Perineal trauma: Prevention and treatment

Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health

Volumn 46, Issue 6, 2001, Pages 396-401

  McCandlish, Rona ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; EPISIOTOMY; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FEMALE; HUMAN; INJURY; LABOR; LABOR COMPLICATION; LABOR STAGE 2; MASSAGE; METHODOLOGY; MIDWIFE; PERINEUM; PREGNANCY; SUTURE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ADULT; EPISIOTOMY; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; FEMALE; HUMANS; LABOR STAGE, SECOND; LABOR, OBSTETRIC; MASSAGE; MIDWIFERY; OBSTETRIC LABOR COMPLICATIONS; PERINEUM; PREGNANCY; SUTURES; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 0035511321     PISSN: 15269523     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1526-9523(01)00205-7     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Sackett D. Introduction. In: Sackett D, Straus S, Richardson W, Rosenberg W, Haynes R, editors. Evidence-based Medicine, 2nd Edition. London: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:1.
2. Hall MJ, Popovic JR. 1998 Summary: National hospital discharge survey. Advance Data from Vital and Health Statistics, No. 316. Hyattswille MD: National Center for Health Statistics, 2000.
3. Albers L, Garcia J, Renfrew M, McCandlish R, Elbourne D. Distribution of genital tract trauma in childbirth and related postnatal pain. Birth 1999;26:11-5.
4. Government Statistical Service 2001. NHS Maternity Statistics, England:1995-96 to 1997-98 (www.doh.gov.uk/public/sb0114.htm).
5. Carroli G, Belizan J. Episiotomy for vaginal birth. In: Cochrane Collaboration Library Issue 2. Oxford: Update Software, 2001.
6. Eason E, Feldman P. Much ado about a little cut: Is episiotomy worthwhile? Obstet Gynecol 2000;95:616.
7. Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Bartram CI, Hudson CN. Perineal damage at delivery. Contemp Rev Obstet Gynaecol 1994;6:18-24.
8. Sultan AH. Obstetrical perineal injury and anal incontinence. Clin Risk 1999;5:193-6.
9. Sleep J. Perineal care: A series of five randomized controlled trials. In: Robinson S, Thomson A, editors. Midwives, Research and Childbirth. Vol 2. London: Chapman & Hall, 1991:199-251.
10. Sleep J, Grant A, Garcia J, Elbourne D, Spencer J, Chalmers I. West Berkshire perineal management trial. BMJ 1984;289:587-90.
11. McCandlish R, Bowler U, van Asten H, Berridge G, Winter C, Sames I, et al. A randomised controlled trial of care of the perineum during the second stage of normal labour. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998;105:1262-72.
12. Glazener CMA, Abdalla M, Stroud P, Naji S, Templeton A, Russell AT. Postnatal morbidity: Extent, causes, prevention and treatment. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1995;102:282-7.
13. Sleep JM, Grant A. West Berkshire perineal management trial: Three year follow-up. BMJ 1987;295:749-51.
14. Barrett G, Pendry E, Peacock J, Victor C, Thaker R, Mayonda I. Women's sexual health after childbirth. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2000;107:186-95.
15. Reading A, Sledmere C, Cox D, Campbell S. How women view post episiotomy pain. BMJ 1982;284:243-6.
16. Gordon B, Mackrodt C, Fern E, Truesdale A, Ayers S, Grant A. The Ipswich childbirth study: A randomised evaluation of leaving the skin unsutured during postpartum perineal repair. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998; 105:435-40.
17. Clarke E. Historical context of research in midwifery. In: Proctor S, Renfrew M, editors. Linking Research and Practice in Midwifery: A Guide to Evidence-based Practice. London: Balliere Tindall, 2000:38-41.
18. Garcia J, Redshaw M, Fizsimons B, Keene J. First class delivery. A National Survey of Women's Views of Maternity Care. 1998 Audit Commission London.
19. Floud E. Protecting the perineum in childbirth. 1. A Retrospective View Br J Midwif 1994;2:258-63.
20. Floud E. Protecting the perineum in childbirth. 2. Risk of laceration. Br J Midwif 1994;2:306-10.
21. Floud E. Protpecting the perineum in childbirth 3:perineal care today. Br Jmidwif 1994;2:356-61.
22. Renfrew M, Hannah M, Albers L, Floyd E. Practices that minimise trauma to the genital tract in childbirth: A systematic review of the literature. Birth 1998:25:143-60.
23. McCandlish R, Bowler U, van Asten H, Berridge G, Winter C, Sames L, et al. Hoop Study - The Results: Brochure for Women who took Part in the HOOP Study, Oxford: NPEU, 199A8.
24. McCandlish R The HOOP study: A personal view. MIDIRS Digest 1999;9:77-8.
25. McCandlish R, HOOP study: Hands on or hands poised? A summary of the HOOP study results. National Childbirth Trust New Digest 1999;June 22.
26. McCandlitsh R. Care of the perineum at delivery: The HOOP study. Congress Proceedings of the Perinatal Society of Australia & New Zealand (PSANZ) 3rd. Annual Congress. PSANZ, Melbourne, 1999:A44.
27. McCandlish R. Protecting the perineum at delivery; hands on or poised? Conference Proceedings of Common Intrapartum Problems - What Helps? Toronto: University of Toronto, 1999:7.
28. Wickham S. 'Perineal pampering' - Before, during and after birth. MIDIRS Midwifery Digest 2000;11:S23-7.
29. Munro J, Spiby H. Evidence based midwifery. Guidelines for Midwifery Led Care in Labour, November, 2000:52. Access at www.fons.org/networks/ebm/guide.htm.
30. Enkin M, Keirse M, Neilson J, Crowther C, Duley L, Hodnett-E, et al. Evaluating care in pregnancy and childbirth in: Enkin M, Keirse M, Neilson J, Crowther C, Duley L, Hodnett E et al, editors. Guide to Effective Care in Pregnancy and Childbirth, 3rd Ed Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
31. Gray JAM. Evidence-based Healthcare: How to Make Health Policy and Management Decisions. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1997:17-27.
32. Stamp G, Kruzins G, Crowther C. Perineal massage in labrour and prevention of perineal trauma: Randomised controlled trial. BMJ2001;322: 1277-80.
33. Labrecqe M, Eason E, Marcoux S. Randomized controlled trial of prevention of perineal trauma massage during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:593-600.
34. Shipman MK, Boniface DR, Teffr ME, McCloghry F. Antenatal perineal massage and subsequent perineal outcomes. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997;104:787-91.
35. MacNaughton-Jones H. Practical Manual of Diseases of Women and Uterine Therapeutics. London: Balliere Tindall & Cox, 1897.
36. Munro-Kerr JM, Johnstone RW, Young J, Hendry J, McIntrye D, Baird D, et al. Combined Textbook of Obstetrics & Gynaecology; 4th Ed. Edinburgh: E&S Livingstone Ltd, 1944:593.
37. Johnstone RW. A Textbook of Midwifery, 12th Ed. London: A&C Black, 1947:393.
38. MacNaughton-Jones H. Practical Manual of Diseases of Women and Uterine Therapeutics. London: Balliere Tindall & Cox, 1900.
39. Myles M. Textbook for Midwives, 1st Ed. Edinburgh: E&S Livingstone Ltd, 1953.
40. Head M. Dropping stitches. Nursing Times 1993;33:64-5.
41. Clement S, Reed B. To stitch or not to stitch? Practising Midwife 1999;2:20-8.
42. Grant A, Gordon B, Mackrodt C, Fern E, Truesdale A, Ayers S. The Ipswich childbirth study: One year follow up of alternative methods used in perineal repair. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2001;108:34-40.
43. Lundquist M, Olsson A, Nissen E, Norman M. Is it necessary to suture all lacerations after a vaginal delivery? Birth 2000;27:79-85.
44. McCandlish R, ALbers L, Sandland D, Brocklehurst P, Kettle C, King V. Suturing versus non-suturing of perineal lacerations [letter] Birth 2000;28;73-4.
45. Albers L. Evidence and midwifery practice. J Midwif Women's Health 2001;46:130-6.
46. Dawes M. Introduction to critical appraisal. In: Dawes M, Davies P, Gray A, Mant J, Seers K, Snowball R, editors. Evidence-based Practice: A Primer for Health Care Professionals. London: Churchill Livingstone, 1999.
47. Guyatt GH, Sackett DL, Cook DJ. Users' guides to the medical literature. II. How to use an article about therapy or prevention. A. Are the results of the study valid? JAMA 1993;270:2598-601.
48. Wray J, Benbow A. Developing standards for practice. In: Proctor S, Renfrew MA, editors. Linking Research and Practice in Midwifery: A Guide to Evidence-based Practice. London: Balliere Tindall, 2000.
49. Keirse M. Foreword. In: Proctor S, Renfrew M, editors. Linking Research and Practice in Midwifery. London: Balliere Tindall, 2000.