New world materia medica in spanish renaissance medicine: From scholarly reception to practical impact

Medical History

Volumn 45, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 359-376

  Huguet Termes, Teresa ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MATERIA MEDICA;

ARTICLE; HISTORY; HUMAN; PHYTOTHERAPY; SPAIN; UNITED STATES;

HISTORY, 15TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 16TH CENTURY; HUMANS; MATERIA MEDICA; PHYTOTHERAPY; SPAIN; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0035407229     PISSN: 00257273     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0025727300068046     Document Type: Article

References (174)

1. Cristóbal Colón, Textos y documentos completos. Relaciones de viajes, cartas y memoriales, éd. Consuelo Varela, Madrid, Alianza Editorial, 1984, p. 146. For a survey of Latin editions as well as Italian and German translations, see José Maria Lopez Piñero et al., Los impresos científicos españoles de los siglos XV y XVI. Inventorio, 4 vols, Valencia, Cátedra de Historia de la Medicina, 1981-1986.
2. Cristóbal Colón, Textos y documentos completos. Relaciones de viajes, cartas y memoriales, éd. Consuelo Varela, Madrid, Alianza Editorial, 1984, p. 146. For a survey of Latin editions as well as Italian and German translations, see José Maria Lopez Piñero et al., Los impresos científicos españoles de los siglos XV y XVI. Inventorio, 4 vols, Valencia, Cátedra de Historia de la Medicina, 1981-1986.
3. Pedro Mártir de Angleria, Occeani decadis liber primus ... , Seville, Juan Cromberger, 1511. For a Spanish translation with an useful introduction, see R Alba, 'Introductión. Pedro Mártir de Anglería: su vida y su obra', in Pedro Mártir de Anglería, Décodas del Nuevo Mundo, Madrid, Polifemo, 1989, pp. V-XLIII.
4. Pedro Mártir de Angleria, Occeani decadis liber primus ... , Seville, Juan Cromberger, 1511. For a Spanish translation with an useful introduction, see R Alba, 'Introductión. Pedro Mártir de Anglería: su vida y su obra', in Pedro Mártir de Anglería, Décodas del Nuevo Mundo, Madrid, Polifemo, 1989, pp. V-XLIII.
5. Francisco Guerra, 'Drugs from the Indies and the political economy of the sixteenth century', in M Florkin (ed.), Materia medica in the XVIth century: proceedings of a symposium of the International Academy of the History of Medicine held at University of Basel, 7th September 1964, Oxford and New York, Symposium Publications Division, Pergamon Press, 1966, pp. 29-54.
6. For useful surveys of the situation of Spanish medicine in the sixteenth century, see José Maria Lopez Piñero, Ciencia y técnica en la sociedad española de los siglos XVI y XVII, Barcelona, Labor Universitaria, 1979,
7. and Luis Sánchez Granjel, La medicina española renacentista, Universidad de Salamanca, 1980.
8. For an interesting resumé in English, see José María López Piñero, 'The medical profession in 16th century Spain', in A W Russell (ed.), The town and the state physician in Europe from the Middle Ages to the Enlightenment, Wolfenbüttel, Herzog August Bibliothek, 1981, pp. 85-98.
9. Guenter Risse, 'Medicine in New Spain', in R L Numbers (ed.), Medicine in the New World: New Spain, New France and New England, Knoxville, University of Tennessee Press, 1987, pp. 12-24.
10. Regarding Morisco practitioners especially, see Luis Garcia Ballester, 'Academicism versus empiricism in practical medicine in sixteenth-century Spain with regard to Morisco practitioners', in A Wear, R K French and I M Lonie (eds), The medical renaissance of the sixteenth century, Cambridge University Press, 1985, pp. 246-342, and Luis García Ballester, Los moriscos y la inedicina. Un capitula de la medicina y la ciencia marginadas en la España del siglo XVI, Barcelona, Labor Universitaria, 1989.
11. Regarding Morisco practitioners especially, see Luis Garcia Ballester, 'Academicism versus empiricism in practical medicine in sixteenth-century Spain with regard to Morisco practitioners', in A Wear, R K French and I M Lonie (eds), The medical renaissance of the sixteenth century, Cambridge University Press, 1985, pp. 246-342, and Luis García Ballester, Los moriscos y la inedicina. Un capitula de la medicina y la ciencia marginadas en la España del siglo XVI, Barcelona, Labor Universitaria, 1989.
12. See J T Lanning, The Royal Protomedicato, the regulation of the medical professions in the Spanish empire, ed. J J TePaske, Durham, Duke University Press, 1985; and the most recent studies contained in Dynamis, 1996, 16.
13. See J T Lanning, The Royal Protomedicato, the regulation of the medical professions in the Spanish empire, ed. J J TePaske, Durham, Duke University Press, 1985; and the most recent studies contained in Dynamis, 1996, 16.
14. For an excellent survey, see José María Lopez Piñero, 'Tradición y renovación en la medicina española del Renacimiento', in José María López Piñero (ed.), Viejo y nuevo continente: la medicina en el encuentro de dos mundos, Madrid, Laboratorios Beecham, 1992, pp. 35-90.
15. Joseph Ewan, 'The Columbian discoveries and the growth of botanical ideas with special reference to the sixteenth century', in F Chiappelli (ed.), First images of America: the impact of the New World on the Old, 2 vols, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1976, vol. 2, pp. 807-12, p. 810.
16. Jonathan D Sauer, 'Changing perception and exploitation of the New World plants in Europe, 1492-1800', in Chiappelli (ed.), op. cit., note 9 above, pp. 813-32, p. 816.
17. Charles H Talbot, 'America and the European drug trade', in Chiappelli (ed.), op. cit., note 9 above, p. 833-44, p. 841.
18. Guenter B Risse, 'Transcending cultural barriers: the European reception of medicinal plants from the Americas', in W-H Hein (ed.), Botanical drugs of the Americas in the Old and New Worlds, Stuttgart, Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, 1984, pp. 31-42, on p. 39; Anthony Grafton et al. 'Drugs and diseases: New World biology and Old World learning', in idem, New worlds, ancient texts: the power of tradition and the shock of novelty, Cambridge, MA, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1992, pp. 161-93.
19. Guenter B Risse, 'Transcending cultural barriers: the European reception of medicinal plants from the Americas', in W-H Hein (ed.), Botanical drugs of the Americas in the Old and New Worlds, Stuttgart, Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, 1984, pp. 31-42, on p. 39; Anthony Grafton et al. 'Drugs and diseases: New World biology and Old World learning', in idem, New worlds, ancient texts: the power of tradition and the shock of novelty, Cambridge, MA, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1992, pp. 161-93.
20. J Worth Estes, 'The European reception of the first drugs from the New World', Pharmacy in History, 1995, 37 (I): 3-23, p. 19.
21. Fortunately, most of these topics have been discussed in excellent publications, which resulted from a project carried out at the University of Valencia in the last ten years. Its main concern was to study Renaissance works on plants, mainly relating to America, from the point of view of their relation to materia medica used in scientific work in sixteenth-century Spain. I will refer to these publications during the paper.
22. A survey may be found in José Pardo Tomás, María Luz López Terrada, Las primeras noticias sobre plantas americanas en las relaciones de viajes y crónicas de Indias (1493-1553), Universitat de Valencia, CSIC, 1993, pp. 71-4.
23. Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo, De la natural hystoria de las Indias, Toledo, Ramón de Petras, 1526, and idem, La historia general de las Yndias, Seville, Juan Cromberger, 1535. For this paper I have used the 1851-1855 edition of his works: Historia general y natural de las Indias, Islas y Tierra firme del mar Oceano, 4 vols, Madrid, Real Academia de la Historia.
24. Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo, De la natural hystoria de las Indias, Toledo, Ramón de Petras, 1526, and idem, La historia general de las Yndias, Seville, Juan Cromberger, 1535. For this paper I have used the 1851-1855 edition of his works: Historia general y natural de las Indias, Islas y Tierra firme del mar Oceano, 4 vols, Madrid, Real Academia de la Historia.
25. Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo, De la natural hystoria de las Indias, Toledo, Ramón de Petras, 1526, and idem, La historia general de las Yndias, Seville, Juan Cromberger, 1535. For this paper I have used the 1851-1855 edition of his works: Historia general y natural de las Indias, Islas y Tierra firme del mar Oceano, 4 vols, Madrid, Real Academia de la Historia.
26. Guaiacum officinale L. or Guaiacum sanctum L. See José Pardo Tomás and María Luz López Terrada, 'Repertorio de las plantas citadas en las fuentes analizadas. Identificación y sinonimia', in Pardo Tomás, López Terrada, op. cit., note 15 above, pp. 255-324, p. 290.
27. Fernández de Oviedo, op. cit., note 16 above, vol. 1, p. 364.
28. Nicotiana tabacum L. or Nicotiana rustica L. See Pardo Tomás, López Terrada, op. cit., note 17 above, p. 317.
29. José María López Piñero, 'Nicolás Monardes: el estudio de la materia médica americana desde Sevilla', in José María López Piñero (ed.), Medicinas, drogas y alimentos vegetales del nuevo mundo: textos e imágenes españolas que las introdujeron en Europa, Madrid, Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, 1992, pp. 111-97, p. 121.
30. Jatropha multifida L. or Curcas muliifudus Endl. See López Piñero, 'Nicolás Monardes', op. cit., note 20 above, p. 132.
31. Fernández de Oviedo, op. cit., note 16 above, vol. 1, p. 369.
32. Cassia grandis L. See Pardo Tomás, López Terrada, op. cit., note 17 above, p. 272. Fernández de Oviedo, op. cit., note 16 above, vol. 1, p. 553.
33. Cassia grandis L. See Pardo Tomás, López Terrada, op. cit., note 17 above, p. 272. Fernández de Oviedo, op. cit., note 16 above, vol. 1, p. 553.
34. Different varieties of goaconax (Croton sp.) and Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms. See Pardo Tomás, López Terrada, op. cit., note 17 above, p. 266.
35. Fernández de Oviedo, op. cit., note 16 above, vol. 1, p. 367.
36. Convolvulus mechoacan Vandelli or Convolvulus orizabensis Pellet, López Piñero, 'Nicolás Monardes', op. cit., note 20 above, p. 135.
37. Nicolás Monardes, Dos libros, el uno que trata de todas las cosas que traen de nuestras Indias occidentales, que sirven al uso de la medicina y como se ha de usar la ray: de Mechoacan, purga excelentisima. El otro libro, trata de las medicinas maravillosas que son contra todo veneno, la piedra Bezoar, y a yerva Escuerconera, Seville, Sebastian Trujillo, 1565, fol. 53v.
38. Smilax inedica Schecht et Cham. from Mexico and Honduras or Smilax officinalis Humb. and Smilax syphilitica from Quito and Guayaquil about which Monardes wrote in the second part of his work. See Pardo Tomás, Ĺopez Terrada, op. cit., note 17 above, p. 324.
39. Monardes, op. cit., note 27 above, fol. 33v.
40. Liquidambaris styraciflua L. Pardo Tomás, Lopez Terrada, op. cit., note 17 above, p. 308.
41. According to Mercedes Fernández-Carrión and José Luis Valverde, 'Research note on Spanish-American drug trade', Pharmacy in History, 1988, 30 (1): 27-32, p. 29.
42. Andrés Laguna, Pedacio Dioscorides Anazarbeo, acerca de la materia medicinal, y de los venenos mortiferos, traducido de la lengua griega en la vulgar castellana, e illustrado con cloras y substanciales annotaliones y con las figuras de innumeras plantas exquisitas y raras, Salamanca, Mathias Gast, 1566, reprinted in Madrid, Instituto de España, 1968.
43. José Luis Fresquet Febrer, 'Terapéutica y materia médica americana en la obra de Andrés Laguna (1555)', Asclepio, 44: 53-82, p. 82, and Enrique Alvarez López, 'Las plantas de América en la botánica europea del siglo XVI', Revista de Indias, 1945, 19-22: 221-88, p. 264.
44. José Luis Fresquet Febrer, 'Terapéutica y materia médica americana en la obra de Andrés Laguna (1555)', Asclepio, 44: 53-82, p. 82, and Enrique Alvarez López, 'Las plantas de América en la botánica europea del siglo XVI', Revista de Indias, 1945, 19-22: 221-88, p. 264.
45. Laguna, op. cit., note 32 above, fol. 27.
46. Ibid., fol. 49.
47. Ibid., fol. 28.
48. Jatropha curcas L. or Curcas purgans Endl. Pardo Tomás, Lopez Terrada, op. cit., note 17 above, p. 295.
49. Laguna, op. cit., note 32 above, fol. 83.
50. Smilax pseudo-china L. Lopez Piñero, 'Nicolás Monardes', op. cit., note 20 above, p. 137.
51. Laguna, op. cit., note 32 above, fol. 83.
52. E Lorenzo Sanz, Comercio de España con América en la época de Felipe II, 2 vols, Valladolid, Servicio de Publicaciones de la Diputación Provincial de Valladolid, 1979, vol. 1, p. 320; Juan Antonio Paniagua, 'Un médico europeo en el descubrimiento: Diego Alvarez Chanca', in López Piñero (ed.), op. cit., note 8 above, pp. 91-105, p. 94; Luciano Gallinari, Diego Alvarez: Chanca: medico di Cristoforo Colombo, Cagliari, CNR, 1992, pp. 193-4.
53. E Lorenzo Sanz, Comercio de España con América en la época de Felipe II, 2 vols, Valladolid, Servicio de Publicaciones de la Diputación Provincial de Valladolid, 1979, vol. 1, p. 320; Juan Antonio Paniagua, 'Un médico europeo en el descubrimiento: Diego Alvarez Chanca', in López Piñero (ed.), op. cit., note 8 above, pp. 91-105, p. 94; Luciano Gallinari, Diego Alvarez: Chanca: medico di Cristoforo Colombo, Cagliari, CNR, 1992, pp. 193-4.
54. E Lorenzo Sanz, Comercio de España con América en la época de Felipe II, 2 vols, Valladolid, Servicio de Publicaciones de la Diputación Provincial de Valladolid, 1979, vol. 1, p. 320; Juan Antonio Paniagua, 'Un médico europeo en el descubrimiento: Diego Alvarez Chanca', in López Piñero (ed.), op. cit., note 8 above, pp. 91-105, p. 94; Luciano Gallinari, Diego Alvarez: Chanca: medico di Cristoforo Colombo, Cagliari, CNR, 1992, pp. 193-4.
55. Monardes, op. cit., note 27 above.
56. Nicolás Monardes, Segunda parte del libro, de las cosas que traen de nuestras Indias occidentales que sirven al uso de la medicina. Do se trata del tabaco, y de la sassafras: ... y de inuchas yervas y plantas simientes y licores: que agora han venido de aquellas partes, de grandes virtudes y maravillosos efectos, Seville, Alonso Escrivano, 1571.
57. Nicolás Monardes, Primera y segunda y tercera partes de la historia medicinal de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias occidentales, que sirven en medicina, Seville, Alonso Escrivano, 1574.
58. John Frampton, The three bookes of joyfull newes out of the newefounde worlde written in the Spanishe tongue ... translated into Englishe by John Frampton, Merchant, London, by William Norton, 1577. This work was reprinted in 1580 and 1596. Quotations in the paper are from John Frampton, Joyfull newes out of the newe founde worlde ... written in Spanish by Nicholas Monardes ... with an introduction by Stephen Gaselee, 2 vols, London, Constable, 1925.
59. John Frampton, The three bookes of joyfull newes out of the newefounde worlde written in the Spanishe tongue ... translated into Englishe by John Frampton, Merchant, London, by William Norton, 1577. This work was reprinted in 1580 and 1596. Quotations in the paper are from John Frampton, Joyfull newes out of the newe founde worlde ... written in Spanish by Nicholas Monardes ... with an introduction by Stephen Gaselee, 2 vols, London, Constable, 1925.
60. F Rodríguez Marín, La verdadera biografia del Doctor Nicolás Monardes, Madrid, Tip. de la Revista de Archivos, 1925, p. 25. For an interesting biography, see Francisco Guerra, Nicolás Bautista Monardes: su vida y su obra (ca. 1493-1588), Mexico, Compania Fundidora de Fierro y Acero de Monterrey, 1961.
61. F Rodríguez Marín, La verdadera biografia del Doctor Nicolás Monardes, Madrid, Tip. de la Revista de Archivos, 1925, p. 25. For an interesting biography, see Francisco Guerra, Nicolás Bautista Monardes: su vida y su obra (ca. 1493-1588), Mexico, Compania Fundidora de Fierro y Acero de Monterrey, 1961.
62. José María López Piñero, María Luz López Terrada, 'El tratado de Monardes: acogida y primeras traducciones', in idem. La influencia española en la introducción en Europa de las piaulas americanas (1493-1623), Universitat de Valencia, CSIC, 1997, pp. 55-66.
63. José María López Piñero, 'Las "nuevas medicinas" americanas en la obra (1565-1574) de Nicolás Monardes', Asclepio, 1990, 42: 3-68.
64. Juan Fragoso, Discursos de las cosas aromaticas, arboles y frutales, y de otras muchas medicinas simples que se traen de la India oriental, y sirven al uso de medicina, Madrid, Francisco Sánchez, 1572.
65. Ibid., fol. 87v.
66. Monardes, op. cit., note 27 above, fol. 30v.
67. Elaphrium tecomaca (D.C.) Standl. López Piñero, 'Nicolás Monardes', op. cit., note 20 above, p. 128. See G Muratori, 'Una relazione autografa del medico spagnolo Monardes sulla tecamahaca', Pagine di Storia della Medicina, 1964, 8: 28-35.
68. Elaphrium tecomaca (D.C.) Standl. López Piñero, 'Nicolás Monardes', op. cit., note 20 above, p. 128. See G Muratori, 'Una relazione autografa del medico spagnolo Monardes sulla tecamahaca', Pagine di Storia della Medicina, 1964, 8: 28-35.
69. Nicolás Monardes, De simplicibus medicamentis ex occidentali India delatis quorum in medicina usus est, interprete Carola Clusio Atrevate, Antwerp, Christopher Plantin, 1574.
70. José Pardo Tomás, 'Obras españolas sobre historia natural y materia medica americanas en la Italia del siglo XVI', Asclepio, 1991, 43: 51-94.
71. José María López Piñero, Ciencia y técnica en la sociedad española de los sighs XVI y XVII, Barcelona, Labor Universitaria, 1979, pp. 287-8.
72. José María López Piñero, The Pomar codex (ca. 1590): plants and animals of the old world and from the Hernández expedition to America, Florence, Leo S Olschki, 1992, p. 42.
73. José María López Piñero, José Pardo Tomás, Nuevos materiales y noticias sobre la historia de las plantas de Nueva España de Francisco Hernández, Universitat de Valencia, CSIC, 1994, pp. 11-15.
74. Ibid.
75. Rerum medicarum Novae Hispaniae thesaurus, seu, plantarum, animalium, mineralium Mexicanorum historia ex Francisci Hernandez ... in ipsa Mexicana urbe conscriptis a Nardo Antonio Reecho ... collecta ac in ordinem digesta, Rome, V Mascardi, 1651.
76. Lopez Piñero, Pardo Tomás, op. cit., note 57 above, p. 71-2.
77. Ibid., pp. 59 and 70.
78. Francisco Ximénez, Quatro libros de la naturaleza, y virtudes de las plantas, y animales que estan recevidos en el uso de al medicina en la Nueva España, Mexico, Widow of López Dávalos, 1615.
79. Lopez Piñero, op. cit., note 56 above, p. 48.
80. Ibid., p. 51.
81. Ibid., p. 49.
82. Libellus de medicinalibus indorwn herbis, 1552. See Carlos Viesca Trevño, 'El códice de la Cruz-Badiano, primer ejemplo de una medicina mestiza', in José Luis Fresquet Febrer, José Maria Lopez Piñero (eds), El mestizaje cultural y la medicina novohispana del siglo XVI, Universitat de Valencia, CSIC, 1995. See also Emily Walcott Emmart, The Badianus manuscript: (Codex Barberini, Latin 241) Vatican Library: an Aztec herbal of 1552, introduction and translation, Baltimore, John Hopkins Press, 1940.
83. Libellus de medicinalibus indorwn herbis, 1552. See Carlos Viesca Trevño, 'El códice de la Cruz-Badiano, primer ejemplo de una medicina mestiza', in José Luis Fresquet Febrer, José Maria Lopez Piñero (eds), El mestizaje cultural y la medicina novohispana del siglo XVI, Universitat de Valencia, CSIC, 1995. See also Emily Walcott Emmart, The Badianus manuscript: (Codex Barberini, Latin 241) Vatican Library: an Aztec herbal of 1552, introduction and translation, Baltimore, John Hopkins Press, 1940.
84. Monardes, op. cit., note 27 above, fol. 55r-56v; Frampton, op. cit., note 45 above, vol. 1, p. 58.
85. Monardes, op. cit., note 27 above, fol. 55r-56v; Frampton, op. cit., note 45 above, vol. 1, p. 58.
86. Monardes, op. cit., note 27 above, fol. 29r.
87. Viesca Treviño, op. cit., note 66 above, p. 75. Later, the Codex of 1552 was copied at the request of Cassiano dal Pozzo and used by members of the Accademia dei Lincei in the early seventeenth century. The copy is at Windsor Castle. I am grateful to Simon Varey for this information.
88. P Galluzzi, La renascita de la sciencia, Florence, Edicioni Medicee, 1980.
89. Until now the account that has circulated is summed up by the words of Worth Estes, op. cit., note 13 above, p. 4, "Although intended as a gift to Charles V, the manuscript disappeared into first one library and then another after it arrived in Europe", "thus it could have exerted no influence on European medicine in the 16th century".
90. José María López Piñero, José Pardo Tom ́s, La influencia de Francisco Hernández (1515-1587) en la constitutión de la botánica y la materia médica modernas, Universitat de Valencia, CSIC, 1996, p. 132.
91. Worth Estes, op. cit., note 13 above, p. 4.
92. Juan Riera Palmero, Vida y obra de Luis Mercado, Universidad de Salamanca, 1968.
93. Luis Mercado, Consultationes morborum complicatorum, & gravissimorum: cum disputationibus necessariis ad naturam cuiusque morborum capessendam, praesagium, et curationem, Frankfurt, Collegio Musarum Paltheniano, 1614.
94. Ibid., fols. 3, 7, 11, 33, and 93.
95. Ibid., fols. 3, 7 and 8.
96. Ibid., fols. 11, 7, 33, and 97 . (Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Ness), Pardo Tomás and Lopez Terrada, op. cit., note 17 above, p. 232.
97. Ibid., fols. 11, 7, 33, and 97 . (Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Ness), Pardo Tomás and Lopez Terrada, op. cit., note 17 above, p. 232.
98. Mercado, op. cit, note 75 above, fol. 7.
99. Ibid., fol. Ill, we usually find them mixed. The resulting compound was called Aqua stillotica and was used to promote sweating. In fols. 38, 57 and 66, a mixture of guaiacum and China root appears.
100. Monardes, op. cit., note 27 above, fol. 15v; Frampton, op. cit., note 45 above, vol. 1, p. 20.
101. Monardes, op. cit., note 27 above, fol. 15v; Frampton, op. cit., note 45 above, vol. 1, p. 20.
102. Monardes, op. cit., note 27 above, fol.15v; Frampton, op. cit., note 45 above, vol. 1, p. 21.
103. Monardes, op. cit., note 27 above, fol.15v; Frampton, op. cit., note 45 above, vol. 1, p. 21.
104. Monardes, op. cit, note 27, fol. 17v; Frampton, op. cit., note 45 above, p. 20.
105. Monardes, op. cit, note 27, fol. 17v; Frampton, op. cit., note 45 above, p. 20.
106. Monardes, op. cit., note 27 above, fol. 17v and 20v.
107. Huguette Chaunu and Pierre Chaunu, Séville et l'Atlantique (1504-1650), 8 vols, Paris, A Colin, 1955-9, vol. 2, pp. 1022, 1023, 1025, 1027.
108. Mercedes Fernández-Carrión, José Luis Valverde, Farmacia y sociedad en Sevilla en el Siglo XVI, Seville, Servicio de Publicaciones del Ayuntamiento de Sevilla, 1985, pp. 80-96.
109. Ibid., pp. 80-1.
110. Ibid., pp. 88-9.
111. Ibid., p. 86.
112. For example, that of the Latinate surgeon Juan Calvo who said that "in spring and autumn not only the unction but also guaiacum water and sarsaparilla and sweating gave great profit", quoted in Maria Luz Lopez Terrada, 'El tratamiento de la sifilis en un hospital renacentista: la sala del mal de siment del Hospital General de Valencia', Asclepio, 1989, 41 (2): 19-50, on p. 31.
113. Ibid., p. 33. For complementary bibliography about the uses of guaiacum in the treatment of the great pox, see Robert S Munger, 'Guaiacum, the holy wood from the New World', J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci., 1949, 4: 196-229; and Jon Arrizabalaga, John Henderson and Roger French, The great pox: the French disease in Renaissance Europe, New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1997.
114. Ibid., p. 33. For complementary bibliography about the uses of guaiacum in the treatment of the great pox, see Robert S Munger, 'Guaiacum, the holy wood from the New World', J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci., 1949, 4: 196-229; and Jon Arrizabalaga, John Henderson and Roger French, The great pox: the French disease in Renaissance Europe, New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1997.
115. Ibid., p. 33. For complementary bibliography about the uses of guaiacum in the treatment of the great pox, see Robert S Munger, 'Guaiacum, the holy wood from the New World', J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci., 1949, 4: 196-229; and Jon Arrizabalaga, John Henderson and Roger French, The great pox: the French disease in Renaissance Europe, New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1997.
116. Concordia Pharmacopolarum Barcinonensium, Barcelona, Huberto Gotard, 1587.
117. Officina medicamentorum, 1601, I have used the edition prepared by José María Suñé, Officina medicamentorum. Introductión y comentarios, Barcelona, Cátedra de Historia de la Farmacia y Legislación Farmacéutica, 1973.
118. I have used the alphabetical list of simple drugs mentioned in Pedro Vernia, La farmacopea valenciana, Burriana, Sp., 1981, on pp. 57, 60, 70, 81.
119. José Luis Fresquet Febrer, 'Los inicios de la asimilacion de la materia médica americana por la terapéutica europea', in López Piñero (ed.), op. cit., note 8 above, pp. 281-309, p. 303.
120. Hymenae courbaril L. and related species. Pardo Tomás, López Terrada, op. cit., note 17 above, on p. 262. See Fragoso, op. cit., note 49 above, fol. 17v.
121. Hymenae courbaril L. and related species. Pardo Tomás, López Terrada, op. cit., note 17 above, on p. 262. See Fragoso, op. cit., note 49 above, fol. 17v.
122. Fragoso, op. cit., note 49 above, fol. 19v.
123. Ibid., fol. 145v.
124. Ibid., fol. 49v.
125. For a survey of communications, foreign trade and relations with the Indies, see John Lynch, Spain 1516-1598: from nation state to world empire, Oxford, Blackwell, 1998 reprint, pp. 184-217.
126. López Piñero, Pardo Tomás, op. cit., note 72 above, p. 132.
127. Frampton, op. cit., note 45 above.
128. Nicolás Monardes, 'Histoire des simples medicamens apportés des terres neuves, desquels on se sert en la medecine. Escrite premierement en Espagnol ... Du depuis mise en Latin, et illustrée de plusieurs annotations par Charles Clusius d'Arras. Et nouvellement traduicte en françois par Anthoine Colin', in Histoire des drogues, espiceries, et de certains medicaments simples, qui naissent és Indes, tant orientales que occidentales, divisée en deux parties, Lyons, Jean Pillehotte, 1602, p. 503-720.
129. José Pardo Tomás, 'Obras españolas sobre historia natural y materia médica americanas en la Italia del siglo XVI', Asclepio, 1991, 43: 51-84, on p. 65.
130. R S Roberts, 'The early history of the import of drugs into Britain', in F N L Poynter (ed.), The evolution of pharmacy in Britain, London, Pitman Medical, 1965, pp. 165-85, p.168. It should be pointed out that Roberts' essay is quite old and recent research led me to think that the subject should be reconsidered, see Simon Varey and Rafael Chabrán, 'Mexican medicine comes to England', Viator, 1995, 26: 352-3. I am also grateful to Simon Varey for letting me read the manuscript of his chapter 'Hernández in the Netherlands and England', from Searching for the secrets of nature: the life and works of Dr Francisco Hernández, ed. Simon Varey, Rafael Chabrán, and Dora B Wiener, Stanford University Press, 2000, which in my view throws serious doubts on Roberts' conclusions from the examination of related and new materials.
131. R S Roberts, 'The early history of the import of drugs into Britain', in F N L Poynter (ed.), The evolution of pharmacy in Britain, London, Pitman Medical, 1965, pp. 165-85, p.168. It should be pointed out that Roberts' essay is quite old and recent research led me to think that the subject should be reconsidered, see Simon Varey and Rafael Chabrán, 'Mexican medicine comes to England', Viator, 1995, 26: 352-3. I am also grateful to Simon Varey for letting me read the manuscript of his chapter 'Hernández in the Netherlands and England', from Searching for the secrets of nature: the life and works of Dr Francisco Hernández, ed. Simon Varey, Rafael Chabrán, and Dora B Wiener, Stanford University Press, 2000, which in my view throws serious doubts on Roberts' conclusions from the examination of related and new materials.
132. R S Roberts, 'The early history of the import of drugs into Britain', in F N L Poynter (ed.), The evolution of pharmacy in Britain, London, Pitman Medical, 1965, pp. 165-85, p.168. It should be pointed out that Roberts' essay is quite old and recent research led me to think that the subject should be reconsidered, see Simon Varey and Rafael Chabrán, 'Mexican medicine comes to England', Viator, 1995, 26: 352-3. I am also grateful to Simon Varey for letting me read the manuscript of his chapter 'Hernández in the Netherlands and England', from Searching for the secrets of nature: the life and works of Dr Francisco Hernández, ed. Simon Varey, Rafael Chabrán, and Dora B Wiener, Stanford University Press, 2000, which in my view throws serious doubts on Roberts' conclusions from the examination of related and new materials.
133. Margery Rowe and G E Trease, 'Thomas Baskerville, Elizabethan apothecary of Exeter', Trans. Br. Soc. Hist. Pharm., 1970, 1 (1): 3-28, on p. 9.
134. Françoise Lehoux, Le cadre de vie des médecins parisiens aux XVI et XVIIe siècles, Paris, A and J Picard, 1976.
135. Annette Zimmermann, 'Pharmazeutisches aus dem Nachlassinventar des Octavianus Secundus Fugger (1549-1600)', Beitrage zur Geschichte der Pharmazie, 1981, 31 (12): 89-91, on p. 90. I would like to mention here the comment made during the symposium by Dr Annemarie Kinzelbach (University of Heidelberg) that guaiacum was used in the Augsburg Hospital during the sixteenth century. It would be interesting to know where that guaiacum came from.
136. Fragoso, op. cit., note 49 above, fol. 77r.
137. José Luis Martinez, Pasajeros de Indias, Madrid, Alianza, 1983, p. 146, quoted in Fernández-Carrión, Valverde, op. cit., note 31 above, p. 29.
138. José Luis Martinez, Pasajeros de Indias, Madrid, Alianza, 1983, p. 146, quoted in Fernández-Carrión, Valverde, op. cit., note 31 above, p. 29.
139. Ibid., p. 29.
140. López Piñero, op. cit., note 48 above, p. 18.
141. José Luis Valverde, Carmen Sánchez Téllez, 'Juan, José y Rafael de Arigón, boticarios reales (1544-47)', Ars Pharmaceutica, 1977, 18 (2): 217-58, p. 223, 225.
142. Fernández-Carrión, Valverde, op. cit., note 86 above, pp. 72, 80, 81, 86.
143. Ibid., pp. 48 and 88.
144. The pharmacy belonged to the Royal Apothecary, Diego de Burgos. See Pilar Herrero Hinojo, 'Inventarios de farmacia', Boletin de la Sociedad Española de Historia de la Farmacia, 1968, no. 75, pp. 97-115, pp. 97, 104.
145. In the 1595 inventory of the apothecarymerchant Lucas de Barcena are listed carana, coca and tacamahaca. See Félix Francisco Pastor Frechoso, Boticas, boticarios y materia médica en Valladolid (siglos XVI-XVII). Salamanca, Junta de Castilla y Leon, 1993, pp. 149 and 153.
146. Nine drug inventories from Barcelona between 1503 and 1588 show that American drugs in Barcelona seem to have been concentrated in the shop that belonged to Jeroni Cercós (1558), who possessed canafistula and carana. Nevertheless, the presence of American drugs in the city and its environs is proved by the tarifas of the Apothecaries Society (that is the relations of substances in current use, whose prices were frequently up-dated). See Ramón Jordi, 'Un estudio comparative de medicamentos. Periodo 1364-1846', Circular Farmacéutica, 1992, 317: 13-56, p. 16. In the tarifa of 1585 are sarsaparilla, Mechoacan root and tacamahaca.
147. See Pardo Tomas, op. cit., note 104 above, p. 78. The advertisement appeared on two unnumbered pages after fol. 347.
148. Fernández-Carrión, Valverde, op. cit., note 86 above, p. 30. This is the kind of information that can be found in archives that have not been systematically explored.
149. Fernández-Carrión, Valverde, op. cit., note 86 above, p. 48, and Carlos Viesca Treviño, 'Nicolás Monardes y las plantas medicinales mexicanas', in P Aceves Pastrana, Farmacia, historia natural y quimica intercontinentales, Mexico, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco, 1995, pp. 35-43, on pp. 42-3.
150. Fernández-Carrión, Valverde, op. cit., note 86 above, p. 48, and Carlos Viesca Treviño, 'Nicolás Monardes y las plantas medicinales mexicanas', in P Aceves Pastrana, Farmacia, historia natural y quimica intercontinentales, Mexico, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco, 1995, pp. 35-43, on pp. 42-3.
151. Quoted in José Luis Fresquet Febrer, La experiencia americana y la terapéutica en los "Secretos de Chirurgia" (1567) de Pedro Arias de Benavides, Universitat de Valencia, CSIC, 1993, pp. 94-5.
152. Monardes, op. cit. , note 27 above, fol. 17v.
153. Fernández de Oviedo, op. cit., note 16 above, vol. 1, p. 368.
154. Ibid., vol. 1, p. 379.
155. Ibid., vol. 1, p. 369.
156. Monardes, op. cit., note 27 above, fol. 11v.
157. This aspect is pointed out by Carlos Viesca Trevino and Fernando Martínez Cortés, 'Plantas medicinales americanas. Su injerto en la medicina hipocrática', in Historia general de la medicina en Mexico. Vol. 2: Medicina novohispana, siglo XVI, ed. Alfredo López Austin and Carlos Viesca Treviño, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1984-1990, pp. 175-201, p. 177.
158. Monardes, op. cit., note 27 above, fol. 21r.
159. Fernández de Ovìedo, op. cit., note 16 above, vol. 1, p. 555.
160. Fresquet Febrer, op. cit., note 122 above, p. 46.
161. Monardes, op. cit., note 27 above, fol. 53v.
162. Enrique Otte, 'Cartas privadas de Puebla del siglo XVI', Jahrbuch für Geschichte von Staat, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft Lateinamerikas, 1966, 3: 10-87, p. 22.
163. Monardes, op. cit., note 27 above, fols. 7v and 8r.
164. Fresquet Febrer, op. cit., note 122 above, p. 101.
165. García Ballester, Los moriscos, op. cit., note 6 above, p. 155.
166. Monardes, op. cit., note 27 above, fol. 19r; Frampton, op. cit., note 45 above, p. 25.
167. Monardes, op. cit., note 27 above, fol. 19r; Frampton, op. cit., note 45 above, p. 25.
168. José Luis Valverde, Pilar Arrébola, 'L'aide sanitaire apportée à la France par Philippe II', in XXVIII International Congress for the History of Medicine. Proceedings, Paris, Les Editions de Médecine Pratique, 1983, p. 168.
169. Fragoso, op. cit., note 49 above, fols. 4r-5v.
170. Pilar Arrébola, José Luis Valverde, 'Aprovisionamiento de medicamentos a galeones de la Armada en Lisboa (1591)', Boletin de la Sociedad Española de Historia de la Farmacia, 1985, 36 (141-142): 84.
171. Ramón Jordi, 'Inventario incompleto perteneciente a la botica del Hospital de la Sta. Cruz de Barcelona (21-5-1585)', Circular Farmacéutica, 1982, 40: 272, 211 and 221.
172. José Luis Valverde, Félix Sánchez López de Vinuesa, 'Las cuentas de la Real Botica (1579-1616)', Actes XXVIIIth International Congress for the History of Medicine, Paris, Les Éditions de Médecine Pratique, 1983, pp. 291-6, p. 292.
173. José Luis Valverde, Carmen Sánchez Téllez, 'Juan, José y Rafael de Arigón, boticarios reales (1544-47)', Ars Pharmaceutica, 1977, 18 (2): 217-58, pp. 223, 225.
174. Although focusing on a period about a hundred years later, the model of assimilation and dispersal that Saul Jarcho proposes for quina seems to have some parallels with the model I have drawn, especially for the "new drugs". It would be interesting to do further comparative work. Saul Jarcho, Quinine's predecessor: Francesco Torti and the early history of chinchona, Baltimore and London, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993.