Use of the Flexion Test of the Distal Forelimb in the Sound Horse: Repeatability and Effect of Age, Gender, Weight, Height and Fetlock Joint Range of Motion

Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A: Physiology Pathology Clinical Medicine

Volumn 48, Issue 7, 2001, Pages 413-427

  Busschers, E ^a   Van Weeren, P R ^a  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EQUIDAE; EQUUS CABALLUS;

AGE; ANIMAL; ANIMAL LAMENESS; ARTICLE; BIOMECHANICS; BODY WEIGHT; FEMALE; FORELIMB; HISTOLOGY; HORSE; JOINT CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS; MALE; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PHYSIOLOGY; REPRODUCIBILITY; SEX DIFFERENCE;

AGE FACTORS; ANIMALS; BIOMECHANICS; BODY WEIGHT; FEMALE; FORELIMB; HORSES; LAMENESS, ANIMAL; MALE; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; RANGE OF MOTION, ARTICULAR; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; SEX FACTORS;

EID: 0035462713     PISSN: 0931184X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0442.2001.00373.x     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Arnoldi, C. C., I. Reimann, and S. Mortensen, 1980: The effect of joint position on juxta-articular bone marrow pressure. Acta Orthop. Scand. 51, 893-897.
2. Back, W., A. Barneveld, P. R. van Weeren, and A. J. van den Bogert, 1993: Kinematic gait analysis in equine carpal lameness. Acta Anat. 146, 86-89.
3. Bluestone, D. R., 1988: Symptoms and signs of articular disease. In: Resnick, D. R., and G. Niwayama (eds), Diagnosis of Bone and Joint Disorders, pp. 823-843. Saunders, Philadelphia.
4. Dietz, O., and E. Wiesner, 1982: Handbuch der Pferdekrankheiten für Wissenschaft und Praxis, p. 42. Karger, Basel.
5. Eyring, E. J., and W. R. Murray, 1964: The effect of joint position on the pressure of intra-articular effusion. J. Bone Joint Surg. 46A, 1235-1241.
6. Forssell, E. G., 1932: The diagnosis of lameness. In: Bergstrand, A. (ed.), Klinskt Vademecum for Veterinärer, pp. 172-178. Billstens, Linkoping.
7. Goble, D. O., 1992: Medical evaluation of the musculoskeletal system and common integument relevant to purchase. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract. 8, 285-302.
8. Gray, P., 1994: Lameness, pp. 21-47. Allen, London.
9. Hajer, R., J. Hendrikse, L. J. E. Rutgers, M. M. Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan, and G. C. van der Weijden, 1993: Het Klinisch Onderzoek Bij Grote Huisdieren, 3rd edn, pp. 180-188. Bunge, Utrecht.
10. Hejgaard, N., and C. C. Arnoldi, 1984: Osteotomy of the patella in the patellofemoral pain syndrome. The significance of increased intraosseous pressure during sustained knee flexion. Intern. Orthop. (SICOT) 8, 189-194.
11. Hertwig, H. C., 1850: Praktisches Handbuch der für Chirurgie Thierärzte, p. 58. Hirschwald, Berlin.
12. Keg, P. R., P. R. van Weeren, W. Back, and A. Barneveld, 1997b: Influence of the force applied and its period of application on the outcome of the flexion test of the distal forelimb of the horse. Vet. Rec. 141, 463-466.
13. Keg, P. R., P. R. van Weeren, H. C. Schamhardt, and A. Barneveld, 1997a: Variations in the force applied to flexion tests of the distal limb of horses. Vet. Rec. 141, 435-438.
14. Keller, H., 1983: Die Bedeutung der Beugeproben für die Ankaufsuntersuchung. Prakt. Tierarzt 2, 146-150.
15. Levick, J. R., 1979: An investigation into the validity of subatmospheric pressure recordings from synovial fluid and their dependence on joint angle. J. Physiol. 289, 55-67.
16. Levick, J. R., 1983: Joint pressure-volume studies: their importance, design and interpretation. J. Rheum. 10, 353-357.
17. McIlwraith, C. W., 1982: Current concepts in equine degenerative joint disease. J. Am. Vet. Med. Ass. 180, 239-250.
18. Moyer, W. B., 1991: Examination of the musculoskeletal system. In: Colahan, P. T., I. G. Mayhew, A. M. Merritt, and J. N. Moore (eds), Equine Medicine and Surgery, 4th edn, pp. 1143-1155. American Veterinary Publications, Goleta.
19. Nilsson, G., I. Fredericson, and S. Drevemo, 1973: Some procedures and tools in the diagnostics of distal equine lameness. Acta Vet. Scand. 44, 63-68.
20. O'Connor, J. J., 1941: Dollar's Veterinary Surgery, p. 706. Baillière Tindall & Cox, London.
21. Pollitt, C. C., 1995: Color Atlas of the Horse's Foot, p. 48. Mosby-Wolfe, London.
22. Robin, O., H. Vinard, E. Vernet-Maury, and J. L. Saumet, 1987: Influence of sex and anxiety on pain threshold and intolerance. Funct. Neurol. 2, 173-179.
23. Rossdale, P. D., 1976: Seeing Equine Practice, p. 19. Heinemann, London.
24. Simmons, E. J., A. L. Bertone, and S. E. Weisbrode, 1999: Instability-induced osteoarthritis in the metacarpophalangeal joint of horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 60, 7-13.
25. Skarda, R. T., 1991: Local anesthetics and local anesthetic techniques in horses. In: Muir, W. W., and J. A. E. Hubbell (eds), Equine Anesthesia: Monitoring and Emergency Therapy, pp. 199-210. Mosby Year Book, St Louis.
26. Stashak, T. S., 1987: Adams' Lameness in Horses, 4th edn, p. 106. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.
27. Stolk, P. W. Th, and E. C. Firth, 1994: The relationship between intra-articular and juxta-articular intra-osseous pressures in the metatarsophalangeal region of the pony. Vet. Quart. 16, 81-86.
28. Strand, E., G. S. Martin, M. P. Crawford, S. G. Kamerling, and D. J. Burba, 1998: Intra-articular pressure, elastance and range of motion in healthy and injured racehorse metacarpophalangeal joints. Equine Vet. J. 30, 520-527.
29. Strand, E., G. S. Martin, M. P. Crawford, S. G. Kamerling, D. J. Burba, and M. T. Kearney, 1995: Intra-articular pressure, elastance and range of motion in flexion of the equine metacarpophalangeal joint. Am. J. Vet. Res. 56, 1362-1371.
30. Vennerholm, J., 1923: Hästen Som Handelsvara, pp. 36-39. Tullberg, Stockholm.
31. Verschooten, F., 1985: Het onderzoek van het mankende paard: enkele belangrijke aspecten (deel 1). Vlaams Dierg. Tijdschr. 54, 359-381.
32. Verschooten, F., 1990: Het onderzoek bij aankoop van het paard met de klemtoon op het bewegingsstelsel. Vlaams Dierg. Tijdschr. 59, 49-57.
33. Verschooten, F., and J. Verbeeck, 1997: Flexion test of the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints and flexion angle of the metacarpophalangeal joint in sound horses. Equine Vet. J. 29, 50-54.
34. Von Plocki, K. A., E. Deegen, B. Hertsch, and H. D. Lauk, 1998: Vertrag über die Untersuchung eines Pferdes. Ein Beitrag zur Standardisierung der Ankaufsuntersuchung beim Pferd. Teil 2: Praktische Anwendung. Pferdeheilk. 4, 207-213.
35. Wagenaar, G., 1983: De Keuring Van Het Paard, pp. 30-34. Bunge, Utrecht.
36. Walker, J. S., and J. J. Carmody, 1998: Experimental pain in healthy human subjects: gender differences in nociception and in response to ibuprofen. Anesth. Analg. 86, 1257-1262.
37. Wilson, D. A., and K. G. Keegan, 1995: Pathophysiology and diagnosis of musculoskeletal disease. In: Kobluk, C. N., T. R. Ames, and R. J. Geor (eds), The Horse, Diseases and Clinical Management, pp. 607-658. Saunders, Philadelphia.
38. Worthman, R. P., 1981: Diagnostic anesthetic injections. In: Mansmann, R. A., and E. S. McAllister (eds), Equine Medicine and Surgery, 3rd edn, pp. 947-952. American Veterinary Publications, Santa Barbara.