang Ji, pp. 47-8; translated in Tillman, op. cit., pp. 410-11, where Chu is rather suprisingly rendered as Yüeh, and zi as misread as 'son' instead of 'viscount'.
27. 'Dong wang Yang Xiuqing Xi wang Xiao Chaogui fabu feng Tian tao Hu xi bu si fang yu', in Taiping Tianguo Lishi Bowuguan, ed., Taiping Tianguo Wenshu Huibian [Collection of Documents of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom], Peking 1979, pp. 104-5, reprinted from photographs of the original held in Paris.
28. Donald Leslie, 'Early Chinese Ideas on Heredity', Asiatische Studien, 7, 1953, pp. 26-45, is a fascinating study focused on the Eastern Han thinker Wang Chong.
29. The following discussion draws on material reprinted in the multi-volume collection Xinhai Geming Qian Shinian Shi Lun Xuanji [Selected Writing on Current Affairs from the Ten Years before the Revolution 1911], Peking 1963 and 1977. For a much fuller treatment of racial thinking in the late Qing and the early Republic see The Discourse of Race in Modern China.
30. Taiyan (Zhang Binglin), 'Zhonghua Min Guo Jie' [An Explanation of Zhonghua Min Guo], in Min Bao [The People's Paper], 15, July 1907, reprinted in Xinhai Gaming Qian Shinian Shi Lun Xuanji, vol. 2, 2, pp. 734-43.
31. Jun Zhengfu [Military Government], 'Tao Manzhou Xi', in Min Bao special issue Tian Tao [Heaven's Punishment], April 1907, reprinted in Xinhai Geming Qian Shiman Shi Lun Xuanji, vol. 2, 2, pp. 709-14.
32. An example of Liang's writing on the subject is his 'Shen Lun Zhongzu Geming Yu Zhengzhi Geming Zhi Deshi' [On the Pros and Cons of Racial Revolution and Political Revolution], in Xin Min Cong Bao [The New People's Serial], 76, March 1906, reprinted in Xinhai Geming Qian Shinian Shi Lun Xuanji, vol. 2, 1, pp. 196-239. For an anarchist view, see Min, 'Shen Lun Minzu, Minquan, Shehui San Zhuyi Zhi Yitong Zai Da Laishu Lun Xin Shiji Fakan Zhi Quyi' [A Comparison between Nationalism, Democracy and Socialism and a Reply to a Letter on the Significance of the Appearance of La Tempo Nova], in Xin Shiji, 6, 27 July 1907, reprinted in Xinhai Geming Qian Shinian Shi Lun Xuanji, vol. 2, 2, pp. 1003-7.
33. An example of Liang's writing on the subject is his 'Shen Lun Zhongzu Geming Yu Zhengzhi Geming Zhi Deshi' [On the Pros and Cons of Racial Revolution and Political Revolution], in Xin Min Cong Bao [The New People's Serial], 76, March 1906, reprinted in Xinhai Geming Qian Shinian Shi Lun Xuanji, vol. 2, 1, pp. 196-239. For an anarchist view, see Min, 'Shen Lun Minzu, Minquan, Shehui San Zhuyi Zhi Yitong Zai Da Laishu Lun Xin Shiji Fakan Zhi Quyi' [A Comparison between Nationalism, Democracy and Socialism and a Reply to a Letter on the Significance of the Appearance of La Tempo Nova], in Xin Shiji, 6, 27 July 1907, reprinted in Xinhai Geming Qian Shinian Shi Lun Xuanji, vol. 2, 2, pp. 1003-7.
34. I refer to the reprint of Zhongguo Zhi Mingyun [China's Destiny] in volume 4 of Zongtong Jiang Gong Sixiang Yanlun Zongji [General Collection of President Chiang's Thought and Speeches], no place no date. This purports to reprint the first edition. There are two English translations. One is an unofficial one published as an exposure of Guomindang ideology: Chiang Kai-shek, China's Destiny and Chinese Economic Theory, with notes and commentary by Philip Jaffe, New York and London 1947. The other, Chiang Kai-shek, China's Destiny, New York 1947, is the authorized translation by Wang Chung-hui. Both versions render the revised edition, with notes on changes from the original version. JafFe's commentary is a running polemic against Chiang.
35. 25 This passage can be found on pp. 12-13 of Wang's translation and pp. 39-40 of Jaffe's.
36. This passage was cited by Mao Zedong in his report on behalf of the Central Executive Committee and the People's Committee of the Chinese Soviet Republic to the Second National Soviet Congress in January 1934. See Takeuchi Minoru, ed., Mō Takutō Shu [Collected Works of Mao Zedong], vol. 5, Tokyo 1983, p. 266.
37. I. V. Stalin, Sochineniia, vol. 2, 1907-1913, Moscow 1946, p. 296. English translation from J. V. Stalin, Works, vol. 2, 1907-1913, Moscow 1953, p. 307. The denial of the racial or tribal basis of a nation is made on p. 293 of the Russian and p. 303 of the English text.
38. I. V. Stalin, Sochineniia, vol. 2, 1907-1913, Moscow 1946, p. 296. English translation from J. V. Stalin, Works, vol. 2, 1907-1913, Moscow 1953, p. 307. The denial of the racial or tribal basis of a nation is made on p. 293 of the Russian and p. 303 of the English text.
39. As, for example, in Lü Zhenyu's Zhongguo Minzu Jianshi [A Brief History of China's Nationalities], a book first published in the Northeast and reissued in revised form in Shanghai in 1950. I refer to the 1951 Peking reprint by Sanlian.
40. Zhongguo Da Baike Quanshu: Minzu, Peking and Shanghai 1986.
41. Notice that such offers are absent from the 20 December 1935 'Proclamation of the Central Soviet Government to the People of Inner Mongolia', in Mō Takutō Shu, vol. 4, pp. 15-17.
42. Minzu Zhengce Wenxuan [Selected Documents on Nationalities Policy], Urumchi 1985, pp. 3-4.
43. A useful summary narrative of an official 1990s view of the ethnic classification process can be found in Lin Yaonan, ed., Minzuxue Tonglun [General Ethnology], Peking 1990, pp. 162-75.
44. Bai Shouyi, ed., Zhongguo Tongshi [General History of China], volume 1, Daolun [Introductory Discussions], Shanghai 1989, p. 42. A fuller account of the question of the Wearers of the Green is given by Fei Xiaotong in pp. 6-10 of 'Guan Yu Woguo Minzu De Shibie Wenti' [The Problem of Identifying Nationalities in China], in his Minzu yu shehui [Nation and Society], Peking 1981.
45. Bai Shouyi, ed., Zhongguo Tongshi [General History of China], volume 1, Daolun [Introductory Discussions], Shanghai 1989, p. 42. A fuller account of the question of the Wearers of the Green is given by Fei Xiaotong in pp. 6-10 of 'Guan Yu Woguo Minzu De Shibie Wenti' [The Problem of Identifying Nationalities in China], in his Minzu yu shehui [Nation and Society], Peking 1981.
46. Fei Xiaotong, 'Zhonghua Minzu De Duoyuan Yiti Geju' [The Pluralistic Unitary Structure of the Zhonghua Nationality], Beijing Daxue Xuebao, Zhexue Shehuikexue Ban, 1989, 4, pp. 1-19. For another treatment of this concept see the article 'Zhonghua Minzu' [The Zhonghua Nationality], pp. 573-7 of the Minzu [Nationalities] volume of the Zhongguo Da Baike Quanshu [Great Chinese Encyclopaedia], Peking 1986.
47. Fei Xiaotong, 'Zhonghua Minzu De Duoyuan Yiti Geju' [The Pluralistic Unitary Structure of the Zhonghua Nationality], Beijing Daxue Xuebao, Zhexue Shehuikexue Ban, 1989, 4, pp. 1-19. For another treatment of this concept see the article 'Zhonghua Minzu' [The Zhonghua Nationality], pp. 573-7 of the Minzu [Nationalities] volume of the Zhongguo Da Baike Quanshu [Great Chinese Encyclopaedia], Peking 1986.
48. Bai Shouyi, Zhonggwo Tongshi, vol. 1, pp. 1-98.
49. Shi Bo, ed., Wai Menggu Duli Neimu [The Inside Story of the Independence of Outer Mongolia], Peking 1993, pp. 417-18.
50. Zhou Guoxing and Zhang Xingyong, eds, Yuanmou Ren: Yunnan Yuanmou Gu Renlei Gu Wenhua Tuwenji [Yuanmou Man: a Collection of Plates and Articles on the Ancient Humans and Cultures of Yuanmou in Yunnan], Kunming 1984.
51. Jia Lanbo, Zhongguo Dalushang De Yuangu Jumin [The Inhabitants of Mainland China in Remote Antiquity], Tianjin 1978, unnumbered plate.
52. See the plate near the beginning of Xin Zhongguo Chutu Wenwu [Archaelogical Finds in New China], Peking 1972.
53. Shi Zhengyi, ed., Minzu Cidian, Chengdu 1984, pp. 83-5; Lin Yaohua, ed., Minzuxue Tonglun [General Ethnology], Peking 1990, pp. 44-59.
54. Shi Zhengyi, ed., Minzu Cidian, Chengdu 1984, pp. 83-5; Lin Yaohua, ed., Minzuxue Tonglun [General Ethnology], Peking 1990, pp. 44-59.
55. Wu Jie, ed., Guoqing Jiaoyu Shouce [Handbook of Education in Chineseness], Peking 1990, pp. 31-2.