When roles reverse: Stigma, status, and self-evaluation

Journal of Applied Social Psychology

Volumn 31, Issue 7, 2001, Pages 1350-1378

  Richeson, Jennifer A ^a   Ambady, Nalini ^b  

^a Dartmouth College   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035537687     PISSN: 00219029     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2001.tb02677.x     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Allport, G. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
2. Ashmore, R. D., Contrada, R. J., Gary, M. L., Egeth, J. D., Coups, E., Sewell, A., & Ewell, K. (1998, June). Ethnicity-related sources of stress and mental well-being. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Society, Washington, DC.
3. Banaji, M. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (1995). Implicit gender stereotyping in judgments of fame. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 181-198.
4. Bargh, J. A., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (1994). Environmental control of goal-directed action: Automatic and strategic contingencies between situations and behavior. In W. Spaulding (Ed.), Integrative views on motivation, cognition, and emotion. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 41. (pp. 71-124). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
5. Baumeister, R. (1997). Identity, self-concept, and self-esteem: The self lost and found. In R. Hogan, J. A. Johnson, & S. R. Briggs (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 681-710). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
6. Brewer, M. B. (1991). The social self: On being the same and different at the same time. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 475-483.
7. Brewer, M. B., & Brown, R. (1998). Intergroup relations. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (4th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 554-594). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
8. Brewer, M. B., Manzi, J. M., & Shaw, J. S. (1993). In group identification as a function of depersonalization, distinctiveness, and status. Psychological Science, 4, 88-92.
9. Clark, K., & Clark, M. (1947). Racial identification and preference in Negro children. In T. M. Newcomb & E. L. Hartley (Eds.), Readings in social psychology (pp. 551-560). New York, NY: Holt.
10. Cooley, C. H. (1956). Human nature and the social order. New York, NY: Free Press.
11. Crandall, C. (1994). Prejudice against fat people: Ideology and self-interest. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 882-894.
12. Crocker, J. (1999). Social stigma and self-esteem: Situational construction of self-worth. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 89-107.
13. Crocker, J., Cornwell, B., & Major, B. (1993). The stigma of overweight: Affective consequences of attributional ambiguity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 60-70.
14. Crocker, J., & Luhtanen, R. (1990). Collective self-esteem and in-group bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 60-67.
15. Crocker, J., Luhtanen, R., Blaine, B., & Broadnax, S. (1994). Collective self-esteem ad psychological well-being among White, Black, and Asian college students. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 503-513.
16. Crocker, J., & Major, B. (1989). Social stigma and self esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma. Psychological review, 96, 608-630.
17. Crocker, J., & Major, B. (1994). Reactions to stigma: The moderating role of justifications. In M. P. Zanna & J. M. Olson (Eds.), The psychology of prejudice: The Ontario Symposium (Vol. 7, pp. 289-314). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
18. Crocker, J., Major, B., & Steele, C. M. (1998). Social stigma. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.). The handbook of social psychology (4th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 504-553). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
19. Crocker, J., Voelkl, K., Testa, M., & Major, B. (1991). Social stigma: The affective consequences of attributional ambiguity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 218-228.
20. Deaux, K., & Major, B. (1987). Putting gender into context: An integrative model of gender-related behavior. Psychological Review, 94, 369-389.
21. Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5-18.
22. Devine, P. G., Evett, S. R., & Vasquez-Suson, K. A. (1996). Exploring the interpersonal dynamics of intergroup contact. In R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: The interpersonal context (Vol. 3, pp. 423-464). New York, NY: Guilford.
23. Ethier, K. A., & Deaux, K. (1994). Negotiating social identity in a changing context: Maintaining identification and responding to threat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 243-251.
24. Fiske, S. T. (1993). Controlling other people. The impact of power on stereotyping. American Psychologist, 48, 621-628.
25. Frable, D., Blackstone, T., & Sherbaum, C. (1990). Marginal and mindful: Deviants in social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 140-149.
26. Frable, D. E. S., Platt, L., & Hoey, S. (1998). Concealable stigmas and positive self-perceptions: Feeling better around similar others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 909-922.
27. Hammersmith, S., & Weinberg, M. (1973). Homosexual identity: Community, adjustment and significant others. Sociometry, 29, 146-158.
28. Heatherton, T. F., & Polivy, J. (1991). Development and validation of a scale of measuring state self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 895-910.
29. Ickes, W. (1984). Compositions in Black and White: Determinants of interaction in interracial dyads. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 330-341.
30. Jackson, S. E., & Ruderman, M. N. (1995). Diversity in work teams: Research paradigms for a changing workplace. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
31. Jones, E. E., Farina, A., Hastorf, A. H., Markus, H., Miller, D. T., & Scott, R. A. (1984). Social stigma: The psychology of marked relationships. New York, NY: Freeman.
32. Josephs, R. A., Markus, H. R., & Tafarodi, R. W. (1992). Gender and self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 391-402.
33. Jost, J., & Banaji, M. R. (1994). The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 1-27.
34. Kanter, R. M. (1977). Men and women of the corporation. New York, NY: Basic Books.
35. Luhtanen, R., & Crocker, J. (1992). A collective self-esteem scale: Self-evaluation of one's social identity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 302-318.
36. Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self, and society. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
37. Patterson, O. (1997). The ordeal of integration: Progress and resentment in America's "racial" crisis. Washington, DC: Civitas/Counterpoint.
38. Pittinsky, T. L., Shih, M., & Ambady, N. (1999). Adaptive identities: Affect and orientation among social selves. Journal of Social Issues, 55, 503-518.
39. Poskocil, A. (1975). Encounters between Blacks and White liberals: The collision of stereotypes. Social Forces, 55, 715-727.
40. Richeson, J. A., & Ambady, N. (2001a). Race and roles: African Americans' behavior and cognition during interracial dyadic interactions. Manuscript submitted for publication.
41. Richeson, J. A., & Ambady, N. (2001b). Social scripts and smooth interactions: Nonstigmatized individuals' behavior in intergroup dyadic interactions. Manuscript submitted for publication.
42. Richeson, J. A., Shih, M., & Ambady, N. (1998, June). Deflected appraisals: Consequences of exposure to stereotypical and counter-stereotypical in-group members. Poster presented at the Annual Conference of the American Psychological Society, Washington, DC.
43. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
44. Rubin, M., & Hewstone, M. (1998). Social identity theory's self-esteem hypothesis: A review and some suggestions for clarification. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2, 40-62.
45. Rudman, L. A. (1998). Self-promotion as a risk factor for women: The costs and benefits of counterstereotypical impression management. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 629-645.
46. Schlenker, B. R., & Weigold, M. F. (1992). Interpersonal processes involving impression regulation and management. Annual Review of Psychology, 43, 133-168.
47. Shih, M., Pittinsky, T. L., & Ambady, N. (1999). Stereotype susceptibility: Shifts inm quantitative performance from sociocultural identification. Psychological Science, 10, 80-83.
48. Snyder, M. (1992). Motivational foundations of behavioral confirmation. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 67-114
49. Snyder, M., & Cantor, N. (1998). Understanding personality and social behavior: A funcnonalist strategy. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (Vol. 1, 4th ed., pp. 635-679). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
50. Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 797-811.
51. Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (1985). Intergroup anxiety. Journal of Social Issues, 41, 157-175.
52. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7-24). Chicago, IL: Nelson.
53. Tesser, A., & Martin, L. (1996). The psychology of evaluation. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 400-432). New York, NY: Guilford.
54. Triandis, H. C., Kurowski, L. L., & Gelfand, M. J. (1994). Workplace diversity. In M. D. Dunnette, L. M. Hough, & H. C. Triandis (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (Vol. 4, 2nd ed., pp. 769-827). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
55. White, J. B., & Langer, E. J. (1999). Horizontal hostility: Relations between similar minority groups. Journal of Social Issues, 55, 537-560.
56. Wilkinson, L., & Task Force on Statistical Inference, APA Board of Scientific Affairs (1999). Statistical methods in pscyhological journals: Guidelines and explanations. American Psychologist, 59, 594-604.