Equivalence classification by California sea lions using class-specific reinforcers

Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior

Volumn 76, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 131-158

  Kastak, Colleen Reichmuth ^a   Schusterman, Ronald J ^b   Kastak, David ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

California sea lions; Conditional discrimination; Differential outcome; Functional classes; Reversal procedure; Simple discrimination; Stimulus equivalence

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; ARTICLE; DISCRIMINATION LEARNING; FEMALE; RANDOMIZATION; REINFORCEMENT; SEAL;

ANIMALS; BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL; DISCRIMINATION LEARNING; FEMALE; RANDOM ALLOCATION; REINFORCEMENT (PSYCHOLOGY); SEA LIONS;

EID: 0035465216     PISSN: 00225002     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1901/jeab.2001.76-131     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Balsam, P. D. (1988). Selection, representation, and equivalence of controlling stimuli. In R. C. Atkinson, R. J. Herrnstein, G. Lindzey, & R. D. Luce (Eds.), Stevens' handbook of experimental psychology: Vol. 2. Learning and cognition (2nd ed., pp. 111-166). New York: Wiley.
2. Bush, K. M., Sidman, M., & de Rose, T. (1989). Contextual control of emergent equivalence relations. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 51, 29-45.
3. Carr, D., Wilkinson, K. M., Blackman, D., & McIlvane, W. J. (2000). Equivalence classes in individuals with minimal verbal repertoires. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 74, 101-114.
4. Chen, S., Swartz, K. B., & Terrace, H. S. (1997). Knowledge of the ordinal position of list items in rhesus monkeys. Psychological Science, 8, 80-86.
5. D'Amato, M. R., Salmon, D. P., Loukas, E., & Tomie, A. (1985). Symmetry and transitivity of conditional relations in monkeys (Cebus apella) and pigeons (Columba livia). Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 44, 35-47.
6. Delius, J. D., Jitsumori, M., & Siemann, M. (2000). Stimulus equivalencies through discrimination reversals. In C. Heyes & R. Huber (Eds.), The evolution of cognition (pp. 103-122). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
7. Dube, W. V., Callahan, T. D., & McIlvane, W. J. (1993). Serial reversals of concurrent auditory discriminations in rats. The Psychological Record, 43, 429-440.
8. Dube, W. V., McIlvane, W. J., Callahan, T. D., & Stoddard, L. T. (1993). The search for stimulus equivalence in nonverbal organisms. The Psychological Record, 43, 761-778.
9. Dube, W. V., McIlvane, W. J., Maguire, R. W., Mackay, H. A., & Stoddard, L. T. (1989). Stimulus class formation and stimulus-reinforcer relations. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 51, 65-76.
10. Fields, L., & Nevin, J. A. (1993). Stimulus equivalence [special issue]. The Psychological Record, 43.
11. Goeters, S., Blakely, E., & Poling, A. (1992). The differential outcomes effect. The Psychological Record, 42, 389-411.
12. Hayes, S. C. (1989). Nonhumans have not yet shown stimulus equivalence. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 51, 385-392.
13. Horne, P. J., & Lowe, C. F. (1996). On the origins of naming and other symbolic behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 65, 185-241.
14. Horne, P. J., & Lowe, C. F. (1997). Toward a theory of verbal behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 68, 271-296.
15. Kastak, D., & Schusterman, R. J. (1994). Transfer of visual identity matching-to-sample in two California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Animal Learning & Behavior, 22, 427-435.
16. Keller, F. S., & Schoenfeld, W. N. (1950). Principles of psychology. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
17. Lazar, R. (1977). Extending sequence-class membership with matching to sample. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 27, 381-392.
18. Manabe, K., Kawashima, T., & Staddon, J. E. R. (1995). Differential vocalization in budgerigars: Towards an experimental analysis of naming. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 63, 111-126.
19. Meehan, E. F. (1999). Class-consistent differential reinforcement and stimulus class formation in pigeons. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 72, 97-115.
20. Riess, B. F. (1940). Semantic conditioning involving the galvanic skin reflex. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 36, 143-152.
21. Schenk, J. J. (1994). Emergent relations of equivalence generated by outcomes-specific consequences in conditional discriminations. The Psychological Record, 44, 537-558.
22. Schusterman, R. J., & Gisiner, R. C. (1997). Pinnipeds, porpoises, and parsimony: Animal language research viewed from a bottom-up perspective. In R. W. Mitchell, N. S. Thompson, & H. L. Miles (Eds.), Anthropomorphism, anecdotes, and animals (pp. 370-382). Albany: SUNY Press.
23. Schusterman, R. J., & Kastak, D. (1993). A California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) is capable of forming equivalence relations. The Psychological Record, 43, 823-839.
24. Schusterman, R. J., & Kastak, D. (1998). Functional equivalence in a California sea lion: Relevance to animal social and communicative interactions. Animal Behaviour, 55, 1087-1095.
25. Schusterman, R. J., Reichmuth, C. J., & Kastak, D. (2000). How animals classify friends and foes. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9, 1-6.
26. Sidman, M. (1994). Equivalence relations and behavior: A research story. Boston: Authors Cooperative.
27. Sidman, M. (2000). Equivalence relations and the reinforcement contingency. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 74, 127-146.
28. Sidman, M., Rauzin, R., Lazar, R., Cunningham, S., Tailby, W., & Carrigan, P. (1982). A search for symmetry in the conditional discrimination of rhesus monkeys, baboons and children. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 37, 23-34.
29. Sidman, M., & Tailby, W. (1982). Conditional discrimination vs. matching to sample: An expansion of the testing paradigm. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 37, 5-22.
30. Sidman, M., Wynne, C. K., Maguire, R. W., & Barnes, T. (1989). Functional classes and equivalence relations. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 52, 261-274.
31. Sigurdardottir, Z. G., Green, G., & Saunders, R. R. (1990). Equivalence classes generated by sequence training. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 53, 47-63.
32. Skinner, B. F. (1935). The generic nature of the concepts of stimulus and response. Journal of General Psychology, 12, 40-65.
33. Tomonaga, M. (1999). Establishing functional classes in a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) with a two-item sequential-responding procedure. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 72, 57-79.
34. Vaughan, W., Jr. (1988). Formation of equivalence sets in pigeons. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 14, 36-42.
35. von Ferson, L., & Delius, J. D. (2000). Acquired equivalences between auditory stimuli in dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Animal Cognition, 3, 79-83.
36. Wasserman, E. A., & DeVolder, C. L. (1993). Similarity and nonsimilarity-based conceptualization in children and pigeons. The Psychological Record, 43, 779-793.
37. Wasserman, E. A., DeVolder, C. L., & Coppage, D. J. (1992). Non-similarity-based conceptualization in pigeons via secondary or mediated generalization. Psychological Science, 3, 374-379.
38. Wulfert, E., & Hayes, S. C. (1988). Transfer of a conditional ordering response through conditional equivalence classes. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 50, 125-144.
39. Zentall, T. R. (1998). Symbolic representation in animals: Emergent stimulus relations in conditional discrimination learning. Animal Learning & Behavior, 26, 363-377.