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a) W. E. Piers, P. J. Shapiro, E. E. Bunel, J. E. Bercaw, Synlett 1990, 74-84;
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Y. Yamamoto, N. Ohkoshi, M. Kameda, K. Itoh, J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 2178-2179.
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Yamamoto, Y.1
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20
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0001461972
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During the course of our investigations, a number of related papers were published by Widenhoefer et al.: a) R. A. Widenhoefer, N. S. Perch, Org. Lett. 1999, 1, 1103-1105;
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(1999)
Org. Lett.
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Widenhoefer, R.A.1
Perch, N.S.2
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23
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0033702553
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d) N. M. Perch, P. Kisanga, R. A. Widenhoefer, Organometallics 2000, 19, 2541-2545;
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(2000)
Organometallics
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Perch, N.M.1
Kisanga, P.2
Widenhoefer, R.A.3
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24
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0035951548
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e) P. Kisanga, L. A. Goj, R. A. Widenhoefer, J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66, 635-637;
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J. Org. Chem.
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Kisanga, P.1
Goj, L.A.2
Widenhoefer, R.A.3
-
25
-
-
0003185248
-
-
personal communication
-
f) Up to >90% ee has been achieved in the cycloisomerisation of 1a to 3a: R. A. Widenhoefer, personal communication.
-
-
-
Widenhoefer, R.A.1
-
28
-
-
0034659735
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-
A. Fürstner, M. Liebl, C. W. Lehmann, M. Picquet, R. Kunz, C. Bruneau, D. Touchard, P. H. Dixneuf, Chem. Eur. J. 2000, 6, 1847-1857;
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Chem. Eur. J.
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Fürstner, A.1
Liebl, M.2
Lehmann, C.W.3
Picquet, M.4
Kunz, R.5
Bruneau, C.6
Touchard, D.7
Dixneuf, P.H.8
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29
-
-
0034995506
-
-
see also: B. Cetinkaya, S. Demir, I. Özdemir, L. Toupet, D. Sémeril, C. Bruneau, P. H. Dixneuf, New J. Chem. 2001, 25, 519-521.
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New J. Chem.
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-
Cetinkaya, B.1
Demir, S.2
Özdemir, I.3
Toupet, L.4
Sémeril, D.5
Bruneau, C.6
Dixneuf, P.H.7
-
32
-
-
0003127127
-
-
note
-
Detailed investigations into the mechanism by which simple neutral chloropalladium complexes effect highly selective cycloisomerisation of 1a to 3a (see ref. [12b]) will be reported in due course.
-
-
-
-
33
-
-
33847578159
-
-
personal communication
-
[11b] A recent study demonstrated the importance of the counterion with regard to the activity of these procatalysts: P. G. Cozzi, personal communication.
-
-
-
Cozzi, P.G.1
-
34
-
-
0003200672
-
-
note
-
2] (5 mol%) was completely inert as a catalyst for cycloisomerisation of 1a, even on prolonged heating (60°C).
-
-
-
-
35
-
-
0003249819
-
-
note
-
3 that had been freshly filtered through basic alumina, distilled and then degassed. Negligible conversion rates were observed at ambient temperature. However, after initiation of reaction (60°C, 30 min), slow turnover (72% conversion, 15 h; 2a, 3a, 4a obtained in 47:31:18 ratio) could be observed at 25°C. Pre-heating in the absence of 1a was not effective. Reaction at 40°C proved optimum for mechanistic studies in terms of rates and product ditributions. Reactions at 60°C proceeded more rapidly (>90%, 2 h), but generated large amounts of 4a (the thermodynamic product) through isomerisation of 2a and 3a.
-
-
-
-
36
-
-
0003269944
-
-
note
-
After complete consumption of 1a, chromatography on silica gel afforded the cycloisomerisation product as an analytically pure mixture of double-bond isomers (2a, 3a and 4a).
-
-
-
-
37
-
-
0003252880
-
-
note
-
13C-labelled 4a.
-
-
-
-
39
-
-
0001532138
-
-
b) M. G. Barlow, M. J. Bryant, R. N. Haszeldine, A. G. Mackie, J. Organomet. Chem. 1970, 21, 215-226;
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J. Organomet. Chem.
, vol.21
, pp. 215-226
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Barlow, M.G.1
Bryant, M.J.2
Haszeldine, R.N.3
Mackie, A.G.4
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41
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-
0001285755
-
-
d) G. Wilke, Angew. Chem. 1988, 100, 189-210;
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(1988)
Angew. Chem.
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, pp. 189-210
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Wilke, G.1
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43
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0030018694
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e) G. M. DiRenzo, P. S. White, M. Brookhart, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 6225-6234, and references therein;
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(1996)
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
, vol.118
, pp. 6225-6234
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DiRenzo, G.M.1
White, P.S.2
Brookhart, M.3
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44
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0001462275
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-
f) S. J. McClain, J. Sanco, R. R. Schrock, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1979, 101, 5451-5453.
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J. Am. Chem. Soc.
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McClain, S.J.1
Sanco, J.2
Schrock, R.R.3
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45
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-
0031742384
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-
For leading references and an overview from the perspective of organic chemists on the generation of "M-H", see B. M. Trost, Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4, 2405-2412.
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(1998)
Chem. Eur. J.
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-
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Trost, B.M.1
-
46
-
-
0003200674
-
-
note
-
2H exchange under CI conditions. Furthermore, since GC-MS was not available to us, we were unable to distinguish m/z peaks arising from isomeric alkenes (i.e., 1a from 2a, 3a and 4a).
-
-
-
-
47
-
-
0003118215
-
-
note
-
2H NMR).
-
-
-
-
48
-
-
0003239837
-
-
note
-
2H occurring through traces of water present in the reaction mixture.
-
-
-
-
49
-
-
0003195051
-
-
note
-
2H isotope shift (Δδ = 0.0175).
-
-
-
-
50
-
-
0003243798
-
-
note
-
2J(H,H) coupling is not observed (< 0.3 Hz).
-
-
-
-
51
-
-
0003260985
-
-
note
-
3.
-
-
-
-
52
-
-
0003124115
-
-
note
-
13C(2)) confirmed the earlier assignment of the E/Z methylene geometries in unlabelled 2a by NOED.
-
-
-
-
53
-
-
0003252884
-
-
note
-
3).
-
-
-
-
54
-
-
0003128623
-
-
note
-
2D) in both sets of C(5).
-
-
-
-
55
-
-
0003185742
-
-
note
-
3J(H,H) coupling to C(4)H.
-
-
-
-
58
-
-
33947293614
-
-
Examples of reactions of cycloctadiene with cationic Pd - allyl species: a) R. R. Schrock, J. A. Osborn, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1971, 93, 3089-3091;
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J. Am. Chem. Soc.
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Schrock, R.R.1
Osborn, J.A.2
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59
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-
33947298544
-
-
b) B. F. G. Johnson, J. Lewis, D. A. White, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1969, 91, 5186-5187.
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J. Am. Chem. Soc.
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-
-
Johnson, B.F.G.1
Lewis, J.2
White, D.A.3
-
60
-
-
0030588896
-
-
+), the Pd atom is coordinated to the same enantioface of the two alkenyl groups. For a related and opposite example, see K. Nordström, C. Moberg, A. Heumann, J. Organometal. Chem. 1996, 525, 233-238.
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(1996)
J. Organometal. Chem.
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-
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Nordström, K.1
Moberg, C.2
Heumann, A.3
-
61
-
-
0003190571
-
-
unpublished results
-
A complete study of the solid (single-crystal X-ray diffraction) and solution-phase (NMR) structures of 15a and its reactivity towards a variety of ligands will be reported in due course: K. L. Bray, J. P. H. Charmant, I. J. S. Fairlamb, G. C. Lloyd-Jones, P. A. Slatford, unpublished results.
-
-
-
Bray, K.L.1
Charmant, J.P.H.2
Fairlamb, I.J.S.3
Lloyd-Jones, G.C.4
Slatford, P.A.5
-
62
-
-
0001791627
-
-
Note that other types of elimination have been documented: general-base-promoted anti-β-H elimination: a) P. G. Andersson, S. Schab, Organometallics 1995, 14, 1-2;
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(1995)
Organometallics
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, pp. 1-2
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Andersson, P.G.1
Schab, S.2
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63
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0000793787
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b) J. M. Tackacs, E. C. Lawson, F. Clement, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 5956-5957;
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J. Am. Chem. Soc.
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Tackacs, J.M.1
Lawson, E.C.2
Clement, F.3
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64
-
-
0003185744
-
-
specific-base-promoted syn-β-H elimination: c) D. R. Chrisope, P. Beak, W. H. Saunders, Jr., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 230-238;
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(1988)
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
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Chrisope, D.R.1
Beak, P.2
Saunders Jr., W.H.3
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65
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0000496498
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d) E. Keinan, S. Kumar, V. Dangur, J. Vaya, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11151-11152.
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J. Am. Chem. Soc.
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Keinan, E.1
Kumar, S.2
Dangur, V.3
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66
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0035897449
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For a recent example of this effect, see S. Aït-Mohand, F. Hénin, J. Muzart, Organometallics 2001, 20, 1683-1686.
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(2001)
Organometallics
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Aït-Mohand, S.1
Hénin, F.2
Muzart, J.3
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67
-
-
0000979795
-
-
In asymmetric Pd-catalysed oxidative cyclisation reactions of a 1,5-diene, the presence of water was found to be crucial for selectivity: L. Tottie, P. Baeckström, C. Moberg, J. Tegenfeldt, A. Heumann, J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 6579-6587.
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(1992)
J. Org. Chem.
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Tottie, L.1
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Moberg, C.3
Tegenfeldt, J.4
Heumann, A.5
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68
-
-
0034815565
-
-
In a kinetic study of the Heck reaction, water was found to be involved in the activation process: T. Rosner, A. Pfaltz, D. G. Blackmond, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 4621-4622 and references therein.
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J. Am. Chem. Soc.
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Rosner, T.1
Pfaltz, A.2
Blackmond, D.G.3
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69
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0035925228
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For a recent overview of some of the other remarkable effects that traces of water can have on organometallic systems, see S. Ribe, P. Wipf, Chem. Commun. 2001, 299-307.
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Chem. Commun.
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-
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Ribe, S.1
Wipf, P.2
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70
-
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0003192515
-
-
note
-
[37].
-
-
-
-
71
-
-
0003128626
-
-
note
-
Presumably due to the higher initial concentration of free MeCN, the reaction gave reasonable selectivity for the trisubstituted isomer 3a (ratios by GC, 2a/3a/4a: 9:75:16).
-
-
-
-
73
-
-
0034647204
-
-
For example, see A. Takeda, S. Kamijo, Y. Yamamoto, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 5662-5663.
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J. Am. Chem. Soc.
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Takeda, A.1
Kamijo, S.2
Yamamoto, Y.3
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