Discourses of smoking, health, and the just society: Yesterday, today, and the return of the same?

Social History of Medicine

Volumn 14, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 313-335

  Palladino, Paolo ^a  

^a LANCASTER UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Great Britain; New Labour; Smoking; Social medicine; Socialism; Tobacco

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; GOVERNMENT; HISTORY; POLITICAL SYSTEM; POLITICS; SMOKING; TOBACCO; UNITED KINGDOM;

GOVERNMENT; GREAT BRITAIN; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; POLITICS; SMOKING; SOCIALISM; TOBACCO;

EID: 0035431793     PISSN: 0951631X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/shm/14.2.313     Document Type: Article

References (146)

1. For a summary of these events and their repercussions, see 'Suddenly the Red Rose Doesn't Smell so Sweet', Guardian, 12 November 1997 and 'The Prime Minister Regards the Lobby Boys as Little Monsters', Observer, 12 July 1998. On the more general significance of car racing for the politics of New Labour and the place of Britain in the new global economy, see 'Silverstone Gets the Nod for a Long-Term Future', Guardian, 4 December 2000.
2. For a summary of these events and their repercussions, see 'Suddenly the Red Rose Doesn't Smell so Sweet', Guardian, 12 November 1997 and 'The Prime Minister Regards the Lobby Boys as Little Monsters', Observer, 12 July 1998. On the more general significance of car racing for the politics of New Labour and the place of Britain in the new global economy, see 'Silverstone Gets the Nod for a Long-Term Future', Guardian, 4 December 2000.
3. For a summary of these events and their repercussions, see 'Suddenly the Red Rose Doesn't Smell so Sweet', Guardian, 12 November 1997 and 'The Prime Minister Regards the Lobby Boys as Little Monsters', Observer, 12 July 1998. On the more general significance of car racing for the politics of New Labour and the place of Britain in the new global economy, see 'Silverstone Gets the Nod for a Long-Term Future', Guardian, 4 December 2000.
4. For a discussion of the modernization of British socialism, which also focuses on Ecclestone's donation, see M. Gove, 'War on the Vague: Towards the New Tories', in A. Coddington and M. Perryman (eds.), The Moderniser's Dilemma: Radical Politics in the Age of Blair (London, 1998), pp. 244-61.
5. Significantly, the exact relationship between socialism and the establishment of the National Health Service has been the matter of some historiographical disagreement; for an introduction to the differing opinions on the subject, see C. Webster, 'Conflict and Consensus: Explaining the British Health Service', Twentieth Century British History, 1 (1990), 115-51; and F. Honigsbaum, Health, Happiness, and Security: The Creation of the National Health Service (London, 1989).
6. Significantly, the exact relationship between socialism and the establishment of the National Health Service has been the matter of some historiographical disagreement; for an introduction to the differing opinions on the subject, see C. Webster, 'Conflict and Consensus: Explaining the British Health Service', Twentieth Century British History, 1 (1990), 115-51; and F. Honigsbaum, Health, Happiness, and Security: The Creation of the National Health Service (London, 1989).
7. Papers in K. P. Ball's possession, Ball, 'Horace Joules and the Central', manuscript, 27 January 1978.
8. 'Dr Horace Joules', The Times, 28 January 1977.
9. See K. Ball, 'Horace Joules' Role in the Control of Cigarette Smoking', in S. Lock et al. (eds.), Ashes to Ashes: The History of Smoking and Health (Amsterdam, 1998), pp. 214-15.
10. For an important discussion of such haunting, see J. Derrida, Spectres of Marx: The State of the Debt, the Work of Mourning, and the New International (New York, 1994).
11. See M. Foucault, The History of Sexuality: An Introduction [1976] (London, 1990). On the political significance of the genealogical approach, see M. Dean, Critical and Effective Histories: Foucault's Methods and Historical Sociology (London, 1994).
12. See M. Foucault, The History of Sexuality: An Introduction [1976] (London, 1990). On the political significance of the genealogical approach, see M. Dean, Critical and Effective Histories: Foucault's Methods and Historical Sociology (London, 1994).
13. For example, in their otherwise impressive study of the making of modern, scientific medicine, Steve Sturdy and Roger Cooter reduce their particular historical actors to strategists mobilizing local institutional resources to advance their authority over the provision of health care. In their account, these actors' local strategies become historically significant only insofar as they are reflections of an immanent historical logic, the logic of historical materialism. See 'Science, Scientific Management, and the Transformation of Medicine in Britain, c. 1870-1950', History of Science, 36 (1998), 421-66. On the problems of this historiographical approach, see R. Young, White Mythologies: Writing History and the West (London, 1990).
14. For example, in their otherwise impressive study of the making of modern, scientific medicine, Steve Sturdy and Roger Cooter reduce their particular historical actors to strategists mobilizing local institutional resources to advance their authority over the provision of health care. In their account, these actors' local strategies become historically significant only insofar as they are reflections of an immanent historical logic, the logic of historical materialism. See 'Science, Scientific Management, and the Transformation of Medicine in Britain, c. 1870-1950', History of Science, 36 (1998), 421-66. On the problems of this historiographical approach, see R. Young, White Mythologies: Writing History and the West (London, 1990).
15. See M. Foucault, 'Nietzsche, Genealogy, History' and 'Theatrum Philosophicum', in D. F. Bouchard (ed.), Language, Counter-Memory, Practice: Selected Essays and Interviews by Michel Foucault (Ithaca, 1977), pp. 139-64 and 165-96.
16. See R. Doll and A. B. Hill, 'Smoking and Carcinoma of the Lung', British Medical Journal, 1950, Pt. 2, 739-48. The history of the events discussed in this section is also reported in C. Webster, 'Tobacco Smoking Addiction: A Challenge to the National Health Service', British Journal of Addiction, 79 (1984), 7-16; and, more briefly, in P. Palladino, On Writing Histor(ies) of Modem Medicine', Rethinking History', 3 (1999), 271-88.
17. See R. Doll and A. B. Hill, 'Smoking and Carcinoma of the Lung', British Medical Journal, 1950, Pt. 2, 739-48. The history of the events discussed in this section is also reported in C. Webster, 'Tobacco Smoking Addiction: A Challenge to the National Health Service', British Journal of Addiction, 79 (1984), 7-16; and, more briefly, in P. Palladino, On Writing Histor(ies) of Modem Medicine', Rethinking History', 3 (1999), 271-88.
18. See R. Doll and A. B. Hill, 'Smoking and Carcinoma of the Lung', British Medical Journal, 1950, Pt. 2, 739-48. The history of the events discussed in this section is also reported in C. Webster, 'Tobacco Smoking Addiction: A Challenge to the National Health Service', British Journal of Addiction, 79 (1984), 7-16; and, more briefly, in P. Palladino, On Writing Histor(ies) of Modem Medicine', Rethinking History', 3 (1999), 271-88.
19. Public Record Office (henceforth PRO), MH/133/453, Meeting of Standing Advisory Committee on Cancer, 18 January 1951; and MH/133/20, Central Health Services Council, Chairman's notes, 22 September 1951.
20. The role of the Socialist Medical Association in the formation of the National Health Service has been a matter of some historiographical disagreement. For a history of the Association, which also discusses Joules' role in the medical politics of the Association, see J. Stewart, The Battle for Health: A Political History of the Socialist Medical Association, 1930-51 (Aldershot, 1999).
21. PRO, MH/55/1011, Stross to Marquand, 28 June 1951.
22. PRO, MH/55/1011, Cancer of the lung investigation, note, 27 February 1952.
23. 'Scientists' visit to Russia', The Times, 15 August 1951; see also, H. Joules, I. Gilliland, and M. Barber, British Doctors in Russia (London, 1952).
24. 'Scientists' visit to Russia', The Times, 15 August 1951; see also, H. Joules, I. Gilliland, and M. Barber, British Doctors in Russia (London, 1952).
25. H. Joules, 'Cure of Tobacco-Smoking', Lancet, 1952, Pt. 2, 781.
26. H. Joules, 'Smoking and Cancer of the Lung', British Medical Journal, 1953, Pt. 1, 161-2.
27. H. Joules, 'Associations with Commerce', Lancet, 1959, Pt. 1, 585.
28. PRO, MH/55/1011, McLeod to Boyd-Carpenter, 29 January 1954.
29. D. W. Smithers, 'Diseases of the Lung', The Times, 16 August 1951; for biographical details on Smithers, see 'Sir David Smithers', The Times, 29 July 1995.
30. D. W. Smithers, 'Diseases of the Lung', The Times, 16 August 1951; for biographical details on Smithers, see 'Sir David Smithers', The Times, 29 July 1995.
31. PRO, MH/55/1011, McLeod to Boyd-Carpenter, 29 January 1954.
32. Archives of the Socialist Medical Association (University of Hull) (henceforth SMA), DSM 2/10, Clean Air, Minutes of meeting, 26 June 1954.
33. See D. A. Gray, The Central Middlesex Hospital (London, 1963).
34. SMA, DSM 2/10, Clean Air, Draft leaflet, 1955; see also Socialist Medical Association, Air Pollution and Health (London, n.d.).
35. PRO, MH/55/2220, Gregson, 7 May 1955.
36. SMA, DSM 2/10, Clean Air, Minutes of meeting, n.d. and 26 April 1956.
37. PRO, MH/55/2221, Jupp to Turton, 9 November 1956.
38. SMA, DSM 2/10, Clean Air, Minutes of meeting, 27 February 1958.
39. SMA, DSM 2/10, Clean Air, Minutes of meeting, 31 January and 19 September 1957.
40. SMA, DSM 1/13, File of minutes of Executive Committee, Minutes of meeting, 15 October 1958.
41. N. Macdonald, Your Chest could be Healthy: Smoking and Lung Diseases (London, n.d. [1959]).
42. Ibid., p. 2.
43. Archives of the British Medical Association, Record B/120/1/39/1958-9, Sc31A.
44. 'Call for Royal Commission on Chest Disease', The Times, 21 May 1959.
45. E. Hilliard to P. Palladino, 11 May 1996.
46. 'Discouragement of Smoking', The Times, 8 September 1956; see also 'Letter', The Times, 9 May 1956.
47. 'Discouragement of Smoking', The Times, 8 September 1956; see also 'Letter', The Times, 9 May 1956.
48. Ball, 'Horace Joules and the Central'.
49. H. Joules, 'Clearing the Air', in Socialist Medical Association, Danger: Dust at Work (London, n.d.), pp. 2-4, on p. 4.
50. H. Joules, 'Cure of Tobacco Smoking', Lancet, 1952, Pt. 2, 781.
51. On alcohol and nineteenth-century political reform, see B. Harrison, Drink and the Victorians: The Temperance Question in England, 1815-1872, 2nd edn (Keele, 1994).
52. Macdonald, Your Chest could be Healthy, pp. 11-12.
53. Ball, 'Horace Joules and the Central'.
54. Royal College of Physicians, Smoking and Health (London, 1962). See also V. Berridge, 'Science and Policy: The Case of Postwar British Smoking Policy', in Lock, Ashes to Ashes, pp. 143-62; Palladino, On Writing Histor(ies) of Modem Medicine'.
55. Royal College of Physicians, Smoking and Health (London, 1962). See also V. Berridge, 'Science and Policy: The Case of Postwar British Smoking Policy', in Lock, Ashes to Ashes, pp. 143-62; Palladino, On Writing Histor(ies) of Modem Medicine'.
56. Royal College of Physicians, Smoking and Health (London, 1962). See also V. Berridge, 'Science and Policy: The Case of Postwar British Smoking Policy', in Lock, Ashes to Ashes, pp. 143-62; Palladino, On Writing Histor(ies) of Modem Medicine'.
57. Hansard (HL) (PP, 1961-62, XVII), col. 646-7.
58. H. Joules, Stop that Cough! (London, n.d.), p. 6.
59. This section is based largely on information from Joules' son, David; D. Joules to P. Palladino, 13 September and 23 September 1996.
60. On Primitive Methodism and political radicalism, see E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class [1963] (London, 1980); and P. d'A. Jones, The Christian Revival, 1877-1914: Religion, Class, and Social Conscience in Late-Victorian Britain (Princeton, 1968).
61. On Primitive Methodism and political radicalism, see E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class [1963] (London, 1980); and P. d'A. Jones, The Christian Revival, 1877-1914: Religion, Class, and Social Conscience in Late-Victorian Britain (Princeton, 1968).
62. On socialism and temperance, see Harrison, Drink and the Victorians; and for an example within the socialist movement of the conjunction of temperance and anti-tobacconism, see F. Brockaway, Bermondsey Story: The Life of Alfred Salter (London, 1949). Strikingly, David Joules remembers that his father warned against the dangers of smoking in a radio broadcast almost three years before Doll and Hill first reported their findings. I have tried to verify this potentially important recollection, but, unfortunately, I have been unable to find any records of this broadcast in the archival records of the British Broadcasting Corporation. Perhaps this broadcast was part of Lord Hill's famous broadcasts on medical issues; see M. Hilton, Smoking in British Popular Culture 1800-2000 (Manchester, 2000).
63. On socialism and temperance, see Harrison, Drink and the Victorians; and for an example within the socialist movement of the conjunction of temperance and anti-tobacconism, see F. Brockaway, Bermondsey Story: The Life of Alfred Salter (London, 1949). Strikingly, David Joules remembers that his father warned against the dangers of smoking in a radio broadcast almost three years before Doll and Hill first reported their findings. I have tried to verify this potentially important recollection, but, unfortunately, I have been unable to find any records of this broadcast in the archival records of the British Broadcasting Corporation. Perhaps this broadcast was part of Lord Hill's famous broadcasts on medical issues; see M. Hilton, Smoking in British Popular Culture 1800-2000 (Manchester, 2000).
64. On socialism and temperance, see Harrison, Drink and the Victorians; and for an example within the socialist movement of the conjunction of temperance and anti-tobacconism, see F. Brockaway, Bermondsey Story: The Life of Alfred Salter (London, 1949). Strikingly, David Joules remembers that his father warned against the dangers of smoking in a radio broadcast almost three years before Doll and Hill first reported their findings. I have tried to verify this potentially important recollection, but, unfortunately, I have been unable to find any records of this broadcast in the archival records of the British Broadcasting Corporation. Perhaps this broadcast was part of Lord Hill's famous broadcasts on medical issues; see M. Hilton, Smoking in British Popular Culture 1800-2000 (Manchester, 2000).
65. Ball, 'Dr Horace Joules'. On Young, see 'Young, Sir Robert Arthur, 1871-1959', in R. R. Trail (ed.), Lives of the Fellows of the Royal of Physicians (London, 1968), pp. 467-8; and on the Brompton Hospital, see P. J. Bishop, 'The History of the Brompton Hospital', Transactions and Studies of the College of Physicians, Philadelphia, 3 (1979), 171-82.
66. Ball, 'Dr Horace Joules'. On Young, see 'Young, Sir Robert Arthur, 1871-1959', in R. R. Trail (ed.), Lives of the Fellows of the Royal of Physicians (London, 1968), pp. 467-8; and on the Brompton Hospital, see P. J. Bishop, 'The History of the Brompton Hospital', Transactions and Studies of the College of Physicians, Philadelphia, 3 (1979), 171-82.
67. Ball, 'Dr Horace Joules'. On Young, see 'Young, Sir Robert Arthur, 1871-1959', in R. R. Trail (ed.), Lives of the Fellows of the Royal of Physicians (London, 1968), pp. 467-8; and on the Brompton Hospital, see P. J. Bishop, 'The History of the Brompton Hospital', Transactions and Studies of the College of Physicians, Philadelphia, 3 (1979), 171-82.
68. 50 John Pickstone and Roger Cooter have argued that small urban hospitals in the midst of poor neighbourhoods, such as the Ancoats Hospital, were sometimes very attractive to aspiring consultants developing new medical specializations. This may be quite important for an understanding of Joules' later career; see J. Pickstone, Medicine and Industrial Society: A History of Hospital Development in Manchester and its Region, 1152-1946 (Manchester, 1985); and R. Cooter and J. Pickstone, 'From Dispensary to Hospital: Medicine, Community and Workplace in Ancoats, 1828-1948', Manchester Region History Review, 7 (1993), 73-4.
69. 50 John Pickstone and Roger Cooter have argued that small urban hospitals in the midst of poor neighbourhoods, such as the Ancoats Hospital, were sometimes very attractive to aspiring consultants developing new medical specializations. This may be quite important for an understanding of Joules' later career; see J. Pickstone, Medicine and Industrial Society: A History of Hospital Development in Manchester and its Region, 1152-1946 (Manchester, 1985); and R. Cooter and J. Pickstone, 'From Dispensary to Hospital: Medicine, Community and Workplace in Ancoats, 1828-1948', Manchester Region History Review, 7 (1993), 73-4.
70. G. Evans, 'A Medical Service for the Nation', Lancet, 1930, Pt. 2, 872-3.
71. H. Joules, 'A Medical Service for the Nation', Lancet, 1930, Pt. 2, 935.
72. H. Joules, 'Primary Pneumonia: A Two Year Survey of Cases Treated Non-Specifically', British Medical Jounal, 1933, Pt. I, 455-7, on p. 455.
73. H. Joules, 'Tuberculosis in Glasgow', Lancet, 1953, Pt. II, 1152.
74. Greater London Record Office (henceforth GRO), A/KE/735/10/1, King Edward's Hospital Fund, Visitors, Central Middlesex Group Hospital Management Committee, Report, September 1951.
75. S. Hastings and H. Joules, 'The Labour Party and a National Health Service', Lancet, 1945, Pt. 2, 479.
76. 'An indefensible doctrine', The Times, 4 December 1945.
77. 'Willesden Nurses', The Times, 6 December 1946.
78. C. M. Fletcher, 'The Prevention of Chronic Bronchitis', British Journal of Diseases of the Chest, 73 (1979), 48-50, on p. 49. On Fletcher's role in the campaign, see his 'The Story of the Reports on Smoking and Health by the Royal College of Physicians' in Lock, Ashes to Ashes, pp. 202-5.
79. C. M. Fletcher, 'The Prevention of Chronic Bronchitis', British Journal of Diseases of the Chest, 73 (1979), 48-50, on p. 49. On Fletcher's role in the campaign, see his 'The Story of the Reports on Smoking and Health by the Royal College of Physicians' in Lock, Ashes to Ashes, pp. 202-5.
80. Significantly, Christopher Freeman, a former member of the Communist Party who travelled with Joules to the Soviet Union in 1952, has described Joules as an 'ethical' and 'humane' person, not particularly interested in matters of political theory; Freeman, personal communication, 15 May 1996.
81. On Clare, see R. Williams, The Country and the City [1973] (London, 1985).
82. Joules, 'Prevention of dust disease'.
83. Ball, 'Horace Joules and the Central'.
84. 'Call for Royal Commission on chest disease', The Times, 21 April 1959.
85. Joules, 'Health from the Health Service', p. 1172.
86. On cigarettes and the culture of consumption, see Hilton, Smoking in British Popular Culture.
87. 'Preventive Medicine under the National Health Service Act', British Medical Journal, 1948, Pt. 2, 97.
88. H. Joules, 'Potentialities of Municipal Medicine', Lancet, 1942, Pt. 2, 396-7; on Ryle, see D. Porter, 'Changing Disciplines: John Ryle and the Making of Social Medicine in Britain in the 1940s', History of Science, 30 (1992), 137-64.
89. H. Joules, 'Potentialities of Municipal Medicine', Lancet, 1942, Pt. 2, 396-7; on Ryle, see D. Porter, 'Changing Disciplines: John Ryle and the Making of Social Medicine in Britain in the 1940s', History of Science, 30 (1992), 137-64.
90. M.J. S. Langman, 'Sir Francis Avery Jones', Guardian, 18 May 1998.
91. Sir Francis Avery-Jones, personal communication, 20 June 1996; and Keith Ball, personal communication, 3 May 1996.
92. See D. Armstrong, Political Anatomy of the Body: Medical Knowledge in Britain in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, 1983).
93. 'Horace Joules', British Medical Journal, 1977, Pt. 1, 449; and Papers in K. P. Ball's possession, M. Orbach, 'Dr. Horace Joules - A profile', n.d.
94. 'Horace Joules', British Medical Journal, 1977, Pt. 1, 449; and Papers in K. P. Ball's possession, M. Orbach, 'Dr. Horace Joules - A profile', n.d.
95. Gray, Central Middlesex Hospital.
96. See PRO, MH/55/2233, Cancer, General, Smoking and Lung Cancer, Anti-smoking clinics, 10 March 1963.
97. See D. Porter and R. Porter, 'What was Social Medicine? An Historiographical Essay', Journal of Historical Sociology, 1 (1988), 90-106.
98. H. Joules, 'Chronic Bronchitis', British Medical Journal, 1953, Pt. 2, 440-1, on p. 441.
99. H. Joules, 'A Preventive Approach to Common Diseases of the Lung', British Medical Journal, 1954, Pt. 2, 1259-63, on p. 1259.
100. On Titmuss, see A. Oakley, 'Eugenics, Social Medicine and the Career of Richard Titmuss, 1935-50', British Journal of Sociology, 42 (1991), 165-94.
101. J. F. Brailsford, 'Tuberculosis in Glasgow', Lancet, 1953, Pt. 1, 951.
102. See C. A. Birch et al., 'Meeting of Whole-Time Specialists', British Medical Journal, 1944, Pt. 2, 479.
103. GRO, HA/NW/A3/1, North West Regional Hospital Board Committee, 1947-49, Minutes of Establishment Committee, first meeting, 5 December 1947.
104. PRO, MH/133/449, Cancer Standing Advisory Committee, Watkins to Ministry of Health, 15 June 1954.
105. Porter, 'Changing Disciplines'.
106. See http://www.official-documents/document/cm 43, Department of Health, Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation.
107. See http://www.oficial-documents.co.uk/document/cm41, Department of Health, Smoking Kills: A White Paper on Tobacco, p. 3.
108. Ibid., p. 1.
109. Ibid., p. 9.
110. See 'Focus: Tessa Jowell', New Statesman, 27 November 2000; and http://www.parliament.thestationery-offie.co.uk, House of Commons, European Standing Committee, Session 1997-98, Tobacco Advertising, 2 December 1997.
111. See 'Focus: Tessa Jowell', New Statesman, 27 November 2000; and http://www.parliament.thestationery-offie.co.uk, House of Commons, European Standing Committee, Session 1997-98, Tobacco Advertising, 2 December 1997.
112. Department of Health, Smoking Kills, p. 8.
113. See http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk, House of Commons, Standing Committee B, Session 1998-99, Finance Bill, 28 April 1998, p. 31.
114. Department of Health, Smoking Kills, p. 14.
115. Ibid., p. 8.
116. For discussions of the relationship between smoking, low birth weight and cot death, see P. Hodgson, 'Making pregnancy and birth weight' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Lancaster University, 2000) and K. Stengel, 'Doing the Best for the Baby? Processes of SIDS prevention' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Lancaster University, 2001).
117. For discussions of the relationship between smoking, low birth weight and cot death, see P. Hodgson, 'Making pregnancy and birth weight' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Lancaster University, 2000) and K. Stengel, 'Doing the Best for the Baby? Processes of SIDS prevention' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Lancaster University, 2001).
118. Department of Health, Smoking Kills, p. 49.
119. Ibid., p. 44.
120. Ibid., p. 26.
121. See 'Tessa Jowell'; and papers in H. Graham's possession, Department of Health, Anti-Smoking Summit 'Dying for a fag', 14 July 1997.
122. On the importance of corporate practices in the reorganization of British society advanced by New Labour, see D. Byrne, '"Thank You for Calling": The New Ideology of Work in the Service Economy', Soundings, 14 (2000), 151-60.
123. Department of Health, Smoking Kills, p. 26; cf. http://www.dti.gov.uk/consumer/whitepaper/ Department of Transport and Industry, Modem Markets: Confident Consumers.
124. Department of Health, Smoking Kills, p. 26; cf. http://www.dti.gov.uk/consumer/whitepaper/ Department of Transport and Industry, Modem Markets: Confident Consumers.
125. On the historical recurrence of the concerns underlying this new conception of citizenship and their contradictions, see E. Glenn, 'Citizenship and Inequality: Historical and Global Perspectives', Social Problem, 47 (2000), 1-20; see also J. Macnicol, 'From "Problem Family" to "Underclass", 1945-95', in R. Lowe and H. Fawcett (eds.), Welfare Policy in Britain: The Road from 1945 (London, 1999), pp. 69-93.
126. On the historical recurrence of the concerns underlying this new conception of citizenship and their contradictions, see E. Glenn, 'Citizenship and Inequality: Historical and Global Perspectives', Social Problem, 47 (2000), 1-20; see also J. Macnicol, 'From "Problem Family" to "Underclass", 1945-95', in R. Lowe and H. Fawcett (eds.), Welfare Policy in Britain: The Road from 1945 (London, 1999), pp. 69-93.
127. Department of Health, Smoking Kills, p. 8.
128. Ibid., p. 1.
129. http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/Lot/1372/ trainsp.html House of Commons, Tobacco Advertising, p. 35.
130. For a discussion of the historiographical implications of the connections between the historian's present and the past, see P. Palladino, 'Icarus' Flight: On the Dialogue Between the Historian and the Historical Actor', Rethinking History, 4 (2000), 21-36.
131. For a particularly apposite discussion of the importance of Christianity in the formation of the British socialist movement, see S. Yeo, 'A New Life: The Religion of Socialism in Britain, 1883-1896', History Workshop Journal, 1977, Pt. 4, 1-56. For a useful discussion of this and later developments, see instead A. Wilkinson, Christian Socialism: Scott Holland to Tony Blair (London, 1998).
132. For a particularly apposite discussion of the importance of Christianity in the formation of the British socialist movement, see S. Yeo, 'A New Life: The Religion of Socialism in Britain, 1883-1896', History Workshop Journal, 1977, Pt. 4, 1-56. For a useful discussion of this and later developments, see instead A. Wilkinson, Christian Socialism: Scott Holland to Tony Blair (London, 1998).
133. For a seminal discussion of the transformation of sinfulness into addictions, see H. G. Levine, 'The Discovery of Addiction: Changing Conceptions of Habitual Drunkenness in America', Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 39 (1978), 143-74. See also M. Valverde, Diseases of the Will: Alcohol and the Dilemmas of Freedom (Cambridge, 1998).
134. For a seminal discussion of the transformation of sinfulness into addictions, see H. G. Levine, 'The Discovery of Addiction: Changing Conceptions of Habitual Drunkenness in America', Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 39 (1978), 143-74. See also M. Valverde, Diseases of the Will: Alcohol and the Dilemmas of Freedom (Cambridge, 1998).
135. For another episode in the history of British socialism and technocracy, see D. E. H. Edgerton, 'The "White Heat" Revisited: The British Government and Technology in the 1960s', Twentieth Century British History, 7 (1996), 53-82.
136. See Harrison, Drink and the Victorians; and W. Morris, 'News from Nowhere', in C. Wilmer (ed.), News from Nowhere and Other Writings (London, 1993).
137. See Harrison, Drink and the Victorians; and W. Morris, 'News from Nowhere', in C. Wilmer (ed.), News from Nowhere and Other Writings (London, 1993).
138. For a discussion of the emotively, if not morally, charged language of New Labour, see M. Mayo, 'New Language, New Labour: Exploring the Politics of Emotions', Soundings, 11 (1999), 144-51.
139. For two relevant discussions of this transformation, see M. Freeden, The Ideology of New Labour', Political Quarterly, 70 (1999), 42-51 and M. Rustin, Third Way with Teeth', Soundings, 11 (1999), 7-21. For another historical analysis that draws out the parallels between these transformations and the early history of the Labour Party, see M. Studholme, 'From Leonard Hobhouse to Tony Blair', Sociology, 31 (1997), 531-48.
140. For two relevant discussions of this transformation, see M. Freeden, The Ideology of New Labour', Political Quarterly, 70 (1999), 42-51 and M. Rustin, Third Way with Teeth', Soundings, 11 (1999), 7-21. For another historical analysis that draws out the parallels between these transformations and the early history of the Labour Party, see M. Studholme, 'From Leonard Hobhouse to Tony Blair', Sociology, 31 (1997), 531-48.
141. For two relevant discussions of this transformation, see M. Freeden, The Ideology of New Labour', Political Quarterly, 70 (1999), 42-51 and M. Rustin, Third Way with Teeth', Soundings, 11 (1999), 7-21. For another historical analysis that draws out the parallels between these transformations and the early history of the Labour Party, see M. Studholme, 'From Leonard Hobhouse to Tony Blair', Sociology, 31 (1997), 531-48.
142. 'The Prime Minister Regards the Lobby Boys as Little Monsters'.
143. See F. Botting, 'The Art of Smoking in an Age of Techno-Moral Consumption', New Formations, 38 (1999), 78-97.
144. House of Commons, Tobacco Advertising, p. 2; and Department of Health, Smoking Kills, p. 36.
145. House of Commons, Tobacco Advertising, p. 2; and Department of Health, Smoking Kills, p. 36.
146. On the notion of machines and misfiring, see G. Deleuze and F. Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia [1980] (London, 1988).