Vergence dynamics predict fixation disparity

Neural Computation

Volumn 13, Issue 7, 2001, Pages 1495-1525

  Patel, Saumil S ^a   Jiang, Bai Chuan ^b   Ogmen, Haluk ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON   (United States)

^b NOVA SOUTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACCOMMODATION; ARTICLE; BINOCULAR VISION; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; EYE FIXATION; EYE MOVEMENT; HUMAN; NERVE CELL NETWORK; PHYSIOLOGY;

ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR; EYE MOVEMENTS; FIXATION, OCULAR; HUMANS; MODELS, NEUROLOGICAL; NERVE NET; VISION, BINOCULAR;

EID: 0035407267     PISSN: 08997667     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/089976601750264983     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Barlow, H. B., Blakemore, C., & Pettigrew, J. D. (1967). The neural mechanism of binocular depth discrimination. Journal of Physiology, 193, 327-342.
2. Bevington, P. R. (1969), Data reduction and error analysis for the physical sciences, New York: McGraw-Hill.
3. Campbell, F. W. (1954). The minimum quantity of light required to elicit the accommodation reflex in man. Journal of Physiology, 123, 357-366.
4. Carter, D. B. (1980). Parameters of fixation disparity. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics, 57, 610-617.
5. Charman, W. N. (1991). Optics of the human eye. In W. N. Charman (Ed.), Visual optics and instrumentation, Vol. 1. Vision and visual dysfunction. New York: Macmillan.
6. Crane, H. D., & Steele, C. M. (1978). Accurate three-dimensional eyetracker. Applied Optics, 17, 691-705.
7. Cumming, B. G., & Parker A. J. (1997). Responses of primary visual cortical neurons to binocular disparity without depth perception. Nature, 389, 280-283.
8. Enright, J. T. (1986). Facilitation of vergence changes by saccades: Influences of misfocused images and of disparity stimuli in man. Journal of Physiology, 371, 69-87.
9. Erkelens, C. J., Steinman, R. M., & Collewijn H. (1989). Ocular vergence under natural conditions I. Continuous changes of target distance along the median plane. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London, 236, 417-440.
10. Gamlin, P. D., Gnadt, J. W., & Mays, L. E. (1989). Abducen internuclear neurons carry an inappropriate signal for ocular convergence. Journal of Neurophysiology, 62, 70-81.
11. Gamlin, P. D., & Mays, L. E. (1992). Dynamic properties of medial rectus motoneurons during vergence eye movements. Journal of Neurophysiology, 67, 64-74.
12. Gonzalez, F., Relova, J. L., Perez, R., Acuna, C., & Alonso, J. M. (1993). Cell responses to vertical and horizontal retinal disparities in the monkey visual cortex. Neuroscience Letter, 160, 167-170.
13. Grossberg, S. (1988). Nonlinear neural networks: Principles, mechanisms, and architectures. Neural Networks, 1, 17-61.
14. Hessler, J., Pickwell, D., & Gilchrist, J. (1989). The accommodative contribution to binocular vergence eye movements. Ophthalmic Physiological Optics, 9, 379-384.
15. Hung, G. K., & Semmlow, J. L. (1980). Static behavior of accommodation and vergence: Computer simulation of an interactive dual-feedback system. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 27, 439-447.
16. Hung, G. K, Zhu, H. M., & Ciuffreda, K. J. (1997). Convergence and divergence exhibit different response characteristics to symmetric stimuli. Vision Research, 37, 1197-1205.
17. Johnson, C. A. (1976). Effects of luminance and stimulus distance on accommodation and visual resolution. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 66, 138-142.
18. Keller, E. L. (1981), In models of oculomotor behavior and control. Florida: CRC Press.
19. Krishnan, V. V. & Stark, L. (1977). A heuristic model for human vergence eye movement system. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 24, 44-49.
20. Krishnan, V. V., & Stark, L. (1983). Vergence eye movements: Basic and clinical aspects. Boston: Butterworths.
21. Kruza, W. J. (1993). Fixation disparity at different viewing distances of a visual display unit. Ophthalmic Physiological Optics, 13, 27-34.
22. Kruza, W. J. (1994). Dark vergence in relation to fixation disparity at different luminance and blur levels. Vision Research, 34, 1197-1204.
23. Mallot, H. A., Roll, A., & Arndt P. A. (1996). Disparity-evoked vergence is driven by interocular correlation. Vision Research, 36, 2925-2837.
24. Masson, G. S., Busettini, C., & Miles F. A. (1997). Vergence eye movements in response to binocular disparity without depth perception. Nature, 389, 283-286.
25. Mays, L. E. (1984). Neural control of eye movements: Convergence and divergence neurons in midbrain. Journal of Neurophysiology, 51, 1091-1108.
26. Mays, L. E., Porter, J. D., Gamlin, P. D. R., & Tello, C. A. (1986). Neural control of vergence eye movements: Neurons encoding vergence velocity. Journal of Neurophysiology, 56, 1007-1021.
27. North, R. V., Henson, D. B., & Smith, T. J. (1993). Influence of proximal, accommodative and disparity stimuli upon the vergence system. Ophthalmic Physiological Optics, 13, 239-243.
28. Ogle, K. N., Martens, T. G., & Dyer, J. A. (1967). Oculomotor imbalance in binocular vision and fixation disparity. Philadelphia: Lea Febiger.
29. Palmer, E. A., & von Noorden, G. K. (1978). The relationship between fixation disparity and heterophoria. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 86, 172-176.
30. Patel, S. S., Ogmen, H., & Jiang, B. (1996). Steady-state vergence errors modeled by asymmetry in convergence and divergence sub-systems. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 37, S164.
31. Patel, S. S., Ogmen, H., White, J. M., & Jiang, B. (1997). Neural network model of short term disparity vergence dynamics. Vision Research, 37, 1383-1400.
32. Pobuda, M., & Erkelens, C. J. (1993). The relationship between absolute disparity and ocular vergence. Biological Cybernetics, 68, 221-228.
33. Poggio, G. F., Gonzalez F., & Krause, F. (1988). The relationship between absolute disparity and ocular vergence. Journal of Neuroscience, 8, 4531-4550.
34. Rashbass, C., & Westheimer G. (1961). Disjunctive eye movements. Journal of Physiology, 159, 339-360.
35. Robinson, D. A. (1981). The use of control system analysis in neurophysiology of eye movements. Annual Reviews of Neuroscience, 4, 463-503.
36. Roy J. P, Komatsu H., & Wurtz R. H. (1992). Disparity sensitivity of neurons in monkey extrastriate area MST. Journal of Neuroscience, 12, 2478-2492.
37. Saladin, J. J. (1986). Convergence insufficiency, fixation disparity, and control system analysis. American Journal of Optometry & Physiological Optics, 63, 645-653.
38. Schor, C. M. (1979a). The influence of rapid prism adaptation upon fixation disparity. Vision Research, 19, 757-765.
39. Schor, C. M. (1979b). The relationship between fusional vergence eye movements and fixation disparity. Vision Research, 19, 1359-1367.
40. Schor, C. M. (1980). Fixation of disparity: A steady state error of disparity-induced vergence. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics, 57, 618-631.
41. Schor, C. M. (1983). Fixation disparity and vergence adaptation. In C. M. Schor, & K. J. Ciuffreda (Eds.), Vergence eye movements: Basic and clinical aspects (pp. 465-516). Boston, Butterworth-Heinemann.
42. Schor, C. M. (1992). A dynamic model of cross-coupling between accommodation and convergence: Simulations of step and frequency responses. Optometry and Vision Science, 69, 258-269.
43. Schor, C. M., Robertson, K. M., & Wesson, M. (1986). Disparity vergence dynamics and fixation disparity. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics, 63, 611-618.
44. Semmlow, J. L., & Hung, G. K. (1979). Accommodative and fusional components of fixation disparity. Investigative Ophthalmology Visual Science, 18, 1082-1086.
45. Semmlow, J. L., Hung, G. K., Horng, J. L., & Ciuffreda, K. J. (1994). Disparity vergence eye movements exhibit preprogrammed motor control. Vision Research, 34, 1335-1343.
46. Sethi, B. (1986). Vergence adaptation: A review. Documenta Ophthalmologica, 63, 247-263.
47. Stevenson, S. B., Cormack, L. K., & Schor, C. M. (1994). The effect of stimulus contrast and interocular correlation on disparity vergence. Vision Research, 34, 383-396
48. Wagner, H., & Frost, B. (1993) Disparity sensitive cells in the owl have a characteristic disparity. Nature, 364, 796-798.
49. Wick, B., & Bedell, H. E (1992). Rapid-and slow-velocity vergence eye movements. Ophthalmic Physiological Optics, 12, 420-424.
50. Wick, B., & Joubert, C. (1988). Lens-induced fixation disparity curves. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics, 65, 606-612.
51. Yang, D. S., Fitzgibbon, E. J., & Miles F. A. (1998). Short-latency vergence eye movements induced by radial optic flow in humans: Dependence on the preexisting vergence state. Society for Neuroscience Abstract, 24, 1889.
52. Zee, D. S., Fitzgibbon, E. J., & Optican, L. M. (1992). Saccade-vergence interactions in humans. Journal of Neurophysiology, 68, 1624-1641.
53. Zuber, B. L., & Stark, L. (1968). Dynamical characteristics of the fusional vergence eye-movement system. IEEE Transactions on Systems Science and Cybernetics, 4, 72-79.