Coalitions and clientelism in Mexico

Theory and Society

Volumn 30, Issue 5, 2001, Pages 593-628

  Shefner, Jon ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035471120     PISSN: 03042421     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1013042708058     Document Type: Article

References (124)

1. See, for example, Robert Gay, "Rethinking Clientelism: Demands, Discourses and Practices in Contemporary Brazil," European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 65 Dec 1998: 7-24; Javier Auyero, "'From the client's point(s) of view': How poor people perceive and evaluate political clientelism," Theory & Society 28/2 (1999): 297-334; Javier Auyero, "The logic of clientelism in Argentina: An ethnographic account," Latin American Research Review 35/3 (2000): 55-82; Luis Roniger and A. Gunes-Ayata, editors, Democracy, Clientelism, and Civil Society (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1994).
2. See, for example, Robert Gay, "Rethinking Clientelism: Demands, Discourses and Practices in Contemporary Brazil," European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 65 Dec 1998: 7-24; Javier Auyero, "'From the client's point(s) of view': How poor people perceive and evaluate political clientelism," Theory & Society 28/2 (1999): 297-334; Javier Auyero, "The logic of clientelism in Argentina: An ethnographic account," Latin American Research Review 35/3 (2000): 55-82; Luis Roniger and A. Gunes-Ayata, editors, Democracy, Clientelism, and Civil Society (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1994).
3. See, for example, Robert Gay, "Rethinking Clientelism: Demands, Discourses and Practices in Contemporary Brazil," European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 65 Dec 1998: 7-24; Javier Auyero, "'From the client's point(s) of view': How poor people perceive and evaluate political clientelism," Theory & Society 28/2 (1999): 297-334; Javier Auyero, "The logic of clientelism in Argentina: An ethnographic account," Latin American Research Review 35/3 (2000): 55-82; Luis Roniger and A. Gunes-Ayata, editors, Democracy, Clientelism, and Civil Society (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1994).
4. See, for example, Robert Gay, "Rethinking Clientelism: Demands, Discourses and Practices in Contemporary Brazil," European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 65 Dec 1998: 7-24; Javier Auyero, "'From the client's point(s) of view': How poor people perceive and evaluate political clientelism," Theory & Society 28/2 (1999): 297-334; Javier Auyero, "The logic of clientelism in Argentina: An ethnographic account," Latin American Research Review 35/3 (2000): 55-82; Luis Roniger and A. Gunes-Ayata, editors, Democracy, Clientelism, and Civil Society (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1994).
5. This tradition is represented by works such as Samuel Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968); Wayne Cornelius, Politics and the Migrant Poor in Mexico City (Stanford: Stanford University Press,1975); Susan Eckstein, The Poverty of Revolution - The State and the Urban Poor in Mexico (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988); Richard Fagen and William S. Tuohy, Politics and Privilege in a Mexican City (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1972); Janice Perlman, The Myth of Marginality (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976); David Collier, Squatters and Oligarchs: Authoritarian Rule and Policy Change in Peru (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976) ; Talton Ray, The Politics of the Barrios of Venezuela (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969); Anthony and Elizabeth Leeds, "Accounting for Behavioral Differences: Three Political Systems and the Responses of Squatters in Brazil, Peru, and Chile," in John Walton and Louis Masotti, editors, The City in Comparative Perspective (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1981).
6. This tradition is represented by works such as Samuel Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968); Wayne Cornelius, Politics and the Migrant Poor in Mexico City (Stanford: Stanford University Press,1975); Susan Eckstein, The Poverty of Revolution - The State and the Urban Poor in Mexico (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988); Richard Fagen and William S. Tuohy, Politics and Privilege in a Mexican City (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1972); Janice Perlman, The Myth of Marginality (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976); David Collier, Squatters and Oligarchs: Authoritarian Rule and Policy Change in Peru (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976) ; Talton Ray, The Politics of the Barrios of Venezuela (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969); Anthony and Elizabeth Leeds, "Accounting for Behavioral Differences: Three Political Systems and the Responses of Squatters in Brazil, Peru, and Chile," in John Walton and Louis Masotti, editors, The City in Comparative Perspective (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1981).
7. This tradition is represented by works such as Samuel Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968); Wayne Cornelius, Politics and the Migrant Poor in Mexico City (Stanford: Stanford University Press,1975); Susan Eckstein, The Poverty of Revolution - The State and the Urban Poor in Mexico (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988); Richard Fagen and William S. Tuohy, Politics and Privilege in a Mexican City (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1972); Janice Perlman, The Myth of Marginality (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976); David Collier, Squatters and Oligarchs: Authoritarian Rule and Policy Change in Peru (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976) ; Talton Ray, The Politics of the Barrios of Venezuela (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969); Anthony and Elizabeth Leeds, "Accounting for Behavioral Differences: Three Political Systems and the Responses of Squatters in Brazil, Peru, and Chile," in John Walton and Louis Masotti, editors, The City in Comparative Perspective (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1981).
8. This tradition is represented by works such as Samuel Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968); Wayne Cornelius, Politics and the Migrant Poor in Mexico City (Stanford: Stanford University Press,1975); Susan Eckstein, The Poverty of Revolution - The State and the Urban Poor in Mexico (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988); Richard Fagen and William S. Tuohy, Politics and Privilege in a Mexican City (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1972); Janice Perlman, The Myth of Marginality (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976); David Collier, Squatters and Oligarchs: Authoritarian Rule and Policy Change in Peru (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976) ; Talton Ray, The Politics of the Barrios of Venezuela (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969); Anthony and Elizabeth Leeds, "Accounting for Behavioral Differences: Three Political Systems and the Responses of Squatters in Brazil, Peru, and Chile," in John Walton and Louis Masotti, editors, The City in Comparative Perspective (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1981).
9. This tradition is represented by works such as Samuel Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968); Wayne Cornelius, Politics and the Migrant Poor in Mexico City (Stanford: Stanford University Press,1975); Susan Eckstein, The Poverty of Revolution - The State and the Urban Poor in Mexico (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988); Richard Fagen and William S. Tuohy, Politics and Privilege in a Mexican City (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1972); Janice Perlman, The Myth of Marginality (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976); David Collier, Squatters and Oligarchs: Authoritarian Rule and Policy Change in Peru (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976) ; Talton Ray, The Politics of the Barrios of Venezuela (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969); Anthony and Elizabeth Leeds, "Accounting for Behavioral Differences: Three Political Systems and the Responses of Squatters in Brazil, Peru, and Chile," in John Walton and Louis Masotti, editors, The City in Comparative Perspective (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1981).
10. This tradition is represented by works such as Samuel Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968); Wayne Cornelius, Politics and the Migrant Poor in Mexico City (Stanford: Stanford University Press,1975); Susan Eckstein, The Poverty of Revolution - The State and the Urban Poor in Mexico (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988); Richard Fagen and William S. Tuohy, Politics and Privilege in a Mexican City (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1972); Janice Perlman, The Myth of Marginality (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976); David Collier, Squatters and Oligarchs: Authoritarian Rule and Policy Change in Peru (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976) ; Talton Ray, The Politics of the Barrios of Venezuela (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969); Anthony and Elizabeth Leeds, "Accounting for Behavioral Differences: Three Political Systems and the Responses of Squatters in Brazil, Peru, and Chile," in John Walton and Louis Masotti, editors, The City in Comparative Perspective (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1981).
11. This tradition is represented by works such as Samuel Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968); Wayne Cornelius, Politics and the Migrant Poor in Mexico City (Stanford: Stanford University Press,1975); Susan Eckstein, The Poverty of Revolution - The State and the Urban Poor in Mexico (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988); Richard Fagen and William S. Tuohy, Politics and Privilege in a Mexican City (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1972); Janice Perlman, The Myth of Marginality (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976); David Collier, Squatters and Oligarchs: Authoritarian Rule and Policy Change in Peru (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976) ; Talton Ray, The Politics of the Barrios of Venezuela (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969); Anthony and Elizabeth Leeds, "Accounting for Behavioral Differences: Three Political Systems and the Responses of Squatters in Brazil, Peru, and Chile," in John Walton and Louis Masotti, editors, The City in Comparative Perspective (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1981).
12. This tradition is represented by works such as Samuel Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968); Wayne Cornelius, Politics and the Migrant Poor in Mexico City (Stanford: Stanford University Press,1975); Susan Eckstein, The Poverty of Revolution - The State and the Urban Poor in Mexico (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988); Richard Fagen and William S. Tuohy, Politics and Privilege in a Mexican City (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1972); Janice Perlman, The Myth of Marginality (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976); David Collier, Squatters and Oligarchs: Authoritarian Rule and Policy Change in Peru (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976) ; Talton Ray, The Politics of the Barrios of Venezuela (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969); Anthony and Elizabeth Leeds, "Accounting for Behavioral Differences: Three Political Systems and the Responses of Squatters in Brazil, Peru, and Chile," in John Walton and Louis Masotti, editors, The City in Comparative Perspective (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1981).
13. Philip Oxhorn, Organizing Civil Society: The Popular Sectors and the Struggle for Democracy in Chile (University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995); Robert Gay, Popular Organization and Democracy in Rio de Janeiro (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994); Susan Stokes, Cultures in Conflict: Social Movements and the State in Peru (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995); Juan Manuel Ramirez Saiz, El Movimiento Urban Popular en Mexico (Mexico DF: Siglo XXI, 1986).
14. Philip Oxhorn, Organizing Civil Society: The Popular Sectors and the Struggle for Democracy in Chile (University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995); Robert Gay, Popular Organization and Democracy in Rio de Janeiro (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994); Susan Stokes, Cultures in Conflict: Social Movements and the State in Peru (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995); Juan Manuel Ramirez Saiz, El Movimiento Urban Popular en Mexico (Mexico DF: Siglo XXI, 1986).
15. Philip Oxhorn, Organizing Civil Society: The Popular Sectors and the Struggle for Democracy in Chile (University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995); Robert Gay, Popular Organization and Democracy in Rio de Janeiro (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994); Susan Stokes, Cultures in Conflict: Social Movements and the State in Peru (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995); Juan Manuel Ramirez Saiz, El Movimiento Urban Popular en Mexico (Mexico DF: Siglo XXI, 1986).
16. Philip Oxhorn, Organizing Civil Society: The Popular Sectors and the Struggle for Democracy in Chile (University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995); Robert Gay, Popular Organization and Democracy in Rio de Janeiro (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994); Susan Stokes, Cultures in Conflict: Social Movements and the State in Peru (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995); Juan Manuel Ramirez Saiz, El Movimiento Urban Popular en Mexico (Mexico DF: Siglo XXI, 1986).
17. Robert Gay warns that clientelism differs by locale, time, and political environment (personal communication with author). Hence my focus on a peculiarly Mexican variant of urban clientelism.
18. Daniel Vasquez, "Rural-Urban Land Conversion on the Periphery of Guadalajara," in Housing and Land in Urban Mexico, ed. Alan Gilbert (Center for U.S.-Mexico Studies, UCSD: La Jolla) 1989; Alan Gilbert and Ann Varley, Landlord and Tenant: Housing and the Poor in Urban Mexico (London: Routledge, 1991).
19. Daniel Vasquez, "Rural-Urban Land Conversion on the Periphery of Guadalajara," in Housing and Land in Urban Mexico, ed. Alan Gilbert (Center for U.S.-Mexico Studies, UCSD: La Jolla) 1989; Alan Gilbert and Ann Varley, Landlord and Tenant: Housing and the Poor in Urban Mexico (London: Routledge, 1991).
20. Fagen and Tuohy, Politics and Privilege; Carlos Vélez-Ibañez, Rituals of Marginality: Politics, Process, and Culture Change in Central Urban Mexico, 1969-1974 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983); Cornelius, Politics of the Migrant, 1975; Peter Ward, Welfare Politics in Mexico: Papering over the cracks (London: Allen and Unwin, 1986); Luis Roniger, Hierarchy and Trust in Modern Mexico and Brazil (Praeger Publishers: New York, 1990).
21. Fagen and Tuohy, Politics and Privilege; Carlos Vélez-Ibañez, Rituals of Marginality: Politics, Process, and Culture Change in Central Urban Mexico, 1969-1974 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983); Cornelius, Politics of the Migrant, 1975; Peter Ward, Welfare Politics in Mexico: Papering over the cracks (London: Allen and Unwin, 1986); Luis Roniger, Hierarchy and Trust in Modern Mexico and Brazil (Praeger Publishers: New York, 1990).
22. Fagen and Tuohy, Politics and Privilege; Carlos Vélez-Ibañez, Rituals of Marginality: Politics, Process, and Culture Change in Central Urban Mexico, 1969-1974 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983); Cornelius, Politics of the Migrant, 1975; Peter Ward, Welfare Politics in Mexico: Papering over the cracks (London: Allen and Unwin, 1986); Luis Roniger, Hierarchy and Trust in Modern Mexico and Brazil (Praeger Publishers: New York, 1990).
23. Fagen and Tuohy, Politics and Privilege; Carlos Vélez-Ibañez, Rituals of Marginality: Politics, Process, and Culture Change in Central Urban Mexico, 1969-1974 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983); Cornelius, Politics of the Migrant, 1975; Peter Ward, Welfare Politics in Mexico: Papering over the cracks (London: Allen and Unwin, 1986); Luis Roniger, Hierarchy and Trust in Modern Mexico and Brazil (Praeger Publishers: New York, 1990).
24. Cornelius, Politics of the Migrant, 54.
25. Susan Eckstein, "Poor people versus the state and capital: Anatomy of a successful community mobilization for housing in Mexico City," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 14/2 (1990): 221-246; Ligia Tavera, Social Movements and Civil Society: The Mexico City 1985 Earthquake Victims Movement (New Haven: Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Department of Sociology, Yale University, 1999).
26. Susan Eckstein, "Poor people versus the state and capital: Anatomy of a successful community mobilization for housing in Mexico City," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 14/2 (1990): 221-246; Ligia Tavera, Social Movements and Civil Society: The Mexico City 1985 Earthquake Victims Movement (New Haven: Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Department of Sociology, Yale University, 1999).
27. Eckstein, Poor People, 290.
28. Vélez-Ibañez, Rituals of Marginality; Ward, Welfare Politics; Eckstein, Poverty of Revolution.
29. Vélez-Ibañez, Rituals of Marginality; Ward, Welfare Politics; Eckstein, Poverty of Revolution.
30. Vélez-Ibañez, Rituals of Marginality; Ward, Welfare Politics; Eckstein, Poverty of Revolution.
31. Paul Cammack, David Pool, and William Tardoff, Third World Politics: A Comparative Introduction (London: Macmillan Education Ltd, 1988).
32. Joe Foweraker, "Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico," in Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico, ed. J. Foweraker and A. Craig (Lynne Rienner Publishers: Boulder, 1990), 16.
33. Ward, Welfare Politics, 97.
34. Jorge Alonso, Los movimientos sociales en el valle de Mexico (Mexico, D.F.: CIESAS, 1986); Vivienne Bennett, "The Evolution of Urban Popular Movements in Mexico Between 1968 and 1988," in The Making of Social Movements in Latin America, ed. A. Escobar and S. E. Alvarez (Boulder: Westview Press, 1992); Diane Davis, "Social Movements in Mexico's Crisis," Journal of International Affairs 43/2 (1990): 343-367; Paul Haber, "Political Change in Durango: The Role of National Solidarity," in Cornelius et al., Transforming State-Society Relations in Mexico (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, 1994); Juan Manuel Ramirez Saiz, El Movimiento Urbano; Juan Manuel Ramirez Saiz, "Urban Struggles and Their Political Consequences," in Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico, ed. Joe Foweraker and Ann L. Craig (Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1990); Jeffrey Rubin, "Popular Mobilization and the Myth of State Corporatism," in Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico, ed. Joe Foweraker and Ann L. Craig (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1990); Tavera, Social Movements. Joe Foweraker, "Popular Movements," in Mexico's Alternative Futures, ed. Wayne A. Cornelius, Judith Gentleman, and Peter H. Smith (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexico Studies, 1989); Ramirez Saiz, El Movimiento Urbano; Popular Mobilization.
35. Jorge Alonso, Los movimientos sociales en el valle de Mexico (Mexico, D.F.: CIESAS, 1986); Vivienne Bennett, "The Evolution of Urban Popular Movements in Mexico Between 1968 and 1988," in The Making of Social Movements in Latin America, ed. A. Escobar and S. E. Alvarez (Boulder: Westview Press, 1992); Diane Davis, "Social Movements in Mexico's Crisis," Journal of International Affairs 43/2 (1990): 343-367; Paul Haber, "Political Change in Durango: The Role of National Solidarity," in Cornelius et al., Transforming State-Society Relations in Mexico (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, 1994); Juan Manuel Ramirez Saiz, El Movimiento Urbano; Juan Manuel Ramirez Saiz, "Urban Struggles and Their Political Consequences," in Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico, ed. Joe Foweraker and Ann L. Craig (Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1990); Jeffrey Rubin, "Popular Mobilization and the Myth of State Corporatism," in Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico, ed. Joe Foweraker and Ann L. Craig (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1990); Tavera, Social Movements. Joe Foweraker, "Popular Movements," in Mexico's Alternative Futures, ed. Wayne A. Cornelius, Judith Gentleman, and Peter H. Smith (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexico Studies, 1989); Ramirez Saiz, El Movimiento Urbano; Popular Mobilization.
36. Jorge Alonso, Los movimientos sociales en el valle de Mexico (Mexico, D.F.: CIESAS, 1986); Vivienne Bennett, "The Evolution of Urban Popular Movements in Mexico Between 1968 and 1988," in The Making of Social Movements in Latin America, ed. A. Escobar and S. E. Alvarez (Boulder: Westview Press, 1992); Diane Davis, "Social Movements in Mexico's Crisis," Journal of International Affairs 43/2 (1990): 343-367; Paul Haber, "Political Change in Durango: The Role of National Solidarity," in Cornelius et al., Transforming State-Society Relations in Mexico (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, 1994); Juan Manuel Ramirez Saiz, El Movimiento Urbano; Juan Manuel Ramirez Saiz, "Urban Struggles and Their Political Consequences," in Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico, ed. Joe Foweraker and Ann L. Craig (Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1990); Jeffrey Rubin, "Popular Mobilization and the Myth of State Corporatism," in Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico, ed. Joe Foweraker and Ann L. Craig (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1990); Tavera, Social Movements. Joe Foweraker, "Popular Movements," in Mexico's Alternative Futures, ed. Wayne A. Cornelius, Judith Gentleman, and Peter H. Smith (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexico Studies, 1989); Ramirez Saiz, El Movimiento Urbano; Popular Mobilization.
37. Jorge Alonso, Los movimientos sociales en el valle de Mexico (Mexico, D.F.: CIESAS, 1986); Vivienne Bennett, "The Evolution of Urban Popular Movements in Mexico Between 1968 and 1988," in The Making of Social Movements in Latin America, ed. A. Escobar and S. E. Alvarez (Boulder: Westview Press, 1992); Diane Davis, "Social Movements in Mexico's Crisis," Journal of International Affairs 43/2 (1990): 343-367; Paul Haber, "Political Change in Durango: The Role of National Solidarity," in Cornelius et al., Transforming State-Society Relations in Mexico (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, 1994); Juan Manuel Ramirez Saiz, El Movimiento Urbano; Juan Manuel Ramirez Saiz, "Urban Struggles and Their Political Consequences," in Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico, ed. Joe Foweraker and Ann L. Craig (Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1990); Jeffrey Rubin, "Popular Mobilization and the Myth of State Corporatism," in Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico, ed. Joe Foweraker and Ann L. Craig (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1990); Tavera, Social Movements. Joe Foweraker, "Popular Movements," in Mexico's Alternative Futures, ed. Wayne A. Cornelius, Judith Gentleman, and Peter H. Smith (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexico Studies, 1989); Ramirez Saiz, El Movimiento Urbano; Popular Mobilization.
38. Jorge Alonso, Los movimientos sociales en el valle de Mexico (Mexico, D.F.: CIESAS, 1986); Vivienne Bennett, "The Evolution of Urban Popular Movements in Mexico Between 1968 and 1988," in The Making of Social Movements in Latin America, ed. A. Escobar and S. E. Alvarez (Boulder: Westview Press, 1992); Diane Davis, "Social Movements in Mexico's Crisis," Journal of International Affairs 43/2 (1990): 343-367; Paul Haber, "Political Change in Durango: The Role of National Solidarity," in Cornelius et al., Transforming State-Society Relations in Mexico (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, 1994); Juan Manuel Ramirez Saiz, El Movimiento Urbano; Juan Manuel Ramirez Saiz, "Urban Struggles and Their Political Consequences," in Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico, ed. Joe Foweraker and Ann L. Craig (Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1990); Jeffrey Rubin, "Popular Mobilization and the Myth of State Corporatism," in Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico, ed. Joe Foweraker and Ann L. Craig (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1990); Tavera, Social Movements. Joe Foweraker, "Popular Movements," in Mexico's Alternative Futures, ed. Wayne A. Cornelius, Judith Gentleman, and Peter H. Smith (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexico Studies, 1989); Ramirez Saiz, El Movimiento Urbano; Popular Mobilization.
39. Jorge Alonso, Los movimientos sociales en el valle de Mexico (Mexico, D.F.: CIESAS, 1986); Vivienne Bennett, "The Evolution of Urban Popular Movements in Mexico Between 1968 and 1988," in The Making of Social Movements in Latin America, ed. A. Escobar and S. E. Alvarez (Boulder: Westview Press, 1992); Diane Davis, "Social Movements in Mexico's Crisis," Journal of International Affairs 43/2 (1990): 343-367; Paul Haber, "Political Change in Durango: The Role of National Solidarity," in Cornelius et al., Transforming State-Society Relations in Mexico (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, 1994); Juan Manuel Ramirez Saiz, El Movimiento Urbano; Juan Manuel Ramirez Saiz, "Urban Struggles and Their Political Consequences," in Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico, ed. Joe Foweraker and Ann L. Craig (Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1990); Jeffrey Rubin, "Popular Mobilization and the Myth of State Corporatism," in Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico, ed. Joe Foweraker and Ann L. Craig (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1990); Tavera, Social Movements. Joe Foweraker, "Popular Movements," in Mexico's Alternative Futures, ed. Wayne A. Cornelius, Judith Gentleman, and Peter H. Smith (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexico Studies, 1989); Ramirez Saiz, El Movimiento Urbano; Popular Mobilization.
40. Jorge Alonso, Los movimientos sociales en el valle de Mexico (Mexico, D.F.: CIESAS, 1986); Vivienne Bennett, "The Evolution of Urban Popular Movements in Mexico Between 1968 and 1988," in The Making of Social Movements in Latin America, ed. A. Escobar and S. E. Alvarez (Boulder: Westview Press, 1992); Diane Davis, "Social Movements in Mexico's Crisis," Journal of International Affairs 43/2 (1990): 343-367; Paul Haber, "Political Change in Durango: The Role of National Solidarity," in Cornelius et al., Transforming State-Society Relations in Mexico (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, 1994); Juan Manuel Ramirez Saiz, El Movimiento Urbano; Juan Manuel Ramirez Saiz, "Urban Struggles and Their Political Consequences," in Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico, ed. Joe Foweraker and Ann L. Craig (Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1990); Jeffrey Rubin, "Popular Mobilization and the Myth of State Corporatism," in Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico, ed. Joe Foweraker and Ann L. Craig (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1990); Tavera, Social Movements. Joe Foweraker, "Popular Movements," in Mexico's Alternative Futures, ed. Wayne A. Cornelius, Judith Gentleman, and Peter H. Smith (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexico Studies, 1989); Ramirez Saiz, El Movimiento Urbano; Popular Mobilization.
41. Jorge Alonso, Los movimientos sociales en el valle de Mexico (Mexico, D.F.: CIESAS, 1986); Vivienne Bennett, "The Evolution of Urban Popular Movements in Mexico Between 1968 and 1988," in The Making of Social Movements in Latin America, ed. A. Escobar and S. E. Alvarez (Boulder: Westview Press, 1992); Diane Davis, "Social Movements in Mexico's Crisis," Journal of International Affairs 43/2 (1990): 343-367; Paul Haber, "Political Change in Durango: The Role of National Solidarity," in Cornelius et al., Transforming State-Society Relations in Mexico (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, 1994); Juan Manuel Ramirez Saiz, El Movimiento Urbano; Juan Manuel Ramirez Saiz, "Urban Struggles and Their Political Consequences," in Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico, ed. Joe Foweraker and Ann L. Craig (Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1990); Jeffrey Rubin, "Popular Mobilization and the Myth of State Corporatism," in Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico, ed. Joe Foweraker and Ann L. Craig (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1990); Tavera, Social Movements. Joe Foweraker, "Popular Movements," in Mexico's Alternative Futures, ed. Wayne A. Cornelius, Judith Gentleman, and Peter H. Smith (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexico Studies, 1989); Ramirez Saiz, El Movimiento Urbano; Popular Mobilization.
42. Jorge Alonso, Los movimientos sociales en el valle de Mexico (Mexico, D.F.: CIESAS, 1986); Vivienne Bennett, "The Evolution of Urban Popular Movements in Mexico Between 1968 and 1988," in The Making of Social Movements in Latin America, ed. A. Escobar and S. E. Alvarez (Boulder: Westview Press, 1992); Diane Davis, "Social Movements in Mexico's Crisis," Journal of International Affairs 43/2 (1990): 343-367; Paul Haber, "Political Change in Durango: The Role of National Solidarity," in Cornelius et al., Transforming State-Society Relations in Mexico (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, 1994); Juan Manuel Ramirez Saiz, El Movimiento Urbano; Juan Manuel Ramirez Saiz, "Urban Struggles and Their Political Consequences," in Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico, ed. Joe Foweraker and Ann L. Craig (Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1990); Jeffrey Rubin, "Popular Mobilization and the Myth of State Corporatism," in Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico, ed. Joe Foweraker and Ann L. Craig (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1990); Tavera, Social Movements. Joe Foweraker, "Popular Movements," in Mexico's Alternative Futures, ed. Wayne A. Cornelius, Judith Gentleman, and Peter H. Smith (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexico Studies, 1989); Ramirez Saiz, El Movimiento Urbano; Popular Mobilization.
43. Jorge Alonso, Los movimientos sociales en el valle de Mexico (Mexico, D.F.: CIESAS, 1986); Vivienne Bennett, "The Evolution of Urban Popular Movements in Mexico Between 1968 and 1988," in The Making of Social Movements in Latin America, ed. A. Escobar and S. E. Alvarez (Boulder: Westview Press, 1992); Diane Davis, "Social Movements in Mexico's Crisis," Journal of International Affairs 43/2 (1990): 343-367; Paul Haber, "Political Change in Durango: The Role of National Solidarity," in Cornelius et al., Transforming State-Society Relations in Mexico (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, 1994); Juan Manuel Ramirez Saiz, El Movimiento Urbano; Juan Manuel Ramirez Saiz, "Urban Struggles and Their Political Consequences," in Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico, ed. Joe Foweraker and Ann L. Craig (Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1990); Jeffrey Rubin, "Popular Mobilization and the Myth of State Corporatism," in Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico, ed. Joe Foweraker and Ann L. Craig (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1990); Tavera, Social Movements. Joe Foweraker, "Popular Movements," in Mexico's Alternative Futures, ed. Wayne A. Cornelius, Judith Gentleman, and Peter H. Smith (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexico Studies, 1989); Ramirez Saiz, El Movimiento Urbano; Popular Mobilization.
44. Ramirez Saiz, El Movimiento Urbano, Popular Mobilization.
45. Jonathan Fox, "Targetting the Poorest: The Role of the National Indigenous Institute in Mexico's Solidarity Program," in Correlius et al., Transforming StateSociety Relations in Mexico (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, 1994); Jonathan Fox, "The Difficult Transition from Clientelism to Citizenship: Lessons from Mexico," World Politics 46 (1994): 151-184; Haber, "Political Change."
46. Jonathan Fox, "Targetting the Poorest: The Role of the National Indigenous Institute in Mexico's Solidarity Program," in Correlius et al., Transforming StateSociety Relations in Mexico (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, 1994); Jonathan Fox, "The Difficult Transition from Clientelism to Citizenship: Lessons from Mexico," World Politics 46 (1994): 151-184; Haber, "Political Change."
47. Jonathan Fox, "Targetting the Poorest: The Role of the National Indigenous Institute in Mexico's Solidarity Program," in Correlius et al., Transforming StateSociety Relations in Mexico (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, 1994); Jonathan Fox, "The Difficult Transition from Clientelism to Citizenship: Lessons from Mexico," World Politics 46 (1994): 151-184; Haber, "Political Change."
48. Barry Carr, "The Mexican Left, the Popular Movements, and the Politics of Austerity, 1982-1985," in The Mexican Left, the Popular Movements, and the Politics of Austerity, ed. B. Carr and R. A. Montoya (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, 1986); Foweraker, "Popular Movements and Political Change."
49. Barry Carr, "The Mexican Left, the Popular Movements, and the Politics of Austerity, 1982-1985," in The Mexican Left, the Popular Movements, and the Politics of Austerity, ed. B. Carr and R. A. Montoya (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, 1986); Foweraker, "Popular Movements and Political Change."
50. Although some of the work cited uses a social movements perspective rather than one of urban politics, the struggles are much the same.
51. Alejandro Portes, "Rationality in the Slum: An Essay on Interpretive Sociology," Comparative Studies in Society and History (1972): 286.
52. Agustin Escobar Latapì and Bryan Roberts, "Urban Stratification, the Middle Classes, and Economic Change in Mexico," in Social Responses to Mexico's Economic Crisis of the 1980s, ed. Mercedes González ce la Rocha and Agustín Escobar Latapì (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, 1991), 98.
53. Nora Lustig, "Economic Crisis, Adjustment and Living Standards in Mexico, 1982-85," World Development 18/10 (1990): 1325-1342; Davis, Social Movements; Rolando Cordera Campos and Enrique Gonzàlez, "Crisis and Transition in the Mexican Economy," in M. González de la Rocha and A. Escobar Latapí, editors, Social Responses to Mexico's Economic Crisis of the 1980s (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, 1991); Gerardo Otero, editor, Neoliberalism Revisited: Economic Restructuring and Mexico's Political Future, (Westview Press: Boulder 1996).
54. Nora Lustig, "Economic Crisis, Adjustment and Living Standards in Mexico, 1982-85," World Development 18/10 (1990): 1325-1342; Davis, Social Movements; Rolando Cordera Campos and Enrique Gonzàlez, "Crisis and Transition in the Mexican Economy," in M. González de la Rocha and A. Escobar Latapí, editors, Social Responses to Mexico's Economic Crisis of the 1980s (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, 1991); Gerardo Otero, editor, Neoliberalism Revisited: Economic Restructuring and Mexico's Political Future, (Westview Press: Boulder 1996).
55. Nora Lustig, "Economic Crisis, Adjustment and Living Standards in Mexico, 1982-85," World Development 18/10 (1990): 1325-1342; Davis, Social Movements; Rolando Cordera Campos and Enrique Gonzàlez, "Crisis and Transition in the Mexican Economy," in M. González de la Rocha and A. Escobar Latapí, editors, Social Responses to Mexico's Economic Crisis of the 1980s (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, 1991); Gerardo Otero, editor, Neoliberalism Revisited: Economic Restructuring and Mexico's Political Future, (Westview Press: Boulder 1996).
56. Nora Lustig, "Economic Crisis, Adjustment and Living Standards in Mexico, 1982-85," World Development 18/10 (1990): 1325-1342; Davis, Social Movements; Rolando Cordera Campos and Enrique Gonzàlez, "Crisis and Transition in the Mexican Economy," in M. González de la Rocha and A. Escobar Latapí, editors, Social Responses to Mexico's Economic Crisis of the 1980s (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, 1991); Gerardo Otero, editor, Neoliberalism Revisited: Economic Restructuring and Mexico's Political Future, (Westview Press: Boulder 1996).
57. Cordera Campos and Gonzàlez, Crisis and Transition.
58. Judith Gentleman, editor, Mexican Politics in Transition (Boulder: Westview Press, 1987)
59. Maria Tarres, "Crisis and Political Opposition / among the Mexican Middle Classes," International Sociology 2/2 (1987): 131-150; Heather Williams, Planting Trouble: The Barzon Debtor's Movement in Mexico (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, 1996).
60. Maria Tarres, "Crisis and Political Opposition / among the Mexican Middle Classes," International Sociology 2/2 (1987): 131-150; Heather Williams, Planting Trouble: The Barzon Debtor's Movement in Mexico (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, 1996).
61. See Jon Shefner, "Sponsors and the Urban Poor: Resources or Restrictions?" Social Problems 46/3 (1999), for elaboration of this argument.
62. The delegitimation of the PRI and the government certainly began long before the debt crisis. The student protests culminating in the massacre at Tlatelolco, the subsequent "openings" of the political system under Echeverria, and the steady erosion of votes for the PRI all testify to this fact. This process deepened with the debt crisis.
63. See Roderic Camp, Politics in Mexico, 2nd edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996) for these survey results.
64. For an extensive review of the work on framing, see Robert Benford and David Snow, "Framing Processes and Social Movements: An Overview and Assessment," Annual Review of Sociology 26 (2000): 611 -639.
65. I am grateful to an anonoymous reviewer for stressing the need for my argument to address ideational components of clientelism.
66. The CROC is a national labor union controlled by the PRI. The CROC held control over much of urban Jalisco because of its link to elected officials. The CROC worked as an urban political machine in Tlaquepaque, dispensing patronage in the form of jobs and urban services to loyal neighborhoods, while punishing non-supporters. In addition, neighborhood CROC members mobilized in favor of CROC candidates for local power.
67. Indigenous communities, like ejidos, are a form of traditional land tenure institutionalized in the Mexican Constitution.
68. Agustin del Castillo, "Expropriacion, 'lo mejor' para el cerro del Cuatro," Siglo 21, (24 February, 1994): 7: David Velasco Yáñez, "El caso de la Union de Colonos Independientes," in La Democracia de los de Abajo en Jalisco, ed. Jorge Alonso and Juan Manuel Ramirez Saiz (Guadalajara: Universidad de Guadalajara, 1996).
69. Agustin del Castillo, "Expropriacion, 'lo mejor' para el cerro del Cuatro," Siglo 21, (24 February, 1994): 7: David Velasco Yáñez, "El caso de la Union de Colonos Independientes," in La Democracia de los de Abajo en Jalisco, ed. Jorge Alonso and Juan Manuel Ramirez Saiz (Guadalajara: Universidad de Guadalajara, 1996).
70. Irma Gamboa Rodríguez and Monica del Carmen Mancilla Soto, Proyecto de la Reconstrucción Histórica de la Union de Clonos Independientes del Cerro del 4. Taller de Integraccion (ITESO: Guadalajara, 1991); Velasco Yáñez, "El caso"; author interview).
71. Irma Gamboa Rodríguez and Monica del Carmen Mancilla Soto, Proyecto de la Reconstrucción Histórica de la Union de Clonos Independientes del Cerro del 4. Taller de Integraccion (ITESO: Guadalajara, 1991); Velasco Yáñez, "El caso"; author interview).
72. Ward, Welfare Politics; Alan Gilbert, The Latin American City, 2nd edition (London: Latin American Bureau, 1998).
73. Ward, Welfare Politics; Alan Gilbert, The Latin American City, 2nd edition (London: Latin American Bureau, 1998).
74. The Family Services Agency (Desarollo Integral de la Familia, or DIF) is a state-run organization mostly staffed by government officials' wives.
75. Fox, "The Difficult Transition," 157.
76. Gustavo Gutierrez, A Theology of Liberation (Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis 1973).
77. CEBs (comunidades de base, or base Christian communities) in Mexico have not enjoyed the same high profile as in countries like Brazil, largely because of opposition from the church hierarchy. See Michael Tangeman, Mexico at the Crossroads: Politics, the Church, and the Poor (Maryknoll, N.Y., 1995). Despite the conservative Mexican church hierarchy, bible reflection groups have had significant effects on organizing both rural and urban communities. By 1988 over 5,000 CEBs were organized in Mexico, heavily concentrated in six states of the republic, including Jalisco. See Jorge Castañeda, Utopia Unarmed: The Latin American Left After the Cold War (New York: Vintage Books, 1993), 212.
78. CEBs (comunidades de base, or base Christian communities) in Mexico have not enjoyed the same high profile as in countries like Brazil, largely because of opposition from the church hierarchy. See Michael Tangeman, Mexico at the Crossroads: Politics, the Church, and the Poor (Maryknoll, N.Y., 1995). Despite the conservative Mexican church hierarchy, bible reflection groups have had significant effects on organizing both rural and urban communities. By 1988 over 5,000 CEBs were organized in Mexico, heavily concentrated in six states of the republic, including Jalisco. See Jorge Castañeda, Utopia Unarmed: The Latin American Left After the Cold War (New York: Vintage Books, 1993), 212.
79. Quoted in Juan Manuel Ramírez Sáiz and Héctor Nuncio Hermosillo, Entre la Iglesia y la Izquierda: El Comite Popular del Sur (Guadalajara: Universidad de Guadalajara, 1994), 25.
80. Daniel Levine, Popular Voices in Latin American Catholicism (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1992), 40.
81. SEDOC, Estatuos de Servicios Educativos de Occidente, A.C. (Guadalajara, Jalisco, 1986), 1.
82. Ibid., 14.
83. Paolo Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed (Continuum: New York, 1970).
84. SEDOC, Planeacion de Servicios Educativos de Occidente, 1989-1993 (Guadalajara, Jalisco, 1989), 5.
85. Fox, "The Difficult Transition."
86. Barry Carr and Ricardo Anzaldùa Montoya, editors, The Mexican Left, the Popular Movements, and the Politics of Austerity (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, 1986).
87. The names included Frente Popular Independiente (the Independent Popular Front), and the Movimiento Democratico de Lucha Urbana (the Democratic Movement of Urban Struggle).
88. Newsletter of Grupo Nueva Santa Maria 1990; Newsletter of the UCI, February 1991, photocopy.
89. Newsletter of Grupo Nueva Santa Maria 1990; Newsletter of the UCI, February 1991, photocopy.
90. Frente Popular Independiente, Primera Reunion Preparatoria (1991), 3-6, photocopy.
91. Ibid., 3
92. Ibid., 2.
93. Ibid., 4.
94. Sergio Rene de Dios, "Los damnificados exigieron solucion a sus demandas," Siglo 21, (2 May 1992), 3; Rosanna Reguillo, "Topografia de la Memoria," Renglones 28 (1994); Jose Manuel Mora and Maria Eugenia de la Torre, "Cronica," in Quien nos hubiera dicho, Guadalajara, 22 de abril, ed. by Cristina Padilla and Rossana Reguillo (ITESO: Guadalajara, 1993).
95. Sergio Rene de Dios, "Los damnificados exigieron solucion a sus demandas," Siglo 21, (2 May 1992), 3; Rosanna Reguillo, "Topografia de la Memoria," Renglones 28 (1994); Jose Manuel Mora and Maria Eugenia de la Torre, "Cronica," in Quien nos hubiera dicho, Guadalajara, 22 de abril, ed. by Cristina Padilla and Rossana Reguillo (ITESO: Guadalajara, 1993).
96. Sergio Rene de Dios, "Los damnificados exigieron solucion a sus demandas," Siglo 21, (2 May 1992), 3; Rosanna Reguillo, "Topografia de la Memoria," Renglones 28 (1994); Jose Manuel Mora and Maria Eugenia de la Torre, "Cronica," in Quien nos hubiera dicho, Guadalajara, 22 de abril, ed. by Cristina Padilla and Rossana Reguillo (ITESO: Guadalajara, 1993).
97. For more on this event, see Jon Shefner and John Walton, "The Damnificados of Guadalajara: Politics of Domination and Social Movement Protest," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 17/4 (1994); and Jon Shefner, "Legitimacy Crisis, Contentious Supporters, and Post-Disaster Instability: A Case Study of Political Ferment," International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 17/2 (1999).
98. For more on this event, see Jon Shefner and John Walton, "The Damnificados of Guadalajara: Politics of Domination and Social Movement Protest," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 17/4 (1994); and Jon Shefner, "Legitimacy Crisis, Contentious Supporters, and Post-Disaster Instability: A Case Study of Political Ferment," International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 17/2 (1999).
99. Pedro Armendares, "El año de las ONG's." La Jornada (24 September 1994).
100. UCI participated in several national coalitions and networks organized around wide political change and human rights defense. UCI worked most consistently with RAMAS because of its Jalisco focus.
101. RAMAS, Red de Apoyo Mutuo Para la Accion Social. Documento Base. Primer Borrador, (1994), photocopy.
102. FAM, "La Legislacion de Fomento a las Organizaciones de la Sociedad Civil," (1994), photocopy.
103. The proposed law was entitled the Ley de Fomento a las Orgaizaciones Civiles -The Law to Promote Civil Organizations.
104. FAM, Ley de Fomenta a Las Organizaciones Civiles (Proyecto), (1994), photocopy.
105. The Forum for Mutual Aid (FAM) and the Convergence of Civil Organizations for Democracy were RAMAS' Mexico City partners in this effort.
106. Ruben Martín, "Las ONGs piden Ley de Fomento a organismos civiles," Siglo 21, (13 July, 1994).
107. These comments were echoed by NGO organizers in Mexico City. See Douglas Chalmers et al., "Mexican NGO Networks and Popular Participation," Columbia Institute. The Institute of Latin American and Iberian Studies. Papers on Latin America #39 (1995).
108. SEDESOL served as the bureaucratic umbrella housing Salinas's flagship social welfare/public relations policy, Solidaridad. Solidaridad has been widely criticized due to its efforts to regenerate PRI legitimacy. See Denise Dresser, Neopopulist Solutions to Neoliberal Problems: Mexico's National Solidarity Program (UCSD Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies: LaJolla, 1991); Denise Dresser, "Bringing the Poor Back In: National Solidarity as a Strategy of Regime Legitimation," in Transforming State-Society Relations in Mexico, ed. W. A. Cornelius, A. Craig, and J. Fox (UCSD Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies: LaJolla, 1994); Haber, "Political Change." Fox's analysis of Solidaridad is similarly critical, yet he sees this reform from above opening some opportunities to alternative organizing from below. See Fox, "The Difficult Transition," "Targetting the Poorest."
109. SEDESOL served as the bureaucratic umbrella housing Salinas's flagship social welfare/public relations policy, Solidaridad. Solidaridad has been widely criticized due to its efforts to regenerate PRI legitimacy. See Denise Dresser, Neopopulist Solutions to Neoliberal Problems: Mexico's National Solidarity Program (UCSD Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies: LaJolla, 1991); Denise Dresser, "Bringing the Poor Back In: National Solidarity as a Strategy of Regime Legitimation," in Transforming State-Society Relations in Mexico, ed. W. A. Cornelius, A. Craig, and J. Fox (UCSD Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies: LaJolla, 1994); Haber, "Political Change." Fox's analysis of Solidaridad is similarly critical, yet he sees this reform from above opening some opportunities to alternative organizing from below. See Fox, "The Difficult Transition," "Targetting the Poorest."
110. SEDESOL served as the bureaucratic umbrella housing Salinas's flagship social welfare/public relations policy, Solidaridad. Solidaridad has been widely criticized due to its efforts to regenerate PRI legitimacy. See Denise Dresser, Neopopulist Solutions to Neoliberal Problems: Mexico's National Solidarity Program (UCSD Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies: LaJolla, 1991); Denise Dresser, "Bringing the Poor Back In: National Solidarity as a Strategy of Regime Legitimation," in Transforming State-Society Relations in Mexico, ed. W. A. Cornelius, A. Craig, and J. Fox (UCSD Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies: LaJolla, 1994); Haber, "Political Change." Fox's analysis of Solidaridad is similarly critical, yet he sees this reform from above opening some opportunities to alternative organizing from below. See Fox, "The Difficult Transition," "Targetting the Poorest."
111. SEDESOL served as the bureaucratic umbrella housing Salinas's flagship social welfare/public relations policy, Solidaridad. Solidaridad has been widely criticized due to its efforts to regenerate PRI legitimacy. See Denise Dresser, Neopopulist Solutions to Neoliberal Problems: Mexico's National Solidarity Program (UCSD Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies: LaJolla, 1991); Denise Dresser, "Bringing the Poor Back In: National Solidarity as a Strategy of Regime Legitimation," in Transforming State-Society Relations in Mexico, ed. W. A. Cornelius, A. Craig, and J. Fox (UCSD Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies: LaJolla, 1994); Haber, "Political Change." Fox's analysis of Solidaridad is similarly critical, yet he sees this reform from above opening some opportunities to alternative organizing from below. See Fox, "The Difficult Transition," "Targetting the Poorest."
112. I am grateful to Sherry Cable for suggesting I steal this term.
113. Gay, Rethinking Clientelism.
114. Fox, "The Difficult Transition," 155.
115. Gay, Rethinking Clientelism.
116. Roniger, Democracy, Clientelism, 4.
117. Cornelius, Politics and the Migrant Poor; Javier Auyero, "The Logic of Clientelism in Argentina: An Ethnological Account," Latin American Research Review 35/3 (2000).
118. Cornelius, Politics and the Migrant Poor; Javier Auyero, "The Logic of Clientelism in Argentina: An Ethnological Account," Latin American Research Review 35/3 (2000).
119. Roniger, Democracy, Clientelism, 10.
120. Judith Hellman, "Mexican Popular Movements, Clientelism, and the Process of Democratization," Latin American Perspectives, 81/21 (1994): 124-142.
121. Gerard Huiskamp, "Identity Politics and democratic transitions: (Re)organizing women's strategic interests through community activism," Theory and Society 29/3 (2000): 385-424.
122. Portes, Rationality in the Slum; Anthony Leeds and Elizabeth Leeds, "Accounting for Behavioral Differences: Three Political Systems and the Responses of Squatters in Brazil, Peru, and Chile," in John Walton and Louis Masotti, edidors, The City in Comparative Perspective (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1976).
123. Portes, Rationality in the Slum; Anthony Leeds and Elizabeth Leeds, "Accounting for Behavioral Differences: Three Political Systems and the Responses of Squatters in Brazil, Peru, and Chile," in John Walton and Louis Masotti, edidors, The City in Comparative Perspective (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1976).
124. For more on the relationship between SEDOC and UCI, see Shefner, "Sponsors and the Urban Poor."