Structuring migration: The case of Polish income-seeking travelers to the west

Theory and Society

Volumn 30, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 47-80

  Morawska, Ewa ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035532119     PISSN: 03042421     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1011081228016     Document Type: Article

References (172)

1. See, for example, Rainer Baubock, Transnational Citizenship. Membership and Rights in International Migrations (Aldershot, U.K.: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., 1995); Christian Joppke, editor, Challenge to the Nation-State. Immigration in Western Europe and the United States (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998); Saskia Sassen, Losing Control? (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996).
2. See, for example, Rainer Baubock, Transnational Citizenship. Membership and Rights in International Migrations (Aldershot, U.K.: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., 1995); Christian Joppke, editor, Challenge to the Nation-State. Immigration in Western Europe and the United States (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998); Saskia Sassen, Losing Control? (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996).
3. See, for example, Rainer Baubock, Transnational Citizenship. Membership and Rights in International Migrations (Aldershot, U.K.: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., 1995); Christian Joppke, editor, Challenge to the Nation-State. Immigration in Western Europe and the United States (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998); Saskia Sassen, Losing Control? (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996).
4. See Douglas Massey et al., Worlds in Motion (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998) for an extensive review of different models.
5. William Sewell, "A Theory of Structure: Duality, Agency, and Transformation," American Journal of Sociology 98 (1992): 1-29; Mustafa Emirbayer and Ann Mische, "What is Agency?" American Sociological Review 103 (1998): 962-1023; Anthony Giddens, The Constitution of Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), and idem, New Rules of Sociological Method (London: Hutchinson, 1976).
6. William Sewell, "A Theory of Structure: Duality, Agency, and Transformation," American Journal of Sociology 98 (1992): 1-29; Mustafa Emirbayer and Ann Mische, "What is Agency?" American Sociological Review 103 (1998): 962-1023; Anthony Giddens, The Constitution of Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), and idem, New Rules of Sociological Method (London: Hutchinson, 1976).
7. William Sewell, "A Theory of Structure: Duality, Agency, and Transformation," American Journal of Sociology 98 (1992): 1-29; Mustafa Emirbayer and Ann Mische, "What is Agency?" American Sociological Review 103 (1998): 962-1023; Anthony Giddens, The Constitution of Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), and idem, New Rules of Sociological Method (London: Hutchinson, 1976).
8. William Sewell, "A Theory of Structure: Duality, Agency, and Transformation," American Journal of Sociology 98 (1992): 1-29; Mustafa Emirbayer and Ann Mische, "What is Agency?" American Sociological Review 103 (1998): 962-1023; Anthony Giddens, The Constitution of Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), and idem, New Rules of Sociological Method (London: Hutchinson, 1976).
9. Massey et al., Worlds in Motion, 275; see also Douglas Massey and Kristin Espinoza, "What is Driving Mexico-U.S. Migration? A Theoretical, Empirical, and Policy Analysis," American Journal of Sociology 99 (1997): 1492-1533.
10. Massey et al., Worlds in Motion, 275; see also Douglas Massey and Kristin Espinoza, "What is Driving Mexico-U.S. Migration? A Theoretical, Empirical, and Policy Analysis," American Journal of Sociology 99 (1997): 1492-1533.
11. Massey et al., Worlds in Motion, 281.
12. An important influence of sender and, in particular, receiver state policies on international migration has been recognized and theoretically elaborated by political scientists. See, for example, Aristide Zolberg, "Matters of State: Theorizing Immigration Policy," in Charles Hirschman, Philip Kasinitz, and Josh DeWind, editors, The Handbook of International Migration (New York: Russell Sage, 1999), 71-93; Alexander Aleinikoff, "Between National and Post-National: Membership in the United States," Michigan Journal of Race & Law 4 (1999): 241-262; Kenneth Fitzgerald, The Face of the Nation: Immigration, the State, and the National Identity (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996). The American sociologists of international migration have only recently begun to recognize the impact of state policies on the directions and volume of transnational movement (for the most recent assessment see Charles Hirschman, Philip Kasinitz, and Josh DeWind, editors, The Handbook of International Migration. Interestingly, the state has been integrated more systematically into the analyses of European migration sociologists - for recent studies, see, e.g., Christian Joppke, Immigration and the Nation-State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999); Thomas Faist, Social Citizenship for Whom? (Aldershot: Avebury, 1995).
13. An important influence of sender and, in particular, receiver state policies on international migration has been recognized and theoretically elaborated by political scientists. See, for example, Aristide Zolberg, "Matters of State: Theorizing Immigration Policy," in Charles Hirschman, Philip Kasinitz, and Josh DeWind, editors, The Handbook of International Migration (New York: Russell Sage, 1999), 71-93; Alexander Aleinikoff, "Between National and Post-National: Membership in the United States," Michigan Journal of Race & Law 4 (1999): 241-262; Kenneth Fitzgerald, The Face of the Nation: Immigration, the State, and the National Identity (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996). The American sociologists of international migration have only recently begun to recognize the impact of state policies on the directions and volume of transnational movement (for the most recent assessment see Charles Hirschman, Philip Kasinitz, and Josh DeWind, editors, The Handbook of International Migration. Interestingly, the state has been integrated more systematically into the analyses of European migration sociologists - for recent studies, see, e.g., Christian Joppke, Immigration and the Nation-State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999); Thomas Faist, Social Citizenship for Whom? (Aldershot: Avebury, 1995).
14. An important influence of sender and, in particular, receiver state policies on international migration has been recognized and theoretically elaborated by political scientists. See, for example, Aristide Zolberg, "Matters of State: Theorizing Immigration Policy," in Charles Hirschman, Philip Kasinitz, and Josh DeWind, editors, The Handbook of International Migration (New York: Russell Sage, 1999), 71-93; Alexander Aleinikoff, "Between National and Post-National: Membership in the United States," Michigan Journal of Race & Law 4 (1999): 241-262; Kenneth Fitzgerald, The Face of the Nation: Immigration, the State, and the National Identity (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996). The American sociologists of international migration have only recently begun to recognize the impact of state policies on the directions and volume of transnational movement (for the most recent assessment see Charles Hirschman, Philip Kasinitz, and Josh DeWind, editors, The Handbook of International Migration. Interestingly, the state has been integrated more systematically into the analyses of European migration sociologists - for recent studies, see, e.g., Christian Joppke, Immigration and the Nation-State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999); Thomas Faist, Social Citizenship for Whom? (Aldershot: Avebury, 1995).
15. An important influence of sender and, in particular, receiver state policies on international migration has been recognized and theoretically elaborated by political scientists. See, for example, Aristide Zolberg, "Matters of State: Theorizing Immigration Policy," in Charles Hirschman, Philip Kasinitz, and Josh DeWind, editors, The Handbook of International Migration (New York: Russell Sage, 1999), 71-93; Alexander Aleinikoff, "Between National and Post-National: Membership in the United States," Michigan Journal of Race & Law 4 (1999): 241-262; Kenneth Fitzgerald, The Face of the Nation: Immigration, the State, and the National Identity (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996). The American sociologists of international migration have only recently begun to recognize the impact of state policies on the directions and volume of transnational movement (for the most recent assessment see Charles Hirschman, Philip Kasinitz, and Josh DeWind, editors, The Handbook of International Migration. Interestingly, the state has been integrated more systematically into the analyses of European migration sociologists - for recent studies, see, e.g., Christian Joppke, Immigration and the Nation-State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999); Thomas Faist, Social Citizenship for Whom? (Aldershot: Avebury, 1995).
16. An important influence of sender and, in particular, receiver state policies on international migration has been recognized and theoretically elaborated by political scientists. See, for example, Aristide Zolberg, "Matters of State: Theorizing Immigration Policy," in Charles Hirschman, Philip Kasinitz, and Josh DeWind, editors, The Handbook of International Migration (New York: Russell Sage, 1999), 71-93; Alexander Aleinikoff, "Between National and Post-National: Membership in the United States," Michigan Journal of Race & Law 4 (1999): 241-262; Kenneth Fitzgerald, The Face of the Nation: Immigration, the State, and the National Identity (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996). The American sociologists of international migration have only recently begun to recognize the impact of state policies on the directions and volume of transnational movement (for the most recent assessment see Charles Hirschman, Philip Kasinitz, and Josh DeWind, editors, The Handbook of International Migration. Interestingly, the state has been integrated more systematically into the analyses of European migration sociologists -for recent studies, see, e.g., Christian Joppke, Immigration and the Nation-State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999); Thomas Faist, Social Citizenship for Whom? (Aldershot: Avebury, 1995).
17. An important influence of sender and, in particular, receiver state policies on international migration has been recognized and theoretically elaborated by political scientists. See, for example, Aristide Zolberg, "Matters of State: Theorizing Immigration Policy," in Charles Hirschman, Philip Kasinitz, and Josh DeWind, editors, The Handbook of International Migration (New York: Russell Sage, 1999), 71-93; Alexander Aleinikoff, "Between National and Post-National: Membership in the United States," Michigan Journal of Race & Law 4 (1999): 241-262; Kenneth Fitzgerald, The Face of the Nation: Immigration, the State, and the National Identity (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996). The American sociologists of international migration have only recently begun to recognize the impact of state policies on the directions and volume of transnational movement (for the most recent assessment see Charles Hirschman, Philip Kasinitz, and Josh DeWind, editors, The Handbook of International Migration. Interestingly, the state has been integrated more systematically into the analyses of European migration sociologists - for recent studies, see, e.g., Christian Joppke, Immigration and the Nation-State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999); Thomas Faist, Social Citizenship for Whom? (Aldershot: Avebury, 1995).
18. Political refugees, as Massey et al. recognize, are the exception to what Zolberg (see n. 6 above) calls a "null hypothessis," namely, the contention that state policies regulating exit and entry do not significantly shape international migratory flows.
19. Massey et al., Worlds in Motion, 281.
20. See. for example, Norbert Elias's The Civilizing Process (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994); The Court Society (New York: Pantheon, 1983); The Germans (Cambridge: Polity, 1996). For a similar concept of causes as transformed by historical forces, see Charles Tilly, Roads from Past to Future (Boulder, Col.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1997); also in the same volume Arthur Stinchcombe, "Tilly on the Past as a Sequence of Futures," 387-409.
21. See. for example, Norbert Elias's The Civilizing Process (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994); The Court Society (New York: Pantheon, 1983); The Germans (Cambridge: Polity, 1996). For a similar concept of causes as transformed by historical forces, see Charles Tilly, Roads from Past to Future (Boulder, Col.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1997); also in the same volume Arthur Stinchcombe, "Tilly on the Past as a Sequence of Futures," 387-409.
22. See. for example, Norbert Elias's The Civilizing Process (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994); The Court Society (New York: Pantheon, 1983); The Germans (Cambridge: Polity, 1996). For a similar concept of causes as transformed by historical forces, see Charles Tilly, Roads from Past to Future (Boulder, Col.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1997); also in the same volume Arthur Stinchcombe, "Tilly on the Past as a Sequence of Futures," 387-409.
23. See. for example, Norbert Elias's The Civilizing Process (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994); The Court Society (New York: Pantheon, 1983); The Germans (Cambridge: Polity, 1996). For a similar concept of causes as transformed by historical forces, see Charles Tilly, Roads from Past to Future (Boulder, Col.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1997); also in the same volume Arthur Stinchcombe, "Tilly on the Past as a Sequence of Futures," 387-409.
24. See. for example, Norbert Elias's The Civilizing Process (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994); The Court Society (New York: Pantheon, 1983); The Germans (Cambridge: Polity, 1996). For a similar concept of causes as transformed by historical forces, see Charles Tilly, Roads from Past to Future (Boulder, Col.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1997); also in the same volume Arthur Stinchcombe, "Tilly on the Past as a Sequence of Futures," 387-409.
25. The impact of cultural myths, traditions, expectations, and normative practices on the volume, destinations, and duration of international migration has been primarily investigated by historians and anthropologists rather than by sociologists (for bibliographic references see Massey et al., pp. 47-48, 131-132). Many more sociological studies have been devoted to the effects of ir ternational migration on native cultures (see Massey et al., p. 196). These studies generally do not integrate cultural and social-structural analyses.
26. On postcommunist capitalism as a "glocal" product of globalization, see Jadwiga Staniszkis, Post-Communism. The Emerging Enigma (Warsaw: IPS PAN, 1999); also Janos Kovacs, editor, Transition to Capitalism? (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1994). The term glocal, apparently coined in Japan (dochakuka or "global localization"), according to the Oxford Dictionary of New Worlds (1991): 134, has become "one of the main marketing buzzwords" of the 1990s. It was introduced into social theory of globalization by Roland Robertson, Globalization. Social Theory and Global Culture (London: Sage Publications, 1992), 173-174.
27. On postcommunist capitalism as a "glocal" product of globalization, see Jadwiga Staniszkis, Post-Communism. The Emerging Enigma (Warsaw: IPS PAN, 1999); also Janos Kovacs, editor, Transition to Capitalism? (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1994). The term glocal, apparently coined in Japan (dochakuka or "global localization"), according to the Oxford Dictionary of New Worlds (1991): 134, has become "one of the main marketing buzzwords" of the 1990s. It was introduced into social theory of globalization by Roland Robertson, Globalization. Social Theory and Global Culture (London: Sage Publications, 1992), 173-174.
28. On postcommunist capitalism as a "glocal" product of globalization, see Jadwiga Staniszkis, Post-Communism. The Emerging Enigma (Warsaw: IPS PAN, 1999); also Janos Kovacs, editor, Transition to Capitalism? (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1994). The term glocal, apparently coined in Japan (dochakuka or "global localization"), according to the Oxford Dictionary of New Worlds (1991): 134, has become "one of the main marketing buzzwords" of the 1990s. It was introduced into social theory of globalization by Roland Robertson, Globalization. Social Theory and Global Culture (London: Sage Publications, 1992), 173-174.
29. On postcommunist capitalism as a "glocal" product of globalization, see Jadwiga Staniszkis, Post-Communism. The Emerging Enigma (Warsaw: IPS PAN, 1999); also Janos Kovacs, editor, Transition to Capitalism? (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1994). The term glocal, apparently coined in Japan (dochakuka or "global localization"), according to the Oxford Dictionary of New Worlds (1991): 134, has become "one of the main marketing buzzwords" of the 1990s. It was introduced into social theory of globalization by Roland Robertson, Globalization. Social Theory and Global Culture (London: Sage Publications, 1992), 173-174.
30. On legally employed Polish contract workers in the West, see Edward Marek, "Wyjazdy zarobkowe Polakow za granice," in Studia o Procesach Migracji Zagranicznych IPiSS, vol. IV (Warsaw: Instytut Pracy i Sprawy Socjalnych, 1994), 35-46; Gudrun Biffl, editor, Migration, Free Trade and Regional Integration in Central and Eastern Europe (Wien: Verlag Osterreich, 1967).
31. On legally employed Polish contract workers in the West, see Edward Marek, "Wyjazdy zarobkowe Polakow za granice," in Studia o Procesach Migracji Zagranicznych IPiSS, vol. IV (Warsaw: Instytut Pracy i Sprawy Socjalnych, 1994), 35-46; Gudrun Biffl, editor, Migration, Free Trade and Regional Integration in Central and Eastern Europe (Wien: Verlag Osterreich, 1967).
32. Here and thereafter the figures are calculated as averages of percentages provided in survey and ethnographic studies, including Barbara Cieslinska, "Migracje zarobkowe a struktura spoleczna malych miast," in Tadeusz Poplawski, editor, Miasta na Uboczu. Przyczeynek do Socjologii Peryferii (Bialystok: Dzial Wydawnictw Filii UW), 164-189; Ewa Domaradzka, "Polacy Zatrudnieni Zagranica i Cudzoziemcy Pracujacy w Polsce," Polityka Spoleczna 274/275 (1996): 16-18; Mary Erdmans, Opposite Poles: Immigrants and Ethnics in Polish Chicago, 1976-1990 (University Park: Penn State Press, 1998); Ewa Jazwinska and Marek Okolski, Causes and Consequences of Migration in Central and Eastern Europe (Warsaw: Institute for Social Studies/ University of Warsaw, 1996); Bozena Karpiuk, Emigracje Zarobkowe Mieszkancow Siemiatycz do Brukseli, (Ph.D. dissertation, Filia Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego w Bialymstoku, 1997); Rajmund Mydel and Heinz Fassmann, Nielegalni Robotnicy Cudzoziemscy i Czarny Rynek Pracy (Cracow: Institute of Geography of the Jagiellonian University, 1997); Beata Siewiera, "Les immigres polonias sans documents," in Johan Leman, Sans Documents: Les Immigres de l'Ombre (Brussells: DeBoeck Universite, 1995), 71-112; Thomas Frejka, Marek Okolski, and Keith Sword, In-Depth Studies on Migration in Central and Eastern Europe: The Case of Poland (Geneva: United Nations, 1998); Ewa Morawska, study in progress on recent East-West European immigrants in Berlin and Philadelphia.
33. Here and thereafter the figures are calculated as averages of percentages provided in survey and ethnographic studies, including Barbara Cieslinska, "Migracje zarobkowe a struktura spoleczna malych miast," in Tadeusz Poplawski, editor, Miasta na Uboczu. Przyczeynek do Socjologii Peryferii (Bialystok: Dzial Wydawnictw Filii UW), 164-189; Ewa Domaradzka, "Polacy Zatrudnieni Zagranica i Cudzoziemcy Pracujacy w Polsce," Polityka Spoleczna 274/275 (1996): 16-18; Mary Erdmans, Opposite Poles: Immigrants and Ethnics in Polish Chicago, 1976-1990 (University Park: Penn State Press, 1998); Ewa Jazwinska and Marek Okolski, Causes and Consequences of Migration in Central and Eastern Europe (Warsaw: Institute for Social Studies/ University of Warsaw, 1996); Bozena Karpiuk, Emigracje Zarobkowe Mieszkancow Siemiatycz do Brukseli, (Ph.D. dissertation, Filia Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego w Bialymstoku, 1997); Rajmund Mydel and Heinz Fassmann, Nielegalni Robotnicy Cudzoziemscy i Czarny Rynek Pracy (Cracow: Institute of Geography of the Jagiellonian University, 1997); Beata Siewiera, "Les immigres polonias sans documents," in Johan Leman, Sans Documents: Les Immigres de l'Ombre (Brussells: DeBoeck Universite, 1995), 71-112; Thomas Frejka, Marek Okolski, and Keith Sword, In-Depth Studies on Migration in Central and Eastern Europe: The Case of Poland (Geneva: United Nations, 1998); Ewa Morawska, study in progress on recent East-West European immigrants in Berlin and Philadelphia.
34. Here and thereafter the figures are calculated as averages of percentages provided in survey and ethnographic studies, including Barbara Cieslinska, "Migracje zarobkowe a struktura spoleczna malych miast," in Tadeusz Poplawski, editor, Miasta na Uboczu. Przyczeynek do Socjologii Peryferii (Bialystok: Dzial Wydawnictw Filii UW), 164-189; Ewa Domaradzka, "Polacy Zatrudnieni Zagranica i Cudzoziemcy Pracujacy w Polsce," Polityka Spoleczna 274/275 (1996): 16-18; Mary Erdmans, Opposite Poles: Immigrants and Ethnics in Polish Chicago, 1976-1990 (University Park: Penn State Press, 1998); Ewa Jazwinska and Marek Okolski, Causes and Consequences of Migration in Central and Eastern Europe (Warsaw: Institute for Social Studies/ University of Warsaw, 1996); Bozena Karpiuk, Emigracje Zarobkowe Mieszkancow Siemiatycz do Brukseli, (Ph.D. dissertation, Filia Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego w Bialymstoku, 1997); Rajmund Mydel and Heinz Fassmann, Nielegalni Robotnicy Cudzoziemscy i Czarny Rynek Pracy (Cracow: Institute of Geography of the Jagiellonian University, 1997); Beata Siewiera, "Les immigres polonias sans documents," in Johan Leman, Sans Documents: Les Immigres de l'Ombre (Brussells: DeBoeck Universite, 1995), 71-112; Thomas Frejka, Marek Okolski, and Keith Sword, In-Depth Studies on Migration in Central and Eastern Europe: The Case of Poland (Geneva: United Nations, 1998); Ewa Morawska, study in progress on recent East-West European immigrants in Berlin and Philadelphia.
35. Here and thereafter the figures are calculated as averages of percentages provided in survey and ethnographic studies, including Barbara Cieslinska, "Migracje zarobkowe a struktura spoleczna malych miast," in Tadeusz Poplawski, editor, Miasta na Uboczu. Przyczeynek do Socjologii Peryferii (Bialystok: Dzial Wydawnictw Filii UW), 164-189; Ewa Domaradzka, "Polacy Zatrudnieni Zagranica i Cudzoziemcy Pracujacy w Polsce," Polityka Spoleczna 274/275 (1996): 16-18; Mary Erdmans, Opposite Poles: Immigrants and Ethnics in Polish Chicago, 1976-1990 (University Park: Penn State Press, 1998); Ewa Jazwinska and Marek Okolski, Causes and Consequences of Migration in Central and Eastern Europe (Warsaw: Institute for Social Studies/ University of Warsaw, 1996); Bozena Karpiuk, Emigracje Zarobkowe Mieszkancow Siemiatycz do Brukseli, (Ph.D. dissertation, Filia Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego w Bialymstoku, 1997); Rajmund Mydel and Heinz Fassmann, Nielegalni Robotnicy Cudzoziemscy i Czarny Rynek Pracy (Cracow: Institute of Geography of the Jagiellonian University, 1997); Beata Siewiera, "Les immigres polonias sans documents," in Johan Leman, Sans Documents: Les Immigres de l'Ombre (Brussells: DeBoeck Universite, 1995), 71-112; Thomas Frejka, Marek Okolski, and Keith Sword, In-Depth Studies on Migration in Central and Eastern Europe: The Case of Poland (Geneva: United Nations, 1998); Ewa Morawska, study in progress on recent East-West European immigrants in Berlin and Philadelphia.
36. Here and thereafter the figures are calculated as averages of percentages provided in survey and ethnographic studies, including Barbara Cieslinska, "Migracje zarobkowe a struktura spoleczna malych miast," in Tadeusz Poplawski, editor, Miasta na Uboczu. Przyczeynek do Socjologii Peryferii (Bialystok: Dzial Wydawnictw Filii UW), 164-189; Ewa Domaradzka, "Polacy Zatrudnieni Zagranica i Cudzoziemcy Pracujacy w Polsce," Polityka Spoleczna 274/275 (1996): 16-18; Mary Erdmans, Opposite Poles: Immigrants and Ethnics in Polish Chicago, 1976-1990 (University Park: Penn State Press, 1998); Ewa Jazwinska and Marek Okolski, Causes and Consequences of Migration in Central and Eastern Europe (Warsaw: Institute for Social Studies/ University of Warsaw, 1996); Bozena Karpiuk, Emigracje Zarobkowe Mieszkancow Siemiatycz do Brukseli, (Ph.D. dissertation, Filia Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego w Bialymstoku, 1997); Rajmund Mydel and Heinz Fassmann, Nielegalni Robotnicy Cudzoziemscy i Czarny Rynek Pracy (Cracow: Institute of Geography of the Jagiellonian University, 1997); Beata Siewiera, "Les immigres polonias sans documents," in Johan Leman, Sans Documents: Les Immigres de l'Ombre (Brussells: DeBoeck Universite, 1995), 71-112; Thomas Frejka, Marek Okolski, and Keith Sword, In-Depth Studies on Migration in Central and Eastern Europe: The Case of Poland (Geneva: United Nations, 1998); Ewa Morawska, study in progress on recent East-West European immigrants in Berlin and Philadelphia.
37. Here and thereafter the figures are calculated as averages of percentages provided in survey and ethnographic studies, including Barbara Cieslinska, "Migracje zarobkowe a struktura spoleczna malych miast," in Tadeusz Poplawski, editor, Miasta na Uboczu. Przyczeynek do Socjologii Peryferii (Bialystok: Dzial Wydawnictw Filii UW), 164-189; Ewa Domaradzka, "Polacy Zatrudnieni Zagranica i Cudzoziemcy Pracujacy w Polsce," Polityka Spoleczna 274/275 (1996): 16-18; Mary Erdmans, Opposite Poles: Immigrants and Ethnics in Polish Chicago, 1976-1990 (University Park: Penn State Press, 1998); Ewa Jazwinska and Marek Okolski, Causes and Consequences of Migration in Central and Eastern Europe (Warsaw: Institute for Social Studies/ University of Warsaw, 1996); Bozena Karpiuk, Emigracje Zarobkowe Mieszkancow Siemiatycz do Brukseli, (Ph.D. dissertation, Filia Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego w Bialymstoku, 1997); Rajmund Mydel and Heinz Fassmann, Nielegalni Robotnicy Cudzoziemscy i Czarny Rynek Pracy (Cracow: Institute of Geography of the Jagiellonian University, 1997); Beata Siewiera, "Les immigres polonias sans documents," in Johan Leman, Sans Documents: Les Immigres de l'Ombre (Brussells: DeBoeck Universite, 1995), 71-112; Thomas Frejka, Marek Okolski, and Keith Sword, In-Depth Studies on Migration in Central and Eastern Europe: The Case of Poland (Geneva: United Nations, 1998); Ewa Morawska, study in progress on recent East-West European immigrants in Berlin and Philadelphia.
38. Here and thereafter the figures are calculated as averages of percentages provided in survey and ethnographic studies, including Barbara Cieslinska, "Migracje zarobkowe a struktura spoleczna malych miast," in Tadeusz Poplawski, editor, Miasta na Uboczu. Przyczeynek do Socjologii Peryferii (Bialystok: Dzial Wydawnictw Filii UW), 164-189; Ewa Domaradzka, "Polacy Zatrudnieni Zagranica i Cudzoziemcy Pracujacy w Polsce," Polityka Spoleczna 274/275 (1996): 16-18; Mary Erdmans, Opposite Poles: Immigrants and Ethnics in Polish Chicago, 1976-1990 (University Park: Penn State Press, 1998); Ewa Jazwinska and Marek Okolski, Causes and Consequences of Migration in Central and Eastern Europe (Warsaw: Institute for Social Studies/ University of Warsaw, 1996); Bozena Karpiuk, Emigracje Zarobkowe Mieszkancow Siemiatycz do Brukseli, (Ph.D. dissertation, Filia Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego w Bialymstoku, 1997); Rajmund Mydel and Heinz Fassmann, Nielegalni Robotnicy Cudzoziemscy i Czarny Rynek Pracy (Cracow: Institute of Geography of the Jagiellonian University, 1997); Beata Siewiera, "Les immigres polonias sans documents," in Johan Leman, Sans Documents: Les Immigres de l'Ombre (Brussells: DeBoeck Universite, 1995), 71-112; Thomas Frejka, Marek Okolski, and Keith Sword, In-Depth Studies on Migration in Central and Eastern Europe: The Case of Poland (Geneva: United Nations, 1998); Ewa Morawska, study in progress on recent East-West European immigrants in Berlin and Philadelphia.
39. Here and thereafter the figures are calculated as averages of percentages provided in survey and ethnographic studies, including Barbara Cieslinska, "Migracje zarobkowe a struktura spoleczna malych miast," in Tadeusz Poplawski, editor, Miasta na Uboczu. Przyczeynek do Socjologii Peryferii (Bialystok: Dzial Wydawnictw Filii UW), 164-189; Ewa Domaradzka, "Polacy Zatrudnieni Zagranica i Cudzoziemcy Pracujacy w Polsce," Polityka Spoleczna 274/275 (1996): 16-18; Mary Erdmans, Opposite Poles: Immigrants and Ethnics in Polish Chicago, 1976-1990 (University Park: Penn State Press, 1998); Ewa Jazwinska and Marek Okolski, Causes and Consequences of Migration in Central and Eastern Europe (Warsaw: Institute for Social Studies/ University of Warsaw, 1996); Bozena Karpiuk, Emigracje Zarobkowe Mieszkancow Siemiatycz do Brukseli, (Ph.D. dissertation, Filia Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego w Bialymstoku, 1997); Rajmund Mydel and Heinz Fassmann, Nielegalni Robotnicy Cudzoziemscy i Czarny Rynek Pracy (Cracow: Institute of Geography of the Jagiellonian University, 1997); Beata Siewiera, "Les immigres polonias sans documents," in Johan Leman, Sans Documents: Les Immigres de l'Ombre (Brussells: DeBoeck Universite, 1995), 71-112; Thomas Frejka, Marek Okolski, and Keith Sword, In-Depth Studies on Migration in Central and Eastern Europe: The Case of Poland (Geneva: United Nations, 1998); Ewa Morawska, study in progress on recent East-West European immigrants in Berlin and Philadelphia.
40. Here and thereafter the figures are calculated as averages of percentages provided in survey and ethnographic studies, including Barbara Cieslinska, "Migracje zarobkowe a struktura spoleczna malych miast," in Tadeusz Poplawski, editor, Miasta na Uboczu. Przyczeynek do Socjologii Peryferii (Bialystok: Dzial Wydawnictw Filii UW), 164-189; Ewa Domaradzka, "Polacy Zatrudnieni Zagranica i Cudzoziemcy Pracujacy w Polsce," Polityka Spoleczna 274/275 (1996): 16-18; Mary Erdmans, Opposite Poles: Immigrants and Ethnics in Polish Chicago, 1976-1990 (University Park: Penn State Press, 1998); Ewa Jazwinska and Marek Okolski, Causes and Consequences of Migration in Central and Eastern Europe (Warsaw: Institute for Social Studies/ University of Warsaw, 1996); Bozena Karpiuk, Emigracje Zarobkowe Mieszkancow Siemiatycz do Brukseli, (Ph.D. dissertation, Filia Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego w Bialymstoku, 1997); Rajmund Mydel and Heinz Fassmann, Nielegalni Robotnicy Cudzoziemscy i Czarny Rynek Pracy (Cracow: Institute of Geography of the Jagiellonian University, 1997); Beata Siewiera, "Les immigres polonias sans documents," in Johan Leman, Sans Documents: Les Immigres de l'Ombre (Brussells: DeBoeck Universite, 1995), 71-112; Thomas Frejka, Marek Okolski, and Keith Sword, In-Depth Studies on Migration in Central and Eastern Europe: The Case of Poland (Geneva: United Nations, 1998); Ewa Morawska, study in progress on recent East-West European immigrants in Berlin and Philadelphia.
41. Data compiled from studies cited in n. 13 above, and Tourism Development Report (Geneva: World Tourism Organization, 1995); Trends in International Migration. Continuous Reporting System on Migration, SOPEMI Annual Report 998 (Paris: OECD, 1999); Ewa Morawska, "Transnational Migrations in the Enlarged European Union: A Perspective from East Central Europe," in Giuliano Amato, editor, The Long-term Implications of EU Enlargement: The Nature of the New Border (European Commission: The Forward Studies Unit, 1999), 242-279; estimates of transnational traffic by border guards at border-crossings between Poland and Germany obtained by this author in 1996.
42. Data compiled from studies cited in n. 13 above, and Tourism Development Report (Geneva: World Tourism Organization, 1995); Trends in International Migration. Continuous Reporting System on Migration, SOPEMI Annual Report 998 (Paris: OECD, 1999); Ewa Morawska, "Transnational Migrations in the Enlarged European Union: A Perspective from East Central Europe," in Giuliano Amato, editor, The Long-term Implications of EU Enlargement: The Nature of the New Border (European Commission: The Forward Studies Unit, 1999), 242-279; estimates of transnational traffic by border guards at border-crossings between Poland and Germany obtained by this author in 1996.
43. Data compiled from studies cited in n. 13 above, and Tourism Development Report (Geneva: World Tourism Organization, 1995); Trends in International Migration. Continuous Reporting System on Migration, SOPEMI Annual Report 998 (Paris: OECD, 1999); Ewa Morawska, "Transnational Migrations in the Enlarged European Union: A Perspective from East Central Europe," in Giuliano Amato, editor, The Long-term Implications of EU Enlargement: The Nature of the New Border (European Commission: The Forward Studies Unit, 1999), 242-279; estimates of transnational traffic by border guards at border-crossings between Poland and Germany obtained by this author in 1996.
44. Sewell, "A Theory of Structure," 27.
45. Emirbayer and Mische, "What is Agency?" 970.
46. Ibid., 971-972.
47. Sewell, "A Theory of Structure," 9-12; see also Pierre Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977).
48. Sewell, "A Theory of Structure," 9-12; see also Pierre Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977).
49. Sewell, "A Theory of Structure," 20; Mustafa Emirbayer and Jeff Goodwin, "Network Analysis, Culture, and the Problem of Agency," American Journal of Sociology 99 (1994): 1442-1443.
50. Sewell, "A Theory of Structure," 20; Mustafa Emirbayer and Jeff Goodwin, "Network Analysis, Culture, and the Problem of Agency," American Journal of Sociology 99 (1994): 1442-1443.
51. Sewell, "A Theory of Structure," 15.
52. See, for example, Walter Connor and Piotr Ploszajski, editors, Escape from Socialism. The Polish Route (Warsaw: IFiS Publishers, 1992); Lena Kolarska-Bobinska, "An Economic System and Group Interests," in Wladyslaw Adamski, editor, Societal Conflict and Systemic Change: The Case of Poland, 1980-1992 (Warsaw: IFiS Publishers, 1993).
53. See, for example, Walter Connor and Piotr Ploszajski, editors, Escape from Socialism. The Polish Route (Warsaw: IFiS Publishers, 1992); Lena Kolarska-Bobinska, "An Economic System and Group Interests," in Wladyslaw Adamski, editor, Societal Conflict and Systemic Change: The Case of Poland, 1980-1992 (Warsaw: IFiS Publishers, 1993).
54. Information from the opinion polls conducted by Centrum Badania Opinii Spolecznej (CBOS) in 1990-1993.
55. On these developments, see Mary Kritz and Hania Zlotnik, "Global Interactions: Migrations Systems, Processes, and Policies," in International Migration Systems, editor, Mary Kritz et al. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1992), 1-19; Myron Weiner, The Global Migration Crisis, Challenge to States and to Human Rights (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1995); Wayne Cornelius, Philip Martin, and James Hollifield, editors, Controlling Immigration, A Global Perspective (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994).
56. On these developments, see Mary Kritz and Hania Zlotnik, "Global Interactions: Migrations Systems, Processes, and Policies," in International Migration Systems, editor, Mary Kritz et al. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1992), 1-19; Myron Weiner, The Global Migration Crisis, Challenge to States and to Human Rights (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1995); Wayne Cornelius, Philip Martin, and James Hollifield, editors, Controlling Immigration, A Global Perspective (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994).
57. On these developments, see Mary Kritz and Hania Zlotnik, "Global Interactions: Migrations Systems, Processes, and Policies," in International Migration Systems, editor, Mary Kritz et al. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1992), 1-19; Myron Weiner, The Global Migration Crisis, Challenge to States and to Human Rights (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1995); Wayne Cornelius, Philip Martin, and James Hollifield, editors, Controlling Immigration, A Global Perspective (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994).
58. GNP rates estimations from Ivan Berend, Central and Eastern Europe, 1944-1993. Detour from the Periphery to the Periphery (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996) and idem, Economic Development of East Central Europe in the 19th and 20th Centuries (New York: Columbia University Press, 1974), 170-210; Karpiuk, Emigracje Zarobkowe Mieszkancow Siemiatycz; Jazwinska and Okolski, Causes and Consequences of Migration in Central and Eastern Europe; Siewiera, "Les emigres polonais sans documents"; Mydel and Fassmann, Nielegalni Robotnicy Cudzoziemscy; Erdmans, Opposite Poles; Norbert Cyrus, "In Deutschland arbeiten und in Polen leben. Was die neuen WanderarbeiterInnen aus Polen bewegt," in Zwischen Flucht un Arbeit. Neue Migration und Legalisierungs debatte. Herausgegen von Buro Arbeitschwerpunkt Rassismus und Fluchtlings Politik (Hamburg: Verlag Libertore Assoziation, 1995), 65-84.
59. GNP rates estimations from Ivan Berend, Central and Eastern Europe, 1944-1993. Detour from the Periphery to the Periphery (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996) and idem, Economic Development of East Central Europe in the 19th and 20th Centuries (New York: Columbia University Press, 1974), 170-210; Karpiuk, Emigracje Zarobkowe Mieszkancow Siemiatycz; Jazwinska and Okolski, Causes and Consequences of Migration in Central and Eastern Europe; Siewiera, "Les emigres polonais sans documents"; Mydel and Fassmann, Nielegalni Robotnicy Cudzoziemscy; Erdmans, Opposite Poles; Norbert Cyrus, "In Deutschland arbeiten und in Polen leben. Was die neuen WanderarbeiterInnen aus Polen bewegt," in Zwischen Flucht un Arbeit. Neue Migration und Legalisierungs debatte. Herausgegen von Buro Arbeitschwerpunkt Rassismus und Fluchtlings Politik (Hamburg: Verlag Libertore Assoziation, 1995), 65-84.
60. GNP rates estimations from Ivan Berend, Central and Eastern Europe, 1944-1993. Detour from the Periphery to the Periphery (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996) and idem, Economic Development of East Central Europe in the 19th and 20th Centuries (New York: Columbia University Press, 1974), 170-210; Karpiuk, Emigracje Zarobkowe Mieszkancow Siemiatycz; Jazwinska and Okolski, Causes and Consequences of Migration in Central and Eastern Europe; Siewiera, "Les emigres polonais sans documents"; Mydel and Fassmann, Nielegalni Robotnicy Cudzoziemscy; Erdmans, Opposite Poles; Norbert Cyrus, "In Deutschland arbeiten und in Polen leben. Was die neuen WanderarbeiterInnen aus Polen bewegt," in Zwischen Flucht un Arbeit. Neue Migration und Legalisierungs debatte. Herausgegen von Buro Arbeitschwerpunkt Rassismus und Fluchtlings Politik (Hamburg: Verlag Libertore Assoziation, 1995), 65-84.
61. GNP rates estimations from Ivan Berend, Central and Eastern Europe, 1944-1993. Detour from the Periphery to the Periphery (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996) and idem, Economic Development of East Central Europe in the 19th and 20th Centuries (New York: Columbia University Press, 1974), 170-210; Karpiuk, Emigracje Zarobkowe Mieszkancow Siemiatycz; Jazwinska and Okolski, Causes and Consequences of Migration in Central and Eastern Europe; Siewiera, "Les emigres polonais sans documents"; Mydel and Fassmann, Nielegalni Robotnicy Cudzoziemscy; Erdmans, Opposite Poles; Norbert Cyrus, "In Deutschland arbeiten und in Polen leben. Was die neuen WanderarbeiterInnen aus Polen bewegt," in Zwischen Flucht un Arbeit. Neue Migration und Legalisierungs debatte. Herausgegen von Buro Arbeitschwerpunkt Rassismus und Fluchtlings Politik (Hamburg: Verlag Libertore Assoziation, 1995), 65-84.
62. GNP rates estimations from Ivan Berend, Central and Eastern Europe, 1944-1993. Detour from the Periphery to the Periphery (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996) and idem, Economic Development of East Central Europe in the 19th and 20th Centuries (New York: Columbia University Press, 1974), 170-210; Karpiuk, Emigracje Zarobkowe Mieszkancow Siemiatycz; Jazwinska and Okolski, Causes and Consequences of Migration in Central and Eastern Europe; Siewiera, "Les emigres polonais sans documents"; Mydel and Fassmann, Nielegalni Robotnicy Cudzoziemscy; Erdmans, Opposite Poles; Norbert Cyrus, "In Deutschland arbeiten und in Polen leben. Was die neuen WanderarbeiterInnen aus Polen bewegt," in Zwischen Flucht un Arbeit. Neue Migration und Legalisierungs debatte. Herausgegen von Buro Arbeitschwerpunkt Rassismus und Fluchtlings Politik (Hamburg: Verlag Libertore Assoziation, 1995), 65-84.
63. GNP rates estimations from Ivan Berend, Central and Eastern Europe, 1944-1993. Detour from the Periphery to the Periphery (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996) and idem, Economic Development of East Central Europe in the 19th and 20th Centuries (New York: Columbia University Press, 1974), 170-210; Karpiuk, Emigracje Zarobkowe Mieszkancow Siemiatycz; Jazwinska and Okolski, Causes and Consequences of Migration in Central and Eastern Europe; Siewiera, "Les emigres polonais sans documents"; Mydel and Fassmann, Nielegalni Robotnicy Cudzoziemscy; Erdmans, Opposite Poles; Norbert Cyrus, "In Deutschland arbeiten und in Polen leben. Was die neuen WanderarbeiterInnen aus Polen bewegt," in Zwischen Flucht un Arbeit. Neue Migration und Legalisierungs debatte. Herausgegen von Buro Arbeitschwerpunkt Rassismus und Fluchtlings Politik (Hamburg: Verlag Libertore Assoziation, 1995), 65-84.
64. GNP rates estimations from Ivan Berend, Central and Eastern Europe, 1944-1993. Detour from the Periphery to the Periphery (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996) and idem, Economic Development of East Central Europe in the 19th and 20th Centuries (New York: Columbia University Press, 1974), 170-210; Karpiuk, Emigracje Zarobkowe Mieszkancow Siemiatycz; Jazwinska and Okolski, Causes and Consequences of Migration in Central and Eastern Europe; Siewiera, "Les emigres polonais sans documents"; Mydel and Fassmann, Nielegalni Robotnicy Cudzoziemscy; Erdmans, Opposite Poles; Norbert Cyrus, "In Deutschland arbeiten und in Polen leben. Was die neuen WanderarbeiterInnen aus Polen bewegt," in Zwischen Flucht un Arbeit. Neue Migration und Legalisierungs debatte. Herausgegen von Buro Arbeitschwerpunkt Rassismus und Fluchtlings Politik (Hamburg: Verlag Libertore Assoziation, 1995), 65-84.
65. Ewa Morawska and Willfried Spohn, "Moving Europeans: Contemporary Migrations in a Historical Perspective," in Global History and Migrations, editor, Wang Gungwu (Boulder, Col.: Westview Press, 1997), 23-61.
66. Data compiled from Andrzej Pilch, Emigracja z ziem polskich w czasach nowozytnych i najnowszych: 18th-20th centuries (Warsaw: PWN, 1984); Walter Nugent, Crossings: The Great Transatlantic Migrations, 1980-1914 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992); Krystyna Slany, Miedzy Przymusem a Wyborem. Kontynentalne i Zamorskei Emigracje z Krajow Europy Srodkowo-Wschodniej, 1939-1989 (Cracow: Jagiellonian University Press, 1997); Dariusz Stoal, "Forced Migrations in Central Eurpean History," International Migration Review, 26 (1992): 324-341; Piotr Korcelli, "Die polnische Auswanderung seit 1945," in Heinz Fassmann und Rainer Münz, editors, Migration in Europa (Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1994), 245-263; Barbara Szydlowska-Ceglowa, editor, Polonia w. Europie (Poznan: PAN, 1992); Tomas Stipczynski Polacy w Swiecie (Warsaw: Central Statistical Office Press, 1992); Tom Hundley, "The Draining of Dlugopole," Chicago Tribune Magazine, November, 14 - cited after Mary Erdmans, "Migration from Capitalist Poland to Polish Chicago, 1990-1996," unpublished ms. (1993), 23.
67. Data compiled from Andrzej Pilch, Emigracja z ziem polskich w czasach nowozytnych i najnowszych: 18th-20th centuries (Warsaw: PWN, 1984); Walter Nugent, Crossings: The Great Transatlantic Migrations, 1980-1914 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992); Krystyna Slany, Miedzy Przymusem a Wyborem. Kontynentalne i Zamorskei Emigracje z Krajow Europy Srodkowo-Wschodniej, 1939-1989 (Cracow: Jagiellonian University Press, 1997); Dariusz Stoal, "Forced Migrations in Central Eurpean History," International Migration Review, 26 (1992): 324-341; Piotr Korcelli, "Die polnische Auswanderung seit 1945," in Heinz Fassmann und Rainer Münz, editors, Migration in Europa (Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1994), 245-263; Barbara Szydlowska-Ceglowa, editor, Polonia w. Europie (Poznan: PAN, 1992); Tomas Stipczynski Polacy w Swiecie (Warsaw: Central Statistical Office Press, 1992); Tom Hundley, "The Draining of Dlugopole," Chicago Tribune Magazine, November, 14 - cited after Mary Erdmans, "Migration from Capitalist Poland to Polish Chicago, 1990-1996," unpublished ms. (1993), 23.
68. Data compiled from Andrzej Pilch, Emigracja z ziem polskich w czasach nowozytnych i najnowszych: 18th-20th centuries (Warsaw: PWN, 1984); Walter Nugent, Crossings: The Great Transatlantic Migrations, 1980-1914 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992); Krystyna Slany, Miedzy Przymusem a Wyborem. Kontynentalne i Zamorskei Emigracje z Krajow Europy Srodkowo-Wschodniej, 1939-1989 (Cracow: Jagiellonian University Press, 1997); Dariusz Stoal, "Forced Migrations in Central Eurpean History," International Migration Review, 26 (1992): 324-341; Piotr Korcelli, "Die polnische Auswanderung seit 1945," in Heinz Fassmann und Rainer Münz, editors, Migration in Europa (Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1994), 245-263; Barbara Szydlowska-Ceglowa, editor, Polonia w. Europie (Poznan: PAN, 1992); Tomas Stipczynski Polacy w Swiecie (Warsaw: Central Statistical Office Press, 1992); Tom Hundley, "The Draining of Dlugopole," Chicago Tribune Magazine, November, 14 - cited after Mary Erdmans, "Migration from Capitalist Poland to Polish Chicago, 1990-1996," unpublished ms. (1993), 23.
69. Data compiled from Andrzej Pilch, Emigracja z ziem polskich w czasach nowozytnych i najnowszych: 18th-20th centuries (Warsaw: PWN, 1984); Walter Nugent, Crossings: The Great Transatlantic Migrations, 1980-1914 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992); Krystyna Slany, Miedzy Przymusem a Wyborem. Kontynentalne i Zamorskei Emigracje z Krajow Europy Srodkowo-Wschodniej, 1939-1989 (Cracow: Jagiellonian University Press, 1997); Dariusz Stoal, "Forced Migrations in Central Eurpean History," International Migration Review, 26 (1992): 324-341; Piotr Korcelli, "Die polnische Auswanderung seit 1945," in Heinz Fassmann und Rainer Münz, editors, Migration in Europa (Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1994), 245-263; Barbara Szydlowska-Ceglowa, editor, Polonia w. Europie (Poznan: PAN, 1992); Tomas Stipczynski Polacy w Swiecie (Warsaw: Central Statistical Office Press, 1992); Tom Hundley, "The Draining of Dlugopole," Chicago Tribune Magazine, November, 14 - cited after Mary Erdmans, "Migration from Capitalist Poland to Polish Chicago, 1990-1996," unpublished ms. (1993), 23.
70. Data compiled from Andrzej Pilch, Emigracja z ziem polskich w czasach nowozytnych i najnowszych: 18th-20th centuries (Warsaw: PWN, 1984); Walter Nugent, Crossings: The Great Transatlantic Migrations, 1980-1914 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992); Krystyna Slany, Miedzy Przymusem a Wyborem. Kontynentalne i Zamorskei Emigracje z Krajow Europy Srodkowo-Wschodniej, 1939-1989 (Cracow: Jagiellonian University Press, 1997); Dariusz Stoal, "Forced Migrations in Central Eurpean History," International Migration Review, 26 (1992): 324-341; Piotr Korcelli, "Die polnische Auswanderung seit 1945," in Heinz Fassmann und Rainer Münz, editors, Migration in Europa (Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1994), 245-263; Barbara Szydlowska-Ceglowa, editor, Polonia w. Europie (Poznan: PAN, 1992); Tomas Stipczynski Polacy w Swiecie (Warsaw: Central Statistical Office Press, 1992); Tom Hundley, "The Draining of Dlugopole," Chicago Tribune Magazine, November, 14 - cited after Mary Erdmans, "Migration from Capitalist Poland to Polish Chicago, 1990-1996," unpublished ms. (1993), 23.
71. Data compiled from Andrzej Pilch, Emigracja z ziem polskich w czasach nowozytnych i najnowszych: 18th-20th centuries (Warsaw: PWN, 1984); Walter Nugent, Crossings: The Great Transatlantic Migrations, 1980-1914 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992); Krystyna Slany, Miedzy Przymusem a Wyborem. Kontynentalne i Zamorskei Emigracje z Krajow Europy Srodkowo-Wschodniej, 1939-1989 (Cracow: Jagiellonian University Press, 1997); Dariusz Stoal, "Forced Migrations in Central Eurpean History," International Migration Review, 26 (1992): 324-341; Piotr Korcelli, "Die polnische Auswanderung seit 1945," in Heinz Fassmann und Rainer Münz, editors, Migration in Europa (Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1994), 245-263; Barbara Szydlowska-Ceglowa, editor, Polonia w. Europie (Poznan: PAN, 1992); Tomas Stipczynski Polacy w Swiecie (Warsaw: Central Statistical Office Press, 1992); Tom Hundley, "The Draining of Dlugopole," Chicago Tribune Magazine, November, 14 - cited after Mary Erdmans, "Migration from Capitalist Poland to Polish Chicago, 1990-1996," unpublished ms. (1993), 23.
72. Data compiled from Andrzej Pilch, Emigracja z ziem polskich w czasach nowozytnych i najnowszych: 18th-20th centuries (Warsaw: PWN, 1984); Walter Nugent, Crossings: The Great Transatlantic Migrations, 1980-1914 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992); Krystyna Slany, Miedzy Przymusem a Wyborem. Kontynentalne i Zamorskei Emigracje z Krajow Europy Srodkowo-Wschodniej, 1939-1989 (Cracow: Jagiellonian University Press, 1997); Dariusz Stoal, "Forced Migrations in Central Eurpean History," International Migration Review, 26 (1992): 324-341; Piotr Korcelli, "Die polnische Auswanderung seit 1945," in Heinz Fassmann und Rainer Münz, editors, Migration in Europa (Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1994), 245-263; Barbara Szydlowska-Ceglowa, editor, Polonia w. Europie (Poznan: PAN, 1992); Tomas Stipczynski Polacy w Swiecie (Warsaw: Central Statistical Office Press, 1992); Tom Hundley, "The Draining of Dlugopole," Chicago Tribune Magazine, November, 14 - cited after Mary Erdmans, "Migration from Capitalist Poland to Polish Chicago, 1990-1996," unpublished ms. (1993), 23.
73. Data compiled from Andrzej Pilch, Emigracja z ziem polskich w czasach nowozytnych i najnowszych: 18th-20th centuries (Warsaw: PWN, 1984); Walter Nugent, Crossings: The Great Transatlantic Migrations, 1980-1914 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992); Krystyna Slany, Miedzy Przymusem a Wyborem. Kontynentalne i Zamorskei Emigracje z Krajow Europy Srodkowo-Wschodniej, 1939-1989 (Cracow: Jagiellonian University Press, 1997); Dariusz Stoal, "Forced Migrations in Central Eurpean History," International Migration Review, 26 (1992): 324-341; Piotr Korcelli, "Die polnische Auswanderung seit 1945," in Heinz Fassmann und Rainer Münz, editors, Migration in Europa (Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1994), 245-263; Barbara Szydlowska-Ceglowa, editor, Polonia w. Europie (Poznan: PAN, 1992); Tomas Stipczynski Polacy w Swiecie (Warsaw: Central Statistical Office Press, 1992); Tom Hundley, "The Draining of Dlugopole," Chicago Tribune Magazine, November, 14 - cited after Mary Erdmans, "Migration from Capitalist Poland to Polish Chicago, 1990-1996," unpublished ms. (1993), 23.
74. Data compiled from Andrzej Pilch, Emigracja z ziem polskich w czasach nowozytnych i najnowszych: 18th-20th centuries (Warsaw: PWN, 1984); Walter Nugent, Crossings: The Great Transatlantic Migrations, 1980-1914 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992); Krystyna Slany, Miedzy Przymusem a Wyborem. Kontynentalne i Zamorskei Emigracje z Krajow Europy Srodkowo-Wschodniej, 1939-1989 (Cracow: Jagiellonian University Press, 1997); Dariusz Stoal, "Forced Migrations in Central Eurpean History," International Migration Review, 26 (1992): 324-341; Piotr Korcelli, "Die polnische Auswanderung seit 1945," in Heinz Fassmann und Rainer Münz, editors, Migration in Europa (Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1994), 245-263; Barbara Szydlowska-Ceglowa, editor, Polonia w. Europie (Poznan: PAN, 1992); Tomas Stipczynski Polacy w Swiecie (Warsaw: Central Statistical Office Press, 1992); Tom Hundley, "The Draining of Dlugopole," Chicago Tribune Magazine, November, 14 - cited after Mary Erdmans, "Migration from Capitalist Poland to Polish Chicago, 1990-1996," unpublished ms. (1993), 23.
75. Information about sustained contracts from Ryszard Kantor, Miedzy Zaborowem a Chicago. Kulturowe Konsekwencje Istnienia Zbiorowosci Imigrantow z arafii Zaborowskiej w Chicago i jej Kontaktow z Rodzinnymi Wsiami, (Wroclaw-Warsaw: Ossolineum, 1990); Barbara Golda, "Konsekwencje emigracji w Zyciu Wiejskiej Spolecznosci Polskiej," Przeglad Polonijny 2 (1976): 94-119; Andrzej Krajewski, Region U.S.A. (London: Aneks, 1989); Erdrmans, Opposite Poles; Grzegorz Zietkiewicz, Polen in Berlin-Polacy w Berlinie (Berlin: Die Auslanderbeauftragte des Senats, 1986); Adam Walaszek, "Diaspora. Diaspora polska," unpublished ms., 1999.
76. Information about sustained contracts from Ryszard Kantor, Miedzy Zaborowem a Chicago. Kulturowe Konsekwencje Istnienia Zbiorowosci Imigrantow z arafii Zaborowskiej w Chicago i jej Kontaktow z Rodzinnymi Wsiami, (Wroclaw-Warsaw: Ossolineum, 1990); Barbara Golda, "Konsekwencje emigracji w Zyciu Wiejskiej Spolecznosci Polskiej," Przeglad Polonijny 2 (1976): 94-119; Andrzej Krajewski, Region U.S.A. (London: Aneks, 1989); Erdrmans, Opposite Poles; Grzegorz Zietkiewicz, Polen in Berlin-Polacy w Berlinie (Berlin: Die Auslanderbeauftragte des Senats, 1986); Adam Walaszek, "Diaspora. Diaspora polska," unpublished ms., 1999.
77. Information about sustained contracts from Ryszard Kantor, Miedzy Zaborowem a Chicago. Kulturowe Konsekwencje Istnienia Zbiorowosci Imigrantow z arafii Zaborowskiej w Chicago i jej Kontaktow z Rodzinnymi Wsiami, (Wroclaw-Warsaw: Ossolineum, 1990); Barbara Golda, "Konsekwencje emigracji w Zyciu Wiejskiej Spolecznosci Polskiej," Przeglad Polonijny 2 (1976): 94-119; Andrzej Krajewski, Region U.S.A. (London: Aneks, 1989); Erdrmans, Opposite Poles; Grzegorz Zietkiewicz, Polen in Berlin-Polacy w Berlinie (Berlin: Die Auslanderbeauftragte des Senats, 1986); Adam Walaszek, "Diaspora. Diaspora polska," unpublished ms., 1999.
78. Information about sustained contracts from Ryszard Kantor, Miedzy Zaborowem a Chicago. Kulturowe Konsekwencje Istnienia Zbiorowosci Imigrantow z arafii Zaborowskiej w Chicago i jej Kontaktow z Rodzinnymi Wsiami, (Wroclaw-Warsaw: Ossolineum, 1990); Barbara Golda, "Konsekwencje emigracji w Zyciu Wiejskiej Spolecznosci Polskiej," Przeglad Polonijny 2 (1976): 94-119; Andrzej Krajewski, Region U.S.A. (London: Aneks, 1989); Erdrmans, Opposite Poles; Grzegorz Zietkiewicz, Polen in Berlin-Polacy w Berlinie (Berlin: Die Auslanderbeauftragte des Senats, 1986); Adam Walaszek, "Diaspora. Diaspora polska," unpublished ms., 1999.
79. Information about sustained contracts from Ryszard Kantor, Miedzy Zaborowem a Chicago. Kulturowe Konsekwencje Istnienia Zbiorowosci Imigrantow z arafii Zaborowskiej w Chicago i jej Kontaktow z Rodzinnymi Wsiami, (Wroclaw-Warsaw: Ossolineum, 1990); Barbara Golda, "Konsekwencje emigracji w Zyciu Wiejskiej Spolecznosci Polskiej," Przeglad Polonijny 2 (1976): 94-119; Andrzej Krajewski, Region U.S.A. (London: Aneks, 1989); Erdrmans, Opposite Poles; Grzegorz Zietkiewicz, Polen in Berlin-Polacy w Berlinie (Berlin: Die Auslanderbeauftragte des Senats, 1986); Adam Walaszek, "Diaspora. Diaspora polska," unpublished ms., 1999.
80. Information about sustained contracts from Ryszard Kantor, Miedzy Zaborowem a Chicago. Kulturowe Konsekwencje Istnienia Zbiorowosci Imigrantow z arafii Zaborowskiej w Chicago i jej Kontaktow z Rodzinnymi Wsiami, (Wroclaw-Warsaw: Ossolineum, 1990); Barbara Golda, "Konsekwencje emigracji w Zyciu Wiejskiej Spolecznosci Polskiej," Przeglad Polonijny 2 (1976): 94-119; Andrzej Krajewski, Region U.S.A. (London: Aneks, 1989); Erdrmans, Opposite Poles; Grzegorz Zietkiewicz
81. Massey et al., Worlds in Motion, 28-29.
82. Number and percentage estimates here and thereafter are averages of figures provided in ethnographic and survey studies of post-1989/90 income-seeking Polish migrations to the West cited in n. 13, and from Tadeusz Poplawski, Strategie Migracyjne i Sieci Powiazan, unpublished ms., 1995.
83. From Jazwinska and Okolski, Causes and Consequences of Migration in Central and Eastern Europe; Cieslinska, "Migracje Zarobkowe e Struktura Spoleczna Malych Miast"; Siewiera, "Les emigres polonais sans documents"; Centrum Badania Opinii Publiczney, public opinion surveys in the early 1990s of the Poles' intentions to migrate and reasons of considering such action.
84. From Jazwinska and Okolski, Causes and Consequences of Migration in Central and Eastern Europe; Cieslinska, "Migracje Zarobkowe e Struktura Spoleczna Malych Miast"; Siewiera, "Les emigres polonais sans documents"; Centrum Badania Opinii Publiczney, public opinion surveys in the early 1990s of the Poles' intentions to migrate and reasons of considering such action.
85. From Jazwinska and Okolski, Causes and Consequences of Migration in Central and Eastern Europe; Cieslinska, "Migracje Zarobkowe e Struktura Spoleczna Malych Miast"; Siewiera, "Les emigres polonais sans documents"; Centrum Badania Opinii Publiczney, public opinion surveys in the early 1990s of the Poles' intentions to migrate and reasons of considering such action.
86. Morawska, study in progress on the adaptation strategies of East-West migrants in Philadelphia and Berlin.
87. On the accustomed crony-debrouillard Polish popular culture under communist rule, see Maria Los, editor, The Second Economy in Marxist States (London: Macmillan, 1990); Wojciech Pawlik, "Intimate Commerce," in Janina Wedel, editor, The Unplanned Society, Poland During and After Communism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992), 78-94; Janina Wedel, The Private Poland (New York: Facts on File Publications, 1986); generally in Soviet-block countries, see Kenneth Jowitt, New World Disorder: The Leninist Extinction, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992).
88. On the accustomed crony-debrouillard Polish popular culture under communist rule, see Maria Los, editor, The Second Economy in Marxist States (London: Macmillan, 1990); Wojciech Pawlik, "Intimate Commerce," in Janina Wedel, editor, The Unplanned Society, Poland During and After Communism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992), 78-94; Janina Wedel, The Private Poland (New York: Facts on File Publications, 1986); generally in Soviet-block countries, see Kenneth Jowitt, New World Disorder: The Leninist Extinction, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992).
89. On the accustomed crony-debrouillard Polish popular culture under communist rule, see Maria Los, editor, The Second Economy in Marxist States (London: Macmillan, 1990); Wojciech Pawlik, "Intimate Commerce," in Janina Wedel, editor, The Unplanned Society, Poland During and After Communism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992), 78-94; Janina Wedel, The Private Poland (New York: Facts on File Publications, 1986); generally in Soviet-block countries, see Kenneth Jowitt, New World Disorder: The Leninist Extinction, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992).
90. On the accustomed crony-debrouillard Polish popular culture under communist rule, see Maria Los, editor, The Second Economy in Marxist States (London: Macmillan, 1990); Wojciech Pawlik, "Intimate Commerce," in Janina Wedel, editor, The Unplanned Society, Poland During and After Communism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992), 78-94; Janina Wedel, The Private Poland (New York: Facts on File Publications, 1986); generally in Soviet-block countries, see Kenneth Jowitt, New World Disorder: The Leninist Extinction, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992).
91. Morawska in progress.
92. Lech Walesa, A Way of Hope (New York: Henry Holt & Company, 1987), 33;
93. see also Erdmans, Opposite Poles.
94. See W. I. Thomas and Florian Znaniecki, The Polish Peasant, in 5 vols. (Boston: Badger, 1918); Halina Janowska, Emigracja Zarobkowe z Polska, 1918-1939 (Warsaw: PWN, 1981); Polonia w Niemczech, (Warsaw: Dom Wydawniczy, 1995); Morawska, "Labor Migrations of Poles."
95. See W. I. Thomas and Florian Znaniecki, The Polish Peasant, in 5 vols. (Boston: Badger, 1918); Halina Janowska, Emigracja Zarobkowe z Polska, 1918-1939 (Warsaw: PWN, 1981); Polonia w Niemczech, (Warsaw: Dom Wydawniczy, 1995); Morawska, "Labor Migrations of Poles."
96. See W. I. Thomas and Florian Znaniecki, The Polish Peasant, in 5 vols. (Boston: Badger, 1918); Halina Janowska, Emigracja Zarobkowe z Polska, 1918-1939 (Warsaw: PWN, 1981); Polonia w Niemczech, (Warsaw: Dom Wydawniczy, 1995); Morawska, "Labor Migrations of Poles."
97. See W. I. Thomas and Florian Znaniecki, The Polish Peasant, in 5 vols. (Boston: Badger, 1918); Halina Janowska, Emigracja Zarobkowe z Polska, 1918-1939 (Warsaw: PWN, 1981); Polonia w Niemczech, (Warsaw: Dom Wydawniczy, 1995); Morawska, "Labor Migrations of Poles."
98. Estimates from Morawska, "Transnational Migrations in the Enlarged European Union."
99. See studies listed in n. 13; also Poplawski, Strategie Migracyjne i Sieci Powiazan; Ewa Wilk, "Turysta czyli Zawodowiec," Polityka (August 24, 1996), 52-53; Ewa Ornacka and Jacek Szczesny, "Gastpracownicy," Polityka (December 20, 1998), 26-28; Joanna Podgorska, "Miarka za Miarke," Polityka (August 28,1999), 56-58.
100. See studies listed in n. 13; also Poplawski, Strategie Migracyjne i Sieci Powiazan; Ewa Wilk, "Turysta czyli Zawodowiec," Polityka (August 24, 1996), 52-53; Ewa Ornacka and Jacek Szczesny, "Gastpracownicy," Polityka (December 20, 1998), 26-28; Joanna Podgorska, "Miarka za Miarke," Polityka (August 28,1999), 56-58.
101. See studies listed in n. 13; also Poplawski, Strategie Migracyjne i Sieci Powiazan; Ewa Wilk, "Turysta czyli Zawodowiec," Polityka (August 24, 1996), 52-53; Ewa Ornacka and Jacek Szczesny, "Gastpracownicy," Polityka (December 20, 1998), 26-28; Joanna Podgorska, "Miarka za Miarke," Polityka (August 28,1999), 56-58.
102. See studies listed in n. 13; also Poplawski, Strategie Migracyjne i Sieci Powiazan; Ewa Wilk, "Turysta czyli Zawodowiec," Polityka (August 24, 1996), 52-53; Ewa Ornacka and Jacek Szczesny, "Gastpracownicy," Polityka (December 20, 1998), 26-28; Joanna Podgorska, "Miarka za Miarke," Polityka (August 28,1999), 56-58.
103. Massey et al., Worlds in Motion, 49.
104. Information from Karpiuk, "Emigracje Zarobkowe Mieszkancow Siemiatycz"; Siewiera, "Les immigres polonias sans documents"; Erdmans, Opposite Poles; Morawska in progress; also Podgorska, "Miarka za Miarke."
105. Information from Karpiuk, "Emigracje Zarobkowe Mieszkancow Siemiatycz"; Siewiera, "Les immigres polonias sans documents"; Erdmans, Opposite Poles; Morawska in progress; also Podgorska, "Miarka za Miarke."
106. Information from Karpiuk, "Emigracje Zarobkowe Mieszkancow Siemiatycz"; Siewiera, "Les immigres polonias sans documents"; Erdmans, Opposite Poles; Morawska in progress; also Podgorska, "Miarka za Miarke."
107. Information from Karpiuk, "Emigracje Zarobkowe Mieszkancow Siemiatycz"; Siewiera, "Les immigres polonias sans documents"; Erdmans, Opposite Poles; Morawska in progress; also Podgorska, "Miarka za Miarke."
108. Information from Karpiuk, "Emigracje Zarobkowe Mieszkancow Siemiatycz"; Siewiera, "Les immigres polonias sans documents"; Erdmans, Opposite Poles; Morawska in progress; also Podgorska, "Miarka za Miarke."
109. Cyrus, "In Deutschland arbeiten und in Polen leben," also idem, "Zur Situation irregularer polnischer Zuwanderinnen in Berlinm," Bericht der Berliner Fachkommission "Frauenhandel" (Berlin 1997), 13-19; Mydel and Fassmann, Nielegalni Robotnicy Cudzoziemscy, Morawska in progress.
110. Cyrus, "In Deutschland arbeiten und in Polen leben," also idem, "Zur Situation irregularer polnischer Zuwanderinnen in Berlinm," Bericht der Berliner Fachkommission "Frauenhandel" (Berlin 1997), 13-19; Mydel and Fassmann, Nielegalni Robotnicy Cudzoziemscy, Morawska in progress.
111. Cyrus, "In Deutschland arbeiten und in Polen leben," also idem, "Zur Situation irregularer polnischer Zuwanderinnen in Berlinm," Bericht der Berliner Fachkommission "Frauenhandel" (Berlin 1997), 13-19; Mydel and Fassmann, Nielegalni Robotnicy Cudzoziemscy, Morawska in progress.
112. Cyrus, "In Deutschland arbeiten und in Polen leben," also idem, "Zur Situation irregularer polnischer Zuwanderinnen in Berlinm," Bericht der Berliner Fachkommission "Frauenhandel" (Berlin 1997), 13-19; Mydel and Fassmann, Nielegalni Robotnicy Cudzoziemscy, Morawska in progress.
113. Information compiled from Malgorzata Irek, Der Schmugglerzug (Berlin: Das Arabische Buch, 1998); Adam Grzeszak, "Trup na lawecie," Polityka (December 21, 1996), 32-33, and idem, "Mrowki ze Spirytusem," Polityka (November 22, 1997), 76-78; Mariola Balicka and Padre Gajdzinski, "Przemyt bez granic," Polityka (January 4, 1997), 61-65; Marek Orzechowski, "Polaczek Cwaniaczek," Polityka (July 3, 1999), 38-40; Ewa Winnicka, "Czlowiek z Lumpkesu," Polityka (October, 1999), 23-26; see also Marek Okolski and Dariusz Stola, "Migracje Miedzy Polska a Krajami Unii Europejskiej w Perspektywie Przystapienia Polska do UE," unpublished report for KPZK Pan, 1998; and Mariusz Urbanek, "Wielka Wycieczka," Polityka (July 3, 1999), 74-75, on increased involvement of Polish transnational commercial travelers in East-West migrant trafficking.
114. Information compiled from Malgorzata Irek, Der Schmugglerzug (Berlin: Das Arabische Buch, 1998); Adam Grzeszak, "Trup na lawecie," Polityka (December 21, 1996), 32-33, and idem, "Mrowki ze Spirytusem," Polityka (November 22, 1997), 76-78; Mariola Balicka and Padre Gajdzinski, "Przemyt bez granic," Polityka (January 4, 1997), 61-65; Marek Orzechowski, "Polaczek Cwaniaczek," Polityka (July 3, 1999), 38-40; Ewa Winnicka, "Czlowiek z Lumpkesu," Polityka (October, 1999), 23-26; see also Marek Okolski and Dariusz Stola, "Migracje Miedzy Polska a Krajami Unii Europejskiej w Perspektywie Przystapienia Polska do UE," unpublished report for KPZK Pan, 1998; and Mariusz Urbanek, "Wielka Wycieczka," Polityka (July 3, 1999), 74-75, on increased involvement of Polish transnational commercial travelers in East-West migrant trafficking.
115. Information compiled from Malgorzata Irek, Der Schmugglerzug (Berlin: Das Arabische Buch, 1998); Adam Grzeszak, "Trup na lawecie," Polityka (December 21, 1996), 32-33, and idem, "Mrowki ze Spirytusem," Polityka (November 22, 1997), 76-78; Mariola Balicka and Padre Gajdzinski, "Przemyt bez granic," Polityka (January 4, 1997), 61-65; Marek Orzechowski, "Polaczek Cwaniaczek," Polityka (July 3, 1999), 38-40; Ewa Winnicka, "Czlowiek z Lumpkesu," Polityka (October, 1999), 23-26; see also Marek Okolski and Dariusz Stola, "Migracje Miedzy Polska a Krajami Unii Europejskiej w Perspektywie Przystapienia Polska do UE," unpublished report for KPZK Pan, 1998; and Mariusz Urbanek, "Wielka Wycieczka," Polityka (July 3, 1999), 74-75, on increased involvement of Polish transnational commercial travelers in East-West migrant trafficking.
116. Information compiled from Malgorzata Irek, Der Schmugglerzug (Berlin: Das Arabische Buch, 1998); Adam Grzeszak, "Trup na lawecie," Polityka (December 21, 1996), 32-33, and idem, "Mrowki ze Spirytusem," Polityka (November 22, 1997), 76-78; Mariola Balicka and Padre Gajdzinski, "Przemyt bez granic," Polityka (January 4, 1997), 61-65; Marek Orzechowski, "Polaczek Cwaniaczek," Polityka (July 3, 1999), 38-40; Ewa Winnicka, "Czlowiek z Lumpkesu," Polityka (October, 1999), 23-26; see also Marek Okolski and Dariusz Stola, "Migracje Miedzy Polska a Krajami Unii Europejskiej w Perspektywie Przystapienia Polska do UE," unpublished report for KPZK Pan, 1998; and Mariusz Urbanek, "Wielka Wycieczka," Polityka (July 3, 1999), 74-75, on increased involvement of Polish transnational commercial travelers in East-West migrant trafficking.
117. Information compiled from Malgorzata Irek, Der Schmugglerzug (Berlin: Das Arabische Buch, 1998); Adam Grzeszak, "Trup na lawecie," Polityka (December 21, 1996), 32-33, and idem, "Mrowki ze Spirytusem," Polityka (November 22, 1997), 76-78; Mariola Balicka and Padre Gajdzinski, "Przemyt bez granic," Polityka (January 4, 1997), 61-65; Marek Orzechowski, "Polaczek Cwaniaczek," Polityka (July 3, 1999), 38-40; Ewa Winnicka, "Czlowiek z Lumpkesu," Polityka (October, 1999), 23-26; see also Marek Okolski and Dariusz Stola, "Migracje Miedzy Polska a Krajami Unii Europejskiej w Perspektywie Przystapienia Polska do UE," unpublished report for KPZK Pan, 1998; and Mariusz Urbanek, "Wielka Wycieczka," Polityka (July 3, 1999), 74-75, on increased involvement of Polish transnational commercial travelers in East-West migrant trafficking.
118. Information compiled from Malgorzata Irek, Der Schmugglerzug (Berlin: Das Arabische Buch, 1998); Adam Grzeszak, "Trup na lawecie," Polityka (December 21, 1996), 32-33, and idem, "Mrowki ze Spirytusem," Polityka (November 22, 1997), 76-78; Mariola Balicka and Padre Gajdzinski, "Przemyt bez granic," Polityka (January 4, 1997), 61-65; Marek Orzechowski, "Polaczek Cwaniaczek," Polityka (July 3, 1999), 38-40; Ewa Winnicka, "Czlowiek z Lumpkesu," Polityka (October, 1999), 23-26; see also Marek Okolski and Dariusz Stola, "Migracje Miedzy Polska a Krajami Unii Europejskiej w Perspektywie Przystapienia Polska do UE," unpublished report for KPZK Pan, 1998; and Mariusz Urbanek, "Wielka Wycieczka," Polityka (July 3, 1999), 74-75, on increased involvement of Polish transnational commercial travelers in East-West migrant trafficking.
119. Information compiled from Malgorzata Irek, Der Schmugglerzug (Berlin: Das Arabische Buch, 1998); Adam Grzeszak, "Trup na lawecie," Polityka (December 21, 1996), 32-33, and idem, "Mrowki ze Spirytusem," Polityka (November 22, 1997), 76-78; Mariola Balicka and Padre Gajdzinski, "Przemyt bez granic," Polityka (January 4, 1997), 61-65; Marek Orzechowski, "Polaczek Cwaniaczek," Polityka (July 3, 1999), 38-40; Ewa Winnicka, "Czlowiek z Lumpkesu," Polityka (October, 1999), 23-26; see also Marek Okolski and Dariusz Stola, "Migracje Miedzy Polska a Krajami Unii Europejskiej w Perspektywie Przystapienia Polska do UE," unpublished report for KPZK Pan, 1998; and Mariusz Urbanek, "Wielka Wycieczka," Polityka (July 3, 1999), 74-75, on increased involvement of Polish transnational commercial travelers in East-West migrant trafficking.
120. Information compiled from Malgorzata Irek, Der Schmugglerzug (Berlin: Das Arabische Buch, 1998); Adam Grzeszak, "Trup na lawecie," Polityka (December 21, 1996), 32-33, and idem, "Mrowki ze Spirytusem," Polityka (November 22, 1997), 76-78; Mariola Balicka and Padre Gajdzinski, "Przemyt bez granic," Polityka (January 4, 1997), 61-65; Marek Orzechowski, "Polaczek Cwaniaczek," Polityka (July 3, 1999), 38-40; Ewa Winnicka, "Czlowiek z Lumpkesu," Polityka (October, 1999), 23-26; see also Marek Okolski and Dariusz Stola, "Migracje Miedzy Polska a Krajami Unii Europejskiej w Perspektywie Przystapienia Polska do UE," unpublished report for KPZK Pan, 1998; and Mariusz Urbanek, "Wielka Wycieczka," Polityka (July 3, 1999), 74-75, on increased involvement of Polish transnational commercial travelers in East-West migrant trafficking.
121. On the informal economy and institutional dealings in postcommunist Poland, see Maria Los, "'Virtual' Property and Post-Communist Globalization," Demokratizatsiya. The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization, 6 (1998): 77-86; Kazimierz Frieske, "Instytucjonalny Pluralizm czy Personalne Wplywy?" unpublished ms, 1997; Mieczyslaw Bak, editor, Nieformalny Rynek Pracy (Warsaw: Oficyna Naukowa. 1995); Marek Grabowski, Ukryte Dochody i Nierejestrowany Rynek Pracy w Polsce (Gdansk-Warsaw: Instytut Badan nad Gospodarka Rynkowa, 1994); Staniszkis, Post-Copmmunism: The Emerging Enigma; Ewa Winnicka, "Wylacz Ssanie," Polityka (April 1, 2000), 24-26; On the rapid growth of informal economies and the use of informal networks rather than institutional channels in managing economic/business matters in postcommunist East Central Europe generally, see Ivan Gabor, "Modernity or a New Kind of Duality? Second Thoughts About the 'Second Economy,'" in Janos Matyas Kovacs, editor, Transition to Capitalism? (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1994), 3-20; David Stark and Kemeny Szabolcs, "Postsocialist Portfolios: Network Strategies in the Shadow of the State," paper presented at the Conference on Economic and Organizational Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, Wharton School and Sociology Department, 12 December, 1998. Information about Polish district authorities' awareness of the illicit employment abroad of local residents, from Strzelecki, "Rynek pracy a procesy migracji zagranicznych." As suggested by the matter-of-factness with which the respondents in public opinion surveys admit to relying on these strategies in the pursuit of their purposes, corruption and clientelism have retained their old-regime popular normative acceptance not only in Poland but across postcommunist East Central Europe. Between 35 and 45 percent of Polish, Hungarian and Czech respondents in national representative samples say either they or their friends have used informal "connections" and have relied on reciprocal "favors" and between 25 and 30 percent admit they have used bribes to "get things" such as consumer goods, medicine, housing, job-related and children's education advantages, etc. Figures averaged from data provided in Entrepreneurship in Transition Economies, OECD Proceedings (Leeds: Local Economic and Employment Development, 1996); K. Roberts and Bohdan Jung, Poland's First Post-Communist Generation (Aldershot: Avebury, 1995); Endre Sik, "Network capital in capitalist, communist, and post-communist societies," International Contributions to Labor Studies, 32 (1994): 73-93; Szara Gospodarka w Polsce: Rozmiary, Przyczyny, Konsekwencje (Warsaw: GUS i PAN, 1996), Studia Zakladu Badan Statystyczno-Ekonomicznych, z. 233.
122. On the informal economy and institutional dealings in postcommunist Poland, see Maria Los, "'Virtual' Property and Post-Communist Globalization," Demokratizatsiya. The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization, 6 (1998): 77-86; Kazimierz Frieske, "Instytucjonalny Pluralizm czy Personalne Wplywy?" unpublished ms, 1997; Mieczyslaw Bak, editor, Nieformalny Rynek Pracy (Warsaw: Oficyna Naukowa. 1995); Marek Grabowski, Ukryte Dochody i Nierejestrowany Rynek Pracy w Polsce (Gdansk-Warsaw: Instytut Badan nad Gospodarka Rynkowa, 1994); Staniszkis, Post-Copmmunism: The Emerging Enigma; Ewa Winnicka, "Wylacz Ssanie," Polityka (April 1, 2000), 24-26; On the rapid growth of informal economies and the use of informal networks rather than institutional channels in managing economic/business matters in postcommunist East Central Europe generally, see Ivan Gabor, "Modernity or a New Kind of Duality? Second Thoughts About the 'Second Economy,'" in Janos Matyas Kovacs, editor, Transition to Capitalism? (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1994), 3-20; David Stark and Kemeny Szabolcs, "Postsocialist Portfolios: Network Strategies in the Shadow of the State," paper presented at the Conference on Economic and Organizational Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, Wharton School and Sociology Department, 12 December, 1998. Information about Polish district authorities' awareness of the illicit employment abroad of local residents, from Strzelecki, "Rynek pracy a procesy migracji zagranicznych." As suggested by the matter-of-factness with which the respondents in public opinion surveys admit to relying on these strategies in the pursuit of their purposes, corruption and clientelism have retained their old-regime popular normative acceptance not only in Poland but across postcommunist East Central Europe. Between 35 and 45 percent of Polish, Hungarian and Czech respondents in national representative samples say either they or their friends have used informal "connections" and have relied on reciprocal "favors" and between 25 and 30 percent admit they have used bribes to "get things" such as consumer goods, medicine, housing, job-related and children's education advantages, etc. Figures averaged from data provided in Entrepreneurship in Transition Economies, OECD Proceedings (Leeds: Local Economic and Employment Development, 1996); K. Roberts and Bohdan Jung, Poland's First Post-Communist Generation (Aldershot: Avebury, 1995); Endre Sik, "Network capital in capitalist, communist, and post-communist societies," International Contributions to Labor Studies, 32 (1994): 73-93; Szara Gospodarka w Polsce: Rozmiary, Przyczyny, Konsekwencje (Warsaw: GUS i PAN, 1996), Studia Zakladu Badan Statystyczno-Ekonomicznych, z. 233.
123. On the informal economy and institutional dealings in postcommunist Poland, see Maria Los, "'Virtual' Property and Post-Communist Globalization," Demokratizatsiya. The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization, 6 (1998): 77-86; Kazimierz Frieske, "Instytucjonalny Pluralizm czy Personalne Wplywy?" unpublished ms, 1997; Mieczyslaw Bak, editor, Nieformalny Rynek Pracy (Warsaw: Oficyna Naukowa. 1995); Marek Grabowski, Ukryte Dochody i Nierejestrowany Rynek Pracy w Polsce (Gdansk-Warsaw: Instytut Badan nad Gospodarka Rynkowa, 1994); Staniszkis, Post-Copmmunism: The Emerging Enigma; Ewa Winnicka, "Wylacz Ssanie," Polityka (April 1, 2000), 24-26; On the rapid growth of informal economies and the use of informal networks rather than institutional channels in managing economic/business matters in postcommunist East Central Europe generally, see Ivan Gabor, "Modernity or a New Kind of Duality? Second Thoughts About the 'Second Economy,'" in Janos Matyas Kovacs, editor, Transition to Capitalism? (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1994), 3-20; David Stark and Kemeny Szabolcs, "Postsocialist Portfolios: Network Strategies in the Shadow of the State," paper presented at the Conference on Economic and Organizational Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, Wharton School and Sociology Department, 12 December, 1998. Information about Polish district authorities' awareness of the illicit employment abroad of local residents, from Strzelecki, "Rynek pracy a procesy migracji zagranicznych." As suggested by the matter-of-factness with which the respondents in public opinion surveys admit to relying on these strategies in the pursuit of their purposes, corruption and clientelism have retained their old-regime popular normative acceptance not only in Poland but across postcommunist East Central Europe. Between 35 and 45 percent of Polish, Hungarian and Czech respondents in national representative samples say either they or their friends have used informal "connections" and have relied on reciprocal "favors" and between 25 and 30 percent admit they have used bribes to "get things" such as consumer goods, medicine, housing, job-related and children's education advantages, etc. Figures averaged from data provided in Entrepreneurship in Transition Economies, OECD Proceedings (Leeds: Local Economic and Employment Development, 1996); K. Roberts and Bohdan Jung, Poland's First Post-Communist Generation (Aldershot: Avebury, 1995); Endre Sik, "Network capital in capitalist, communist, and post-communist societies," International Contributions to Labor Studies, 32 (1994): 73-93; Szara Gospodarka w Polsce: Rozmiary, Przyczyny, Konsekwencje (Warsaw: GUS i PAN, 1996), Studia Zakladu Badan Statystyczno-Ekonomicznych, z. 233.
124. On the informal economy and institutional dealings in postcommunist Poland, see Maria Los, "'Virtual' Property and Post-Communist Globalization," Demokratizatsiya. The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization, 6 (1998): 77-86; Kazimierz Frieske, "Instytucjonalny Pluralizm czy Personalne Wplywy?" unpublished ms, 1997; Mieczyslaw Bak, editor, Nieformalny Rynek Pracy (Warsaw: Oficyna Naukowa. 1995); Marek Grabowski, Ukryte Dochody i Nierejestrowany Rynek Pracy w Polsce (Gdansk-Warsaw: Instytut Badan nad Gospodarka Rynkowa, 1994); Staniszkis, Post-Copmmunism: The Emerging Enigma; Ewa Winnicka, "Wylacz Ssanie," Polityka (April 1, 2000), 24-26; On the rapid growth of informal economies and the use of informal networks rather than institutional channels in managing economic/business matters in postcommunist East Central Europe generally, see Ivan Gabor, "Modernity or a New Kind of Duality? Second Thoughts About the 'Second Economy,'" in Janos Matyas Kovacs, editor, Transition to Capitalism? (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1994), 3-20; David Stark and Kemeny Szabolcs, "Postsocialist Portfolios: Network Strategies in the Shadow of the State," paper presented at the Conference on Economic and Organizational Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, Wharton School and Sociology Department, 12 December, 1998. Information about Polish district authorities' awareness of the illicit employment abroad of local residents, from Strzelecki, "Rynek pracy a procesy migracji zagranicznych." As suggested by the matter-of-factness with which the respondents in public opinion surveys admit to relying on these strategies in the pursuit of their purposes, corruption and clientelism have retained their old-regime popular normative acceptance not only in Poland but across postcommunist East Central Europe. Between 35 and 45 percent of Polish, Hungarian and Czech respondents in national representative samples say either they or their friends have used informal "connections" and have relied on reciprocal "favors" and between 25 and 30 percent admit they have used bribes to "get things" such as consumer goods, medicine, housing, job-related and children's education advantages, etc. Figures averaged from data provided in Entrepreneurship in Transition Economies, OECD Proceedings (Leeds: Local Economic and Employment Development, 1996); K. Roberts and Bohdan Jung, Poland's First Post-Communist Generation (Aldershot: Avebury, 1995); Endre Sik, "Network capital in capitalist, communist, and post-communist societies," International Contributions to Labor Studies, 32 (1994): 73-93; Szara Gospodarka w Polsce: Rozmiary, Przyczyny, Konsekwencje (Warsaw: GUS i PAN, 1996), Studia Zakladu Badan Statystyczno-Ekonomicznych, z. 233.
125. On the informal economy and institutional dealings in postcommunist Poland, see Maria Los, "'Virtual' Property and Post-Communist Globalization," Demokratizatsiya. The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization, 6 (1998): 77-86; Kazimierz Frieske, "Instytucjonalny Pluralizm czy Personalne Wplywy?" unpublished ms, 1997; Mieczyslaw Bak, editor, Nieformalny Rynek Pracy (Warsaw: Oficyna Naukowa. 1995); Marek Grabowski, Ukryte Dochody i Nierejestrowany Rynek Pracy w Polsce (Gdansk-Warsaw: Instytut Badan nad Gospodarka Rynkowa, 1994); Staniszkis, Post-Copmmunism: The Emerging Enigma; Ewa Winnicka, "Wylacz Ssanie," Polityka (April 1, 2000), 24-26; On the rapid growth of informal economies and the use of informal networks rather than institutional channels in managing economic/business matters in postcommunist East Central Europe generally, see Ivan Gabor, "Modernity or a New Kind of Duality? Second Thoughts About the 'Second Economy,'" in Janos Matyas Kovacs, editor, Transition to Capitalism? (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1994), 3-20; David Stark and Kemeny Szabolcs, "Postsocialist Portfolios: Network Strategies in the Shadow of the State," paper presented at the Conference on Economic and Organizational Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, Wharton School and Sociology Department, 12 December, 1998. Information about Polish district authorities' awareness of the illicit employment abroad of local residents, from Strzelecki, "Rynek pracy a procesy migracji zagranicznych." As suggested by the matter-of-factness with which the respondents in public opinion surveys admit to relying on these strategies in the pursuit of their purposes, corruption and clientelism have retained their old-regime popular normative acceptance not only in Poland but across postcommunist East Central Europe. Between 35 and 45 percent of Polish, Hungarian and Czech respondents in national representative samples say either they or their friends have used informal "connections" and have relied on reciprocal "favors" and between 25 and 30 percent admit they have used bribes to "get things" such as consumer goods, medicine, housing, job-related and children's education advantages, etc. Figures averaged from data provided in Entrepreneurship in Transition Economies, OECD Proceedings (Leeds: Local Economic and Employment Development, 1996); K. Roberts and Bohdan Jung, Poland's First Post-Communist Generation (Aldershot: Avebury, 1995); Endre Sik, "Network capital in capitalist, communist, and post-communist societies," International Contributions to Labor Studies, 32 (1994): 73-93; Szara Gospodarka w Polsce: Rozmiary, Przyczyny, Konsekwencje (Warsaw: GUS i PAN, 1996), Studia Zakladu Badan Statystyczno-Ekonomicznych, z. 233.
126. On the informal economy and institutional dealings in postcommunist Poland, see Maria Los, "'Virtual' Property and Post-Communist Globalization," Demokratizatsiya. The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization, 6 (1998): 77-86; Kazimierz Frieske, "Instytucjonalny Pluralizm czy Personalne Wplywy?" unpublished ms, 1997; Mieczyslaw Bak, editor, Nieformalny Rynek Pracy (Warsaw: Oficyna Naukowa. 1995); Marek Grabowski, Ukryte Dochody i Nierejestrowany Rynek Pracy w Polsce (Gdansk-Warsaw: Instytut Badan nad Gospodarka Rynkowa, 1994); Staniszkis, Post-Copmmunism: The Emerging Enigma; Ewa Winnicka, "Wylacz Ssanie," Polityka (April 1, 2000), 24-26; On the rapid growth of informal economies and the use of informal networks rather than institutional channels in managing economic/business matters in postcommunist East Central Europe generally, see Ivan Gabor, "Modernity or a New Kind of Duality? Second Thoughts About the 'Second Economy,'" in Janos Matyas Kovacs, editor, Transition to Capitalism? (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1994), 3-20; David Stark and Kemeny Szabolcs, "Postsocialist Portfolios: Network Strategies in the Shadow of the State," paper presented at the Conference on Economic and Organizational Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, Wharton School and Sociology Department, 12 December, 1998. Information about Polish district authorities' awareness of the illicit employment abroad of local residents, from Strzelecki, "Rynek pracy a procesy migracji zagranicznych." As suggested by the matter-of-factness with which the respondents in public opinion surveys admit to relying on these strategies in the pursuit of their purposes, corruption and clientelism have retained their old-regime popular normative acceptance not only in Poland but across postcommunist East Central Europe. Between 35 and 45 percent of Polish, Hungarian and Czech respondents in national representative samples say either they or their friends have used informal "connections" and have relied on reciprocal "favors" and between 25 and 30 percent admit they have used bribes to "get things" such as consumer goods, medicine, housing, job-related and children's education advantages, etc. Figures averaged from data provided in Entrepreneurship in Transition Economies, OECD Proceedings (Leeds: Local Economic and Employment Development, 1996); K. Roberts and Bohdan Jung, Poland's First Post-Communist Generation (Aldershot: Avebury, 1995); Endre Sik, "Network capital in capitalist, communist, and post-communist societies," International Contributions to Labor Studies, 32 (1994): 73-93; Szara Gospodarka w Polsce: Rozmiary, Przyczyny, Konsekwencje (Warsaw: GUS i PAN, 1996), Studia Zakladu Badan Statystyczno-Ekonomicznych, z. 233.
127. On the informal economy and institutional dealings in postcommunist Poland, see Maria Los, "'Virtual' Property and Post-Communist Globalization," Demokratizatsiya. The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization, 6 (1998): 77-86; Kazimierz Frieske, "Instytucjonalny Pluralizm czy Personalne Wplywy?" unpublished ms, 1997; Mieczyslaw Bak, editor, Nieformalny Rynek Pracy (Warsaw: Oficyna Naukowa. 1995); Marek Grabowski, Ukryte Dochody i Nierejestrowany Rynek Pracy w Polsce (Gdansk-Warsaw: Instytut Badan nad Gospodarka Rynkowa, 1994); Staniszkis, Post-Copmmunism: The Emerging Enigma; Ewa Winnicka, "Wylacz Ssanie," Polityka (April 1, 2000), 24-26; On the rapid growth of informal economies and the use of informal networks rather than institutional channels in managing economic/business matters in postcommunist East Central Europe generally, see Ivan Gabor, "Modernity or a New Kind of Duality? Second Thoughts About the 'Second Economy,'" in Janos Matyas Kovacs, editor, Transition to Capitalism? (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1994), 3-20; David Stark and Kemeny Szabolcs, "Postsocialist Portfolios: Network Strategies in the Shadow of the State," paper presented at the Conference on Economic and Organizational Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, Wharton School and Sociology Department, 12 December, 1998. Information about Polish district authorities' awareness of the illicit employment abroad of local residents, from Strzelecki, "Rynek pracy a procesy migracji zagranicznych." As suggested by the matter-of-factness with which the respondents in public opinion surveys admit to relying on these strategies in the pursuit of their purposes, corruption and clientelism have retained their old-regime popular normative acceptance not only in Poland but across postcommunist East Central Europe. Between 35 and 45 percent of Polish, Hungarian and Czech respondents in national representative samples say either they or their friends have used informal "connections" and have relied on reciprocal "favors" and between 25 and 30 percent admit they have used bribes to "get things" such as consumer goods, medicine, housing, job-related and children's education advantages, etc. Figures averaged from data provided in Entrepreneurship in Transition Economies, OECD Proceedings (Leeds: Local Economic and Employment Development, 1996); K. Roberts and Bohdan Jung, Poland's First Post-Communist Generation (Aldershot: Avebury, 1995); Endre Sik, "Network capital in capitalist, communist, and post-communist societies," International Contributions to Labor Studies, 32 (1994): 73-93; Szara Gospodarka w Polsce: Rozmiary, Przyczyny, Konsekwencje (Warsaw: GUS i PAN, 1996), Studia Zakladu Badan Statystyczno-Ekonomicznych, z. 233.
128. On the informal economy and institutional dealings in postcommunist Poland, see Maria Los, "'Virtual' Property and Post-Communist Globalization," Demokratizatsiya. The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization, 6 (1998): 77-86; Kazimierz Frieske, "Instytucjonalny Pluralizm czy Personalne Wplywy?" unpublished ms, 1997; Mieczyslaw Bak, editor, Nieformalny Rynek Pracy (Warsaw: Oficyna Naukowa. 1995); Marek Grabowski, Ukryte Dochody i Nierejestrowany Rynek Pracy w Polsce (Gdansk-Warsaw: Instytut Badan nad Gospodarka Rynkowa, 1994); Staniszkis, Post-Copmmunism: The Emerging Enigma; Ewa Winnicka, "Wylacz Ssanie," Polityka (April 1, 2000), 24-26; On the rapid growth of informal economies and the use of informal networks rather than institutional channels in managing economic/business matters in postcommunist East Central Europe generally, see Ivan Gabor, "Modernity or a New Kind of Duality? Second Thoughts About the 'Second Economy,'" in Janos Matyas Kovacs, editor, Transition to Capitalism? (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1994), 3-20; David Stark and Kemeny Szabolcs, "Postsocialist Portfolios: Network Strategies in the Shadow of the State," paper presented at the Conference on Economic and Organizational Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, Wharton School and Sociology Department, 12 December, 1998. Information about Polish district authorities' awareness of the illicit employment abroad of local residents, from Strzelecki, "Rynek pracy a procesy migracji zagranicznych." As suggested by the matter-of-factness with which the respondents in public opinion surveys admit to relying on these strategies in the pursuit of their purposes, corruption and clientelism have retained their old-regime popular normative acceptance not only in Poland but across postcommunist East Central Europe. Between 35 and 45 percent of Polish, Hungarian and Czech respondents in national representative samples say either they or their friends have used informal "connections" and have relied on reciprocal "favors" and between 25 and 30 percent admit they have used bribes to "get things" such as consumer goods, medicine, housing, job-related and children's education advantages, etc. Figures averaged from data provided in Entrepreneurship in Transition Economies, OECD Proceedings (Leeds: Local Economic and Employment Development, 1996); K. Roberts and Bohdan Jung, Poland's First Post-Communist Generation (Aldershot: Avebury, 1995); Endre Sik, "Network capital in capitalist, communist, and post-communist societies," International Contributions to Labor Studies, 32 (1994): 73-93; Szara Gospodarka w Polsce: Rozmiary, Przyczyny, Konsekwencje (Warsaw: GUS i PAN, 1996), Studia Zakladu Badan Statystyczno-Ekonomicznych, z. 233.
129. On the informal economy and institutional dealings in postcommunist Poland, see Maria Los, "'Virtual' Property and Post-Communist Globalization," Demokratizatsiya. The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization, 6 (1998): 77-86; Kazimierz Frieske, "Instytucjonalny Pluralizm czy Personalne Wplywy?" unpublished ms, 1997; Mieczyslaw Bak, editor, Nieformalny Rynek Pracy (Warsaw: Oficyna Naukowa. 1995); Marek Grabowski, Ukryte Dochody i Nierejestrowany Rynek Pracy w Polsce (Gdansk-Warsaw: Instytut Badan nad Gospodarka Rynkowa, 1994); Staniszkis, Post-Copmmunism: The Emerging Enigma; Ewa Winnicka, "Wylacz Ssanie," Polityka (April 1, 2000), 24-26; On the rapid growth of informal economies and the use of informal networks rather than institutional channels in managing economic/business matters in postcommunist East Central Europe generally, see Ivan Gabor, "Modernity or a New Kind of Duality? Second Thoughts About the 'Second Economy,'" in Janos Matyas Kovacs, editor, Transition to Capitalism? (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1994), 3-20; David Stark and Kemeny Szabolcs, "Postsocialist Portfolios: Network Strategies in the Shadow of the State," paper presented at the Conference on Economic and Organizational Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, Wharton School and Sociology Department, 12 December, 1998. Information about Polish district authorities' awareness of the illicit employment abroad of local residents, from Strzelecki, "Rynek pracy a procesy migracji zagranicznych." As suggested by the matter-of-factness with which the respondents in public opinion surveys admit to relying on these strategies in the pursuit of their purposes, corruption and clientelism have retained their old-regime popular normative acceptance not only in Poland but across postcommunist East Central Europe. Between 35 and 45 percent of Polish, Hungarian and Czech respondents in national representative samples say either they or their friends have used informal "connections" and have relied on reciprocal "favors" and between 25 and 30 percent admit they have used bribes to "get things" such as consumer goods, medicine, housing, job-related and children's education advantages, etc. Figures averaged from data provided in Entrepreneurship in Transition Economies, OECD Proceedings (Leeds: Local Economic and Employment Development, 1996); K. Roberts and Bohdan Jung, Poland's First Post-Communist Generation (Aldershot: Avebury, 1995); Endre Sik, "Network capital in capitalist, communist, and post-communist societies," International Contributions to Labor Studies, 32 (1994): 73-93; Szara Gospodarka w Polsce: Rozmiary, Przyczyny, Konsekwencje (Warsaw: GUS i PAN, 1996), Studia Zakladu Badan Statystyczno-Ekonomicznych, z. 233.
130. On the informal economy and institutional dealings in postcommunist Poland, see Maria Los, "'Virtual' Property and Post-Communist Globalization," Demokratizatsiya. The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization, 6 (1998): 77-86; Kazimierz Frieske, "Instytucjonalny Pluralizm czy Personalne Wplywy?" unpublished ms, 1997; Mieczyslaw Bak, editor, Nieformalny Rynek Pracy (Warsaw: Oficyna Naukowa. 1995); Marek Grabowski, Ukryte Dochody i Nierejestrowany Rynek Pracy w Polsce (Gdansk-Warsaw: Instytut Badan nad Gospodarka Rynkowa, 1994); Staniszkis, Post-Copmmunism: The Emerging Enigma; Ewa Winnicka, "Wylacz Ssanie," Polityka (April 1, 2000), 24-26; On the rapid growth of informal economies and the use of informal networks rather than institutional channels in managing economic/business matters in postcommunist East Central Europe generally, see Ivan Gabor, "Modernity or a New Kind of Duality? Second Thoughts About the 'Second Economy,'" in Janos Matyas Kovacs, editor, Transition to Capitalism? (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1994), 3-20; David Stark and Kemeny Szabolcs, "Postsocialist Portfolios: Network Strategies in the Shadow of the State," paper presented at the Conference on Economic and Organizational Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, Wharton School and Sociology Department, 12 December, 1998. Information about Polish district authorities' awareness of the illicit employment abroad of local residents, from Strzelecki, "Rynek pracy a procesy migracji zagranicznych." As suggested by the matter-of-factness with which the respondents in public opinion surveys admit to relying on these strategies in the pursuit of their purposes, corruption and clientelism have retained their old-regime popular normative acceptance not only in Poland but across postcommunist East Central Europe. Between 35 and 45 percent of Polish, Hungarian and Czech respondents in national representative samples say either they or their friends have used informal "connections" and have relied on reciprocal "favors" and between 25 and 30 percent admit they have used bribes to "get things" such as consumer goods, medicine, housing, job-related and children's education advantages, etc. Figures averaged from data provided in Entrepreneurship in Transition Economies, OECD Proceedings (Leeds: Local Economic and Employment Development, 1996); K. Roberts and Bohdan Jung, Poland's First Post-Communist Generation (Aldershot: Avebury, 1995); Endre Sik, "Network capital in capitalist, communist, and post-communist societies," International Contributions to Labor Studies, 32 (1994): 73-93; Szara Gospodarka w Polsce: Rozmiary, Przyczyny, Konsekwencje (Warsaw: GUS i PAN, 1996), Studia Zakladu Badan Statystyczno-Ekonomicznych, z. 233.
131. On the informal economy and institutional dealings in postcommunist Poland, see Maria Los, "'Virtual' Property and Post-Communist Globalization," Demokratizatsiya. The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization, 6 (1998): 77-86; Kazimierz Frieske, "Instytucjonalny Pluralizm czy Personalne Wplywy?" unpublished ms, 1997; Mieczyslaw Bak, editor, Nieformalny Rynek Pracy (Warsaw: Oficyna Naukowa. 1995); Marek Grabowski, Ukryte Dochody i Nierejestrowany Rynek Pracy w Polsce (Gdansk-Warsaw: Instytut Badan nad Gospodarka Rynkowa, 1994); Staniszkis, Post-Copmmunism: The Emerging Enigma; Ewa Winnicka, "Wylacz Ssanie," Polityka (April 1, 2000), 24-26; On the rapid growth of informal economies and the use of informal networks rather than institutional channels in managing economic/business matters in postcommunist East Central Europe generally, see Ivan Gabor, "Modernity or a New Kind of Duality? Second Thoughts About the 'Second Economy,'" in Janos Matyas Kovacs, editor, Transition to Capitalism? (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1994), 3-20; David Stark and Kemeny Szabolcs, "Postsocialist Portfolios: Network Strategies in the Shadow of the State," paper presented at the Conference on Economic and Organizational Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, Wharton School and Sociology Department, 12 December, 1998. Information about Polish district authorities' awareness of the illicit employment abroad of local residents, from Strzelecki, "Rynek pracy a procesy migracji zagranicznych." As suggested by the matter-of-factness with which the respondents in public opinion surveys admit to relying on these strategies in the pursuit of their purposes, corruption and clientelism have retained their old-regime popular normative acceptance not only in Poland but across postcommunist East Central Europe. Between 35 and 45 percent of Polish, Hungarian and Czech respondents in national representative samples say either they or their friends have used informal "connections" and have relied on reciprocal "favors" and between 25 and 30 percent admit they have used bribes to "get things" such as consumer goods, medicine, housing, job-related and children's education advantages, etc. Figures averaged from data provided in Entrepreneurship in Transition Economies, OECD Proceedings (Leeds: Local Economic and Employment Development, 1996); K. Roberts and Bohdan Jung, Poland's First Post-Communist Generation (Aldershot: Avebury, 1995); Endre Sik, "Network capital in capitalist, communist, and post-communist societies," International Contributions to Labor Studies, 32 (1994): 73-93; Szara Gospodarka w Polsce: Rozmiary, Przyczyny, Konsekwencje (Warsaw: GUS i PAN, 1996), Studia Zakladu Badan Statystyczno-Ekonomicznych, z. 233.
132. On the informal economy and institutional dealings in postcommunist Poland, see Maria Los, "'Virtual' Property and Post-Communist Globalization," Demokratizatsiya. The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization, 6 (1998): 77-86; Kazimierz Frieske, "Instytucjonalny Pluralizm czy Personalne Wplywy?" unpublished ms, 1997; Mieczyslaw Bak, editor, Nieformalny Rynek Pracy (Warsaw: Oficyna Naukowa. 1995); Marek Grabowski, Ukryte Dochody i Nierejestrowany Rynek Pracy w Polsce (Gdansk-Warsaw: Instytut Badan nad Gospodarka Rynkowa, 1994); Staniszkis, Post-Copmmunism: The Emerging Enigma; Ewa Winnicka, "Wylacz Ssanie," Polityka (April 1, 2000), 24-26; On the rapid growth of informal economies and the use of informal networks rather than institutional channels in managing economic/business matters in postcommunist East Central Europe generally, see Ivan Gabor, "Modernity or a New Kind of Duality? Second Thoughts About the 'Second Economy,'" in Janos Matyas Kovacs, editor, Transition to Capitalism? (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1994), 3-20; David Stark and Kemeny Szabolcs, "Postsocialist Portfolios: Network Strategies in the Shadow of the State," paper presented at the Conference on Economic and Organizational Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, Wharton School and Sociology Department, 12 December, 1998. Information about Polish district authorities' awareness of the illicit employment abroad of local residents, from Strzelecki, "Rynek pracy a procesy migracji zagranicznych." As suggested by the matter-of-factness with which the respondents in public opinion surveys admit to relying on these strategies in the pursuit of their purposes, corruption and clientelism have retained their old-regime popular normative acceptance not only in Poland but across postcommunist East Central Europe. Between 35 and 45 percent of Polish, Hungarian and Czech respondents in national representative samples say either they or their friends have used informal "connections" and have relied on reciprocal "favors" and between 25 and 30 percent admit they have used bribes to "get things" such as consumer goods, medicine, housing, job-related and children's education advantages, etc. Figures averaged from data provided in Entrepreneurship in Transition Economies, OECD Proceedings (Leeds: Local Economic and Employment Development, 1996); K. Roberts and Bohdan Jung, Poland's First Post-Communist Generation (Aldershot: Avebury, 1995); Endre Sik, "Network capital in capitalist, communist, and post-communist societies," International Contributions to Labor Studies, 32 (1994): 73-93; Szara Gospodarka w Polsce: Rozmiary, Przyczyny, Konsekwencje (Warsaw: GUS i PAN, 1996), Studia Zakladu Badan Statystyczno-Ekonomicznych, z. 233.
133. Frejka, Okolski, and Sword, In-Depth Studies on Migration in Central and Eastern Europe; Erdmans, Opposite Poles. In the case of post 1989/90 income-seeking migrations of Poles to the West, the perpetuation phase has only begun and, thus, the full effects of the sustaining factors identified by Massey et al. have not yet revealed themselves; in particular, the evening out of socioeconomic positions of migrants as the result of decreased risk and costs of transnational movement (but see the next section on the emergent income discrepancy between migrant and non-migrant households).
134. Frejka, Okolski, and Sword, In-Depth Studies on Migration in Central and Eastern Europe; Erdmans, Opposite Poles. In the case of post 1989/90 income-seeking migrations of Poles to the West, the perpetuation phase has only begun and, thus, the full effects of the sustaining factors identified by Massey et al. have not yet revealed themselves; in particular, the evening out of socioeconomic positions of migrants as the result of decreased risk and costs of transnational movement (but see the next section on the emergent income discrepancy between migrant and non-migrant households).
135. "Constructing a predictable future" is a phrase-analytic concept used by Charles Tilly in his book Roads from Past to Future. Information about a sense of reduced risk among prospective or repeat migrants who rely on schemas and resources successfully "tested" by others from Siewiera, "Les immigres polonias sans documents;" Erdmans, Opposite Poles; Morawska in progress; also Ornacka and Szczesny, "Gastpracownicky."
136. "Constructing a predictable future" is a phrase-analytic concept used by Charles Tilly in his book Roads from Past to Future. Information about a sense of reduced risk among prospective or repeat migrants who rely on schemas and resources successfully "tested" by others from Siewiera, "Les immigres polonias sans documents;" Erdmans, Opposite Poles; Morawska in progress; also Ornacka and Szczesny, "Gastpracownicky."
137. "Constructing a predictable future" is a phrase-analytic concept used by Charles Tilly in his book Roads from Past to Future. Information about a sense of reduced risk among prospective or repeat migrants who rely on schemas and resources successfully "tested" by others from Siewiera, "Les immigres polonias sans documents;" Erdmans, Opposite Poles; Morawska in progress; also Ornacka and Szczesny, "Gastpracownicky."
138. "Constructing a predictable future" is a phrase-analytic concept used by Charles Tilly in his book Roads from Past to Future. Information about a sense of reduced risk among prospective or repeat migrants who rely on schemas and resources successfully "tested" by others from Siewiera, "Les immigres polonias sans documents;" Erdmans, Opposite Poles; Morawska in progress; also Ornacka and Szczesny, "Gastpracownicky."
139. "Constructing a predictable future" is a phrase-analytic concept used by Charles Tilly in his book Roads from Past to Future. Information about a sense of reduced risk among prospective or repeat migrants who rely on schemas and resources successfully "tested" by others from Siewiera, "Les immigres polonias sans documents;" Erdmans, Opposite Poles; Morawska in progress; also Ornacka and Szczesny, "Gastpracownicky."
140. On gaps and loopholes in the immigration policies of liberal democratic states, see Gary Freeman, "Modes of Immigration Politics in Liberal Democratic States," International Migration Review, 29 (1995): 881-903.
141. Although obviously present and stressful for Polish wkacjusze, the threat of being caught has actually been lesser than in the case of non-white undocumented migrants who have been the primary targets of the INS efforts to control illegal migration to the United States (I owe this observation to Erdmans, Opposite Poles).
142. Citation from "Tips for U.S. Visas: Immigrants" posted on the web at www.travel. state.gov/visa; immigrants.html by the Visa Office of the U.S. Department of State.
143. This and the following information was obtained from the U.S. State Department (3/6/00); Polish Consulate in New York (3/9/00); personal communication from Jacek Wloszczyna (2/29/00); "Wizowe Strachy" (editorial) Nowy Dziennik (February 19-20,2000), 1; also Morawska in progress.
144. This and the following information was obtained from the U.S. State Department (3/6/00); Polish Consulate in New York (3/9/00); personal communication from Jacek Wloszczyna (2/29/00); "Wizowe Strachy" (editorial) Nowy Dziennik (February 19-20,2000), 1; also Morawska in progress.
145. Information from Siewiera, "Immigres polonais sans documents"; Cyrus, "In Deutschland arbeiten und in Polen leben"; Jazwinska and Okolsi, Causes and Consequences of Migration in Central and Eastern Europe; Erdmans, Opposite Poles; Ornacka and Szczesny, "Gastpracownicy"; Jozef Mittyszko, "Mrowki pala cygara," Polityka (March 18, 2000), 102-104; Morawska in progress.
146. Information from Siewiera, "Immigres polonais sans documents"; Cyrus, "In Deutschland arbeiten und in Polen leben"; Jazwinska and Okolsi, Causes and Consequences of Migration in Central and Eastern Europe; Erdmans, Opposite Poles; Ornacka and Szczesny, "Gastpracownicy"; Jozef Mittyszko, "Mrowki pala cygara," Polityka (March 18, 2000), 102-104; Morawska in progress.
147. Information from Siewiera, "Immigres polonais sans documents"; Cyrus, "In Deutschland arbeiten und in Polen leben"; Jazwinska and Okolsi, Causes and Consequences of Migration in Central and Eastern Europe; Erdmans, Opposite Poles; Ornacka and Szczesny, "Gastpracownicy"; Jozef Mittyszko, "Mrowki pala cygara," Polityka (March 18, 2000), 102-104; Morawska in progress.
148. Information from Siewiera, "Immigres polonais sans documents"; Cyrus, "In Deutschland arbeiten und in Polen leben"; Jazwinska and Okolsi, Causes and Consequences of Migration in Central and Eastern Europe; Erdmans, Opposite Poles; Ornacka and Szczesny, "Gastpracownicy"; Jozef Mittyszko, "Mrowki pala cygara," Polityka (March 18, 2000), 102-104; Morawska in progress.
149. Information from Siewiera, "Immigres polonais sans documents"; Cyrus, "In Deutschland arbeiten und in Polen leben"; Jazwinska and Okolsi, Causes and Consequences of Migration in Central and Eastern Europe; Erdmans, Opposite Poles; Ornacka and Szczesny, "Gastpracownicy"; Jozef Mittyszko, "Mrowki pala cygara," Polityka (March 18, 2000), 102-104; Morawska in progress.
150. Information from Siewiera, "Immigres polonais sans documents"; Cyrus, "In Deutschland arbeiten und in Polen leben"; Jazwinska and Okolsi, Causes and Consequences of Migration in Central and Eastern Europe; Erdmans, Opposite Poles; Ornacka and Szczesny, "Gastpracownicy"; Jozef Mittyszko, "Mrowki pala cygara," Polityka (March 18, 2000), 102-104; Morawska in progress.
151. Information from Siewiera, "Immigres polonais sans documents"; Cyrus, "In Deutschland arbeiten und in Polen leben"; Jazwinska and Okolsi, Causes and Consequences of Migration in Central and Eastern Europe; Erdmans, Opposite Poles; Ornacka and Szczesny, "Gastpracownicy"; Jozef Mittyszko, "Mrowki pala cygara," Polityka (March 18, 2000), 102-104; Morawska in progress.
152. Massey et al., Worlds in Motion, 222.
153. Here and thereafter, the information, pertaining mostly to tourist-workers - actual migrants and those who planned such trips at the time of the survey/interview -was compiled from Maria Fic and Daniel Fic, "Ekonomiczne korzysci ruchu migracyjnego dla rozwoju obszarow przygranicznych," in Leszek Goldyka et al., editors, Trangranicznosc w Perspektywie Socjologicznej (Zielona Gora: Poligrafia Politechniki Zielonogorskiej, 1997), 55-68; Frejka, Okolski, and Sword, In-Depth Studies on Migration in Central and Eastern Europe: The Case of Poland; Karpiuk, Emigracje Zarobkowe Mieszkancow Siemiatycz do Brukseli; Barbara Cieslinska, Male miasto w procesie przemian w latach 1988-1994. Monografia socjologiczna Moniek (Bialystok: Wydawnictwo FUW, 1997); Jerzy Leszkowicz-Baczynski, "Rozwoj klasy sredniej w regionach przygranicznych jako efekt transformacji," in Leszek Goldyka et al., editors, Transgranicznosc w Perspektywie Socjologicznej, 103-116; Mydel and Fassmann, Nielegalni Robotnicy Cudzoziemscy i Czarny Rynek Pracy; Morawska in progress.
154. Here and thereafter, the information, pertaining mostly to tourist-workers - actual migrants and those who planned such trips at the time of the survey/interview - was compiled from Maria Fic and Daniel Fic, "Ekonomiczne korzysci ruchu migracyjnego dla rozwoju obszarow przygranicznych," in Leszek Goldyka et al., editors, Trangranicznosc w Perspektywie Socjologicznej (Zielona Gora: Poligrafia Politechniki Zielonogorskiej, 1997), 55-68; Frejka, Okolski, and Sword, In-Depth Studies on Migration in Central and Eastern Europe: The Case of Poland; Karpiuk, Emigracje Zarobkowe Mieszkancow Siemiatycz do Brukseli; Barbara Cieslinska, Male miasto w procesie przemian w latach 1988-1994. Monografia socjologiczna Moniek (Bialystok: Wydawnictwo FUW, 1997); Jerzy Leszkowicz-Baczynski, "Rozwoj klasy sredniej w regionach przygranicznych jako efekt transformacji," in Leszek Goldyka et al., editors, Transgranicznosc w Perspektywie Socjologicznej, 103-116; Mydel and Fassmann, Nielegalni Robotnicy Cudzoziemscy i Czarny Rynek Pracy; Morawska in progress.
155. Here and thereafter, the information, pertaining mostly to tourist-workers - actual migrants and those who planned such trips at the time of the survey/interview - was compiled from Maria Fic and Daniel Fic, "Ekonomiczne korzysci ruchu migracyjnego dla rozwoju obszarow przygranicznych," in Leszek Goldyka et al., editors, Trangranicznosc w Perspektywie Socjologicznej (Zielona Gora: Poligrafia Politechniki Zielonogorskiej, 1997), 55-68; Frejka, Okolski, and Sword, In-Depth Studies on Migration in Central and Eastern Europe: The Case of Poland; Karpiuk, Emigracje Zarobkowe Mieszkancow Siemiatycz do Brukseli; Barbara Cieslinska, Male miasto w procesie przemian w latach 1988-1994. Monografia socjologiczna Moniek (Bialystok: Wydawnictwo FUW, 1997); Jerzy Leszkowicz-Baczynski, "Rozwoj klasy sredniej w regionach przygranicznych jako efekt transformacji," in Leszek Goldyka et al., editors, Transgranicznosc w Perspektywie Socjologicznej, 103-116; Mydel and Fassmann, Nielegalni Robotnicy Cudzoziemscy i Czarny Rynek Pracy; Morawska in progress.
156. Here and thereafter, the information, pertaining mostly to tourist-workers - actual migrants and those who planned such trips at the time of the survey/interview - was compiled from Maria Fic and Daniel Fic, "Ekonomiczne korzysci ruchu migracyjnego dla rozwoju obszarow przygranicznych," in Leszek Goldyka et al., editors, Trangranicznosc w Perspektywie Socjologicznej (Zielona Gora: Poligrafia Politechniki Zielonogorskiej, 1997), 55-68; Frejka, Okolski, and Sword, In-Depth Studies on Migration in Central and Eastern Europe: The Case of Poland; Karpiuk, Emigracje Zarobkowe Mieszkancow Siemiatycz do Brukseli; Barbara Cieslinska, Male miasto w procesie przemian w latach 1988-1994. Monografia socjologiczna Moniek (Bialystok: Wydawnictwo FUW, 1997); Jerzy Leszkowicz-Baczynski, "Rozwoj klasy sredniej w regionach przygranicznych jako efekt transformacji," in Leszek Goldyka et al., editors, Transgranicznosc w Perspektywie Socjologicznej, 103-116; Mydel and Fassmann, Nielegalni Robotnicy Cudzoziemscy i Czarny Rynek Pracy; Morawska in progress.
157. Here and thereafter, the information, pertaining mostly to tourist-workers - actual migrants and those who planned such trips at the time of the survey/interview - was compiled from Maria Fic and Daniel Fic, "Ekonomiczne korzysci ruchu migracyjnego dla rozwoju obszarow przygranicznych," in Leszek Goldyka et al., editors, Trangranicznosc w Perspektywie Socjologicznej (Zielona Gora: Poligrafia Politechniki Zielonogorskiej, 1997), 55-68; Frejka, Okolski, and Sword, In-Depth Studies on Migration in Central and Eastern Europe: The Case of Poland; Karpiuk, Emigracje Zarobkowe Mieszkancow Siemiatycz do Brukseli; Barbara Cieslinska, Male miasto w procesie przemian w latach 1988-1994. Monografia socjologiczna Moniek (Bialystok: Wydawnictwo FUW, 1997); Jerzy Leszkowicz-Baczynski, "Rozwoj klasy sredniej w regionach przygranicznych jako efekt transformacji," in Leszek Goldyka et al., editors, Transgranicznosc w Perspektywie Socjologicznej, 103-116; Mydel and Fassmann, Nielegalni Robotnicy Cudzoziemscy i Czarny Rynek Pracy; Morawska in progress.
158. Here and thereafter, the information, pertaining mostly to tourist-workers - actual migrants and those who planned such trips at the time of the survey/interview - was compiled from Maria Fic and Daniel Fic, "Ekonomiczne korzysci ruchu migracyjnego dla rozwoju obszarow przygranicznych," in Leszek Goldyka et al., editors, Trangranicznosc w Perspektywie Socjologicznej (Zielona Gora: Poligrafia Politechniki Zielonogorskiej, 1997), 55-68; Frejka, Okolski, and Sword, In-Depth Studies on Migration in Central and Eastern Europe: The Case of Poland; Karpiuk, Emigracje Zarobkowe Mieszkancow Siemiatycz do Brukseli; Barbara Cieslinska, Male miasto w procesie przemian w latach 1988-1994. Monografia socjologiczna Moniek (Bialystok: Wydawnictwo FUW, 1997); Jerzy Leszkowicz-Baczynski, "Rozwoj klasy sredniej w regionach przygranicznych jako efekt transformacji," in Leszek Goldyka et al., editors, Transgranicznosc w Perspektywie Socjologicznej, 103-116; Mydel and Fassmann, Nielegalni Robotnicy Cudzoziemscy i Czarny Rynek Pracy; Morawska in progress.
159. Here and thereafter, the information, pertaining mostly to tourist-workers - actual migrants and those who planned such trips at the time of the survey/interview - was compiled from Maria Fic and Daniel Fic, "Ekonomiczne korzysci ruchu migracyjnego dla rozwoju obszarow przygranicznych," in Leszek Goldyka et al., editors, Trangranicznosc w Perspektywie Socjologicznej (Zielona Gora: Poligrafia Politechniki Zielonogorskiej, 1997), 55-68; Frejka, Okolski, and Sword, In-Depth Studies on Migration in Central and Eastern Europe: The Case of Poland; Karpiuk, Emigracje Zarobkowe Mieszkancow Siemiatycz do Brukseli; Barbara Cieslinska, Male miasto w procesie przemian w latach 1988-1994. Monografia socjologiczna Moniek (Bialystok: Wydawnictwo FUW, 1997); Jerzy Leszkowicz-Baczynski, "Rozwoj klasy sredniej w regionach przygranicznych jako efekt transformacji," in Leszek Goldyka et al., editors, Transgranicznosc w Perspektywie Socjologicznej, 103-116; Mydel and Fassmann, Nielegalni Robotnicy Cudzoziemscy i Czarny Rynek Pracy; Morawska in progress.
160. Entrepreneurship in Transition Economies; Mariola Balicka and Piotr Gajdzinski, "Przemyt bez granic," Polityka (January 4, 1997), 61-65; Mariusz Urbanek, "Zagraniczny handel mrowek," Polityka (August 24, 1996), 50-51 ; Wilk, "Turysta czyli Zawodowiec; Wojciech Markiewicz and Jacek Zalikowski, "Wlew z Przemytu," Polityka (July 25, 1998), 6-8; also Biffl, Migration, Free Trade and Regional Integration in Central and Eastern Europe.
161. Entrepreneurship in Transition Economies; Mariola Balicka and Piotr Gajdzinski, "Przemyt bez granic," Polityka (January 4, 1997), 61-65; Mariusz Urbanek, "Zagraniczny handel mrowek," Polityka (August 24, 1996), 50-51 ; Wilk, "Turysta czyli Zawodowiec; Wojciech Markiewicz and Jacek Zalikowski, "Wlew z Przemytu," Polityka (July 25, 1998), 6-8; also Biffl, Migration, Free Trade and Regional Integration in Central and Eastern Europe.
162. Entrepreneurship in Transition Economies; Mariola Balicka and Piotr Gajdzinski, "Przemyt bez granic," Polityka (January 4, 1997), 61-65; Mariusz Urbanek, "Zagraniczny handel mrowek," Polityka (August 24, 1996), 50-51 ; Wilk, "Turysta czyli Zawodowiec; Wojciech Markiewicz and Jacek Zalikowski, "Wlew z Przemytu," Polityka (July 25, 1998), 6-8; also Biffl, Migration, Free Trade and Regional Integration in Central and Eastern Europe.
163. Entrepreneurship in Transition Economies; Mariola Balicka and Piotr Gajdzinski, "Przemyt bez granic," Polityka (January 4, 1997), 61-65; Mariusz Urbanek, "Zagraniczny handel mrowek," Polityka (August 24, 1996), 50-51 ; Wilk, "Turysta czyli Zawodowiec; Wojciech Markiewicz and Jacek Zalikowski, "Wlew z Przemytu," Polityka (July 25, 1998), 6-8; also Biffl, Migration, Free Trade and Regional Integration in Central and Eastern Europe.
164. Entrepreneurship in Transition Economies; Mariola Balicka and Piotr Gajdzinski, "Przemyt bez granic," Polityka (January 4, 1997), 61-65; Mariusz Urbanek, "Zagraniczny handel mrowek," Polityka (August 24, 1996), 50-51 ; Wilk, "Turysta czyli Zawodowiec; Wojciech Markiewicz and Jacek Zalikowski, "Wlew z Przemytu," Polityka (July 25, 1998), 6-8; also Biffl, Migration, Free Trade and Regional Integration in Central and Eastern Europe.
165. Entrepreneurship in Transition Economies; Mariola Balicka and Piotr Gajdzinski, "Przemyt bez granic," Polityka (January 4, 1997), 61-65; Mariusz Urbanek, "Zagraniczny handel mrowek," Polityka (August 24, 1996), 50-51 ; Wilk, "Turysta czyli Zawodowiec; Wojciech Markiewicz and Jacek Zalikowski, "Wlew z Przemytu," Polityka (July 25, 1998), 6-8; also Biffl, Migration, Free Trade and Regional Integration in Central and Eastern Europe.
166. Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996); see also Juan Linz, Alfred Stepan, and Richard Gunther, "Democratic Transition and Consolidation in Southern Europe, with Reflections on Latin America and Eastern Europe," in Richard Gunther, Nikiforos Diamandouros, and Hans-Jurgen Puhle, editors, The Politics of Democratic Consolidation (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 77-123; Adam Pzeworski, Sustainable Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
167. Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996); see also Juan Linz, Alfred Stepan, and Richard Gunther, "Democratic Transition and Consolidation in Southern Europe, with Reflections on Latin America and Eastern Europe," in Richard Gunther, Nikiforos Diamandouros, and Hans-Jurgen Puhle, editors, The Politics of Democratic Consolidation (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 77-123; Adam Pzeworski, Sustainable Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
168. Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996); see also Juan Linz, Alfred Stepan, and Richard Gunther, "Democratic Transition and Consolidation in Southern Europe, with Reflections on Latin America and Eastern Europe," in Richard Gunther, Nikiforos Diamandouros, and Hans-Jurgen Puhle, editors, The Politics of Democratic Consolidation (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 77-123; Adam Pzeworski, Sustainable Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
169. On immigration policy requirements of the EU acquis communautaire, see Didier Bigo, "Immigration at the Securitarian Crossroads," European University Institute Working Paper, Florence, MIG/58-1998; Virginie Guiraudon, "International Human Rights Norms and Their Incorporation: The Protection of Aliens in Europe," ibid., Working Paper EUF 98/4-1998; Randall Hansen, "Citizenship, Immigration and Nationalist Law in the European Union: A European Citizenship or a Europe of Citizens?," ibid., Working Paper MIG/24-1998; also Morawska, "Transnational Migrations in the Enlarged European Union."
170. On immigration policy requirements of the EU acquis communautaire, see Didier Bigo, "Immigration at the Securitarian Crossroads," European University Institute Working Paper, Florence, MIG/58-1998; Virginie Guiraudon, "International Human Rights Norms and Their Incorporation: The Protection of Aliens in Europe," ibid., Working Paper EUF 98/4-1998; Randall Hansen, "Citizenship, Immigration and Nationalist Law in the European Union: A European Citizenship or a Europe of Citizens?," ibid., Working Paper MIG/24-1998; also Morawska, "Transnational Migrations in the Enlarged European Union."
171. On immigration policy requirements of the EU acquis communautaire, see Didier Bigo, "Immigration at the Securitarian Crossroads," European University Institute Working Paper, Florence, MIG/58-1998; Virginie Guiraudon, "International Human Rights Norms and Their Incorporation: The Protection of Aliens in Europe," ibid., Working Paper EUF 98/4-1998; Randall Hansen, "Citizenship, Immigration and Nationalist Law in the European Union: A European Citizenship or a Europe of Citizens?," ibid., Working Paper MIG/24-1998; also Morawska, "Transnational Migrations in the Enlarged European Union."
172. On immigration policy requirements of the EU acquis communautaire, see Didier Bigo, "Immigration at the Securitarian Crossroads," European University Institute Working Paper, Florence, MIG/58-1998; Virginie Guiraudon, "International Human Rights Norms and Their Incorporation: The Protection of Aliens in Europe," ibid., Working Paper EUF 98/4-1998; Randall Hansen, "Citizenship, Immigration and Nationalist Law in the European Union: A European Citizenship or a Europe of Citizens?," ibid., Working Paper MIG/24-1998; also Morawska, "Transnational Migrations in the Enlarged European Union."