Why are Japanese judges so conservative in politically charged cases?

American Political Science Review

Volumn 95, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 331-344

  Ramseyer, J Mark ^a   Rasmusen, Eric B ^b  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035533810     PISSN: 00030554     EISSN: 15375943     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0003055401002040     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Anderson, G. M., William F. Shughart, and Robert D. Tollison. 1989. "On the Incentives of Judges to Enforce Legislative Wealth Transfers." Journal of Law and Economics 32 (April): 215-28.
2. Atkins, Burton M., and William Zavoina. 1974. "Judicial Leadership on the Court of Appeals: A Probability Analysis of Panel Assignment in Race Relations Cases on the Fifth Circuit." American Journal of Political Science 18 (November): 701-11.
3. Beer, Lawrence W. 1996. "Japan's Constitutional Law, 1945-1990." In The Constitutional Case Law of Japan, 1970 through 1990, ed. Lawrence W. Beer and Hiroshi Itoh. Seattle: University of Washington Press. Pp. 3-48.
4. Caldeira, Gregory A., John R. Wright, and Christopher J. W. Zorn. 1999. "Sophisticated Voting and Gate-Keeping in the Supreme Court." Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 15 (October): 549-72.
5. Cameron, Charles M., Albert D. Cover, and Jeffrey A. Segal. 1990. "Senate Voting on Supreme Court Nominees: A Neoinstitutional Model." American Political Science Review 84 (June): 525-34.
6. Cohen, Mark A. 1991. "Explaining Judicial Behavior or What's 'Unconstitutional' about the Sentencing Commission?" Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 7 (April): 183-99.
7. Cooter, Robert, and Thomas Ginsburg. 1996. "Comparative Judicial Discretion: An Empirical Test of Economic Models." International Review of Law and Economics 16 (September): 295-313.
8. Dai-ichi hoki shuppan, ed. Various years. Hanrei taikei [Systematic Cases]. Tokyo: Dai-ichi hoki shuppan.
9. Easterbrook, Frank. 1982. "Ways of Criticizing the Court." Harvard Law Review 95 (February): 802-32.
10. Eskridge, William N., Jr. 1991. "Overriding Supreme Court Statutory Interpretation Decisions." Yale Law Journal 101 (November): 331-417.
11. de Figueiredo, John, and Emerson Tiller. 1996. "Congressional Control of the Federal Judiciary: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis of Judicial Expansion." Journal of Law and Economics 39 (October): 435-62.
12. George, Tracey E., and Lee Epstein. 1990. "On the Nature of Supreme Court Decision Making." American Political Science Review 86 (June): 325-37.
13. Haley, John Owen. 1998. The Spirit of Japanese Law. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
14. Higgins, Robert S., and Paul H. Rubin 1980. "Judicial Discretion." Journal of Legal Studies 9 (January): 129-38.
15. Kashimura, Shiro. 1991. "Rodo jiken ni okeru saibankan no keireki to hanketsu [The Careers and Opinions of Judges in Labor Cases]." Kobe hogaku zasshi 41 (June): 206-325.
16. Landes, William A., and Richard A. Posner. 1975. "The Independent Judiciary in an Interest-Group Perspective." Journal of Law and Economics 18 (December): 875-901.
17. McCubbins, Mathew D., and Thomas Schwartz. 1984. "Congressional Oversight Overlooked: Police Patrols versus Fire Alarms." American Journal of Political Science 28 (February): 165-79.
18. Miyazawa, Setsuo. 1991. "Administrative Control of Japanese Judges." In Law and Technology in the Pacific Community, ed. Philip S. C. Lewis. Boulder: Westview. Pp. 263-81.
19. Netto 46, ed. 1995. Saibankan ni narenai riyu [Why We Cannot Become Judges]. Tokyo: Aoki shoten.
20. Nihon minshu horitsuka kyokai, ed. 1998. Zen saibankan keireki soran: Dai san ban [Biographical Information on All Judges, 3d ed.]. Tokyo: Konin sha (ZSKS).
21. Okudaira, Yasuhiro. 1993. "Forty Years of the Constitution and Its Various Influences: Japanese, American and European." In Japanese Constitutional Law, ed. Percy R. Luney, Jr., and Kazuyuki Takahashi. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1993. Pp. 1-38.
22. Ramseyer, J. Mark. 1994. "The Puzzling (In)dependence of the Courts: A Comparative Approach.Journal of Legal Studies 23 (2): 721-48.
23. Ramseyer, J. Mark, and Eric B. Rasmusert. 1997. "Judicial Independence in a Civil Law Regime: The Evidence from Japan." Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 13 (October): 259-86.
24. Ramseyer, J. Mark, and Eric B. Rasmusen. 1999a. "Why Are Japanese Courts so Conservative in Politically Charged Cases?" Discussion Paper No. 268, Harvard Law School, John M. Olin Program in Law, Economics and Business, November 1999.
25. Ramseyer, J. Mark, and Eric B. Rasmusen. 1999b. "Why the Japanese Taxpayer Always Loses." Southern California Law Review 72 (January/March): 571-95.
26. Ramseyer, J. Mark, and Eric B. Rasmusen. 2001a. "APSR Paper Data - Japanese Judges." http://php.indiana.edu/~erasmuse/papers/ apsr2001.htm (accessed February 14, 2001).
27. Ramseyer, J. Mark, and Eric B. Rasmusen. 2001b. "Why Is the Japanese Conviction Rate So High?" Journal of Legal Studies 30 (January): 53-88.
28. Ramseyer J. Mark, and Frances McCall Rosenbluth. 1997. Japan's Political Marketplace, rev. ed. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
29. Revesz, Richard L. 1997. "Environmental Regulation, Ideology, and the D.C. Circuit." Virginia Law Review 83 (November): 1717-72.
30. Rosenberg, Gerald N. 1992. "Judicial Independence and the Reality of Political Power." Review of Politics 54 (Summer): 369-98.
31. Sakaguchi Tokuo. 1988. "Saibankan ni taisuru mnchi yakushoku 'sabetsu' ni tsuite [Regarding the 'Discrimination' against Judges in Location and Official Responsibilities]." [Osaka bengoshi kai] Shihu mondai taisaku nyusu 5: 4.
32. Segal, Jeffrey A. 1997. "Separation-of-Powers Games in the Positive Theory of Congress and Courts." American Political Science Review 91 (March): 28-44.
33. Shiso undo kenkyu sho, ed. 1969. Osorubeki saiban [Fearsome Trials]. Tokyo: Zenbo sha.
34. Songer. Donald R., Jeffrey A. Segal, and Charles M. Cameron. 1994. "The Hierarchy of Justice: Testing a Principal-Agent Model of Supreme Court-Circuit Court Interactions." American Journal of Political Science 38 (August): 673-96.
35. Spiller, Pablo T., and Rafael Gely. 1992. "Congressional Control of Judicial Independence: The Determinants of U.S. Supreme Court Labor-Relations Decisions, 1949-1988." RAND Journal of Economics 23 (Winter): 463-92.
36. Toma, Eugenia F. 1991. "Congressional Influence and the Supreme Court: The Budget as a Signalling Device." Journal of Legal Studies 20 (January): 131-46.
37. Tsukahara, Eiji. 1991. "Saibankan keireki to saiban kodo [The Relationship between a Judge's Career and His Opinions]." Ho shakai gaku 43: 46-54.
38. Wasby, Stephen L. 1988. The Supreme Court in the Federal Judicial System, 3d ed. Chicago: Nelson Hall.