Genotypes Associated with Virulence in Environmental Isolates of Vibrio cholerae

Applied and Environmental Microbiology

Volumn 67, Issue 6, 2001, Pages 2421-2429

  Rivera, Irma N G ^a,c   Chun, Jongsik ^d   Huq, Anwar ^a,b   Sack, R Brad ^e   Colwell, Rita R ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND BIOTECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b Bldg 142   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

^d Seoul National University   (South Korea)

^e JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; O ANTIGEN;

ARTICLE; CLASSIFICATION; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; GENETICS; GENOTYPE; MICROBIOLOGY; PATHOGENICITY; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RADIOACTIVITY; SEROTYPING; VIBRIO CHOLERAE; VIRULENCE;

BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; GENOTYPE; O ANTIGENS; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RADIONUCLIDE GENERATORS; SEROTYPING; VIBRIO CHOLERAE; VIRULENCE; WATER MICROBIOLOGY;

EID: 0035378336     PISSN: 00992240     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.67.6.2421-2429.2001     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. Arita, M. T., T. Takeda, T. Honda, and T. Miwatani. 1986. Purification and characterization of Vibrio cholerae non-O1 heat-stable enterotoxin. Infect. Immun. 52:45-49.
2. Bagchi, K., P. Echevarria, J. D. Arthur, O. Sethabutr, O. Serichantalergs, and C. W. Hoge. 1993. Epidemic of diarrhea caused by Vibrio cholerae non-O1 that produced heat-stable toxin among Khmers in a camp in Thailand. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:1315-1317.
3. Barua, D. 1992. History of cholera, p. 1-35. In D. Barua and W. B. Greenough III (ed.), Cholera. Plenum Medical Book Company, New York, N.Y.
4. Brown, M. H., and P. A. Manning. 1985. Haemolysin genes of Vibrio cholerae: presence of homologous DNA in non-haemolytic O1 and haemolytic non-O1 strains. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 30:197-201.
5. Caldini, G., A. Neri, S. Cresti, V. Boddi, G. M. Rossolini, and E. Lanciotti. 1997. High prevalence of Vibrio cholerae non-O1 carrying heat-stable-enterotoxin-climate river basin of central Italy. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63: 2934-2939.
6. Chakraborty, S., A. K. Mukhopadhyay, R. K. Bhadra, A. N. Ghosh, R. Mitra, T. Shimada, S. Yamasaki, S. M. Faruque, Y. Takeda, R. R. Colwell, and G. B. Nair. 2000. Virulence genes in environmental strains of Vibrio cholerae. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:4022-4028.
7. Chowdhury, M. A. R., R. T. Hill, and R. R. Colwell. 1994. A gene for the enterotoxin zonula occludens toxin is present in V. mimicus and V. cholerae O139. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 119:377-380.
8. Colwell, R. R., J. B. Kaper, and S. W. Joseph. 1977. Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus and other vibrios: occurrence and distribution in Chesapeake Bay. Science 198:394-396.
9. Colwell, R. R., and W. M. Spira. 1992. The ecology of Vibrio cholerae, p. 107-127. In D. Barua and W. B. Greenough III (ed.), Cholera, Plenum Medical Book Company, New York, N.Y.
10. Colwell, R. R., A. Huq, M. A. R. Chowdhury, P. R. Brayton, and B. Xu. 1995. Serogroup conversion of Vibrio cholerae. Can. J. Microbiol. 41:946-950.
11. Dakin, S. P. H., D. J. Howel, R. G. A. Sutton, M. E. O'Keffe, and P. Thoms. 1994. Gastroenteritis due to non-agglutinable (non-cholera) vibrios. Med. J. Aust. 2:490.
12. Dalsgaard, A., O. Serichantalergs, T. Shimada, O. Sethabutr, and P. Echevarria. 1995. Prevalence of Vibrio cholerae with heat-stable enterotoxin (NAG-ST) and cholera toxin genes; restriction fragment length polymorphisms of NAG-ST genes among V. cholerae O serogroups from a major shrimp production area in Thailand. J. Med. Microbiol. 43:216-220.
13. Dalsgaard, A., M. J. Albert, D. N. Taylor, T. Shimada, R. Meza, O. Serichantalergs, and P. Echevarria. 1995. Characterization of Vibrio cholerae non-O1 serogroups obtained from an outbreak of diarrhea in Lima, Peru. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:2715-2722.
14. Datta-Roy, K., K. Banerjee, S. P. De, and A. C. Ghose. 1986. Comparative study of expression of hemagglutinins, hemolysins, and enterotoxins by clinical and environmental isolates of nun-O1 of Vibrio cholerae in relation to their enteropathogenicity. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 52:875-879.
15. DiRita, V. J. 1992. Co-ordinate control of virulence gene expression by ToxR in Vibrio cholerae. Mol. Microbiol. 6:451-458.
16. DiRita, V. J. 2000. Genomics happens. Science 289:1488.
17. Faruque, S. M., M. J. Albert, and J. J. Mekalanos. 1998. Epidemiology, genetics and ecology of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 62:1301-1314.
18. Fasano, A., B. Baudry, D. W. Pumplin, S. S. Wasserman, B. D. Tall, J. M. Ketley, and J. B. Kaper. 1991. Vibrio cholerae produces a second enterotoxin which affects intestinal tight junctions. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 88:5242-5246.
19. Fields, P. I., T. Popovic, K. Wachsmuth, and O. Olsvik. 1992. Use of polymerase chain reaction for detection ot toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 strains from the Latin American cholera epidemics. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:2128-2121.
20. Galen, J. E., J. M. Ketley, A. Fasano, S. H. Richardson, S. S. Wasserman, and J. B. Kaper. 1992. Role of Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase in the function of cholera toxin. Infec. Immun. 60:406-415.
21. Ghosh, C., R. K. Nandy, S. K. Dasgupta, G. B. Nair, H. H. Hall, and A. C. Ghose. 1997. A search for cholera toxin (CT), toxin coregulated pilus (TCP), the regulatory element ToxR and other virulence factors in non-O1/non-O139 Vibrio cholerae. Microb. Pathog. 22:199-208.
22. Guglielmetti, P., L. Bravo, A. Zanchi, R. Montè, G. Lombardi, and G. M. Rossolini. 1994. Detection of the Vibrio cholerae heat-stable enterotoxin gene by polymerase chain reaction. Mol. Cell. Probes 8:101-106.
23. Hacker, J., G. Blum-Oehler, I. Mühldorfer, and H. Tschäpe. 1997. Pathogenicity islands of virulent bacteria: structure, function and impact on microbial evolution. Mol. Microbiol. 23:1089-1097.
24. Harkey, C. W., K. D. Everiss, and K. M. Peterson. 1994. The Vibrio cholerae toxin-coregulated-pilus gene tcpI encodes a homolog of methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins. Infect. Immun. 62:2669-2678.
25. Häse, C. C., and J. J. Mekalanos. 1998. TcpP protein is a positive regulator of virulence gene expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:730-734.
26. Heidelberg, J. F., J. A. Eisen, W. C. Nelson, R. A. Clayton, M. L. Gwinn, R. J. Dodson, D. H. Haft, E. K. Hickey, J. D. Peterson, L. Umayam, S. R. Gill, K. E. Nelson, T. D. Read, H. Tettelin, D. Richardson, M. D. Ermolaeva, J. Vamathevan, S. Bass, H. Qin, I. Dragoi, P. Sellers, L. McDonald, T. Utterback, R. D. Fleishmann, W. C. Nierman, O. White, S. L. Salzberg, H. O. Smith, R. R. Colwell, J. J. Mekalanos, J. C. Venter, and C. M. Fraser. 2000. DNA sequence of both chromosomes of the cholera pathogen Vibrio cholerae. Nature 406:477-484.
27. Herrington, D. A., R. H. Hall, G. Losonsky, J. J. Mekalanos, R. K. Taylor, and M. M. Levine. 1988. Toxin, toxin-coregulated pili and the toxR regulon are essential for Vibrio cholerae pathogenesis in humans. J. Exp. Med. 168: 1487-1492.
28. Hoge, C. W., O. Sethabutr, L. Bodhidatta, P. Echevarria, D. C. Robertson, and J. G. Morris, Jr. 1990. Use of a synthetic oligonucleotide probe to detect strains of non-serovar O1 Vibrio cholerae carrying the gene for heat-stable enterotoxin (NAG-ST). J. Clin. Microbiol. 28:1473-1476.
29. Huq, A., E. B. Small, P. A. West, M. I. Huq, R. Rahman, and R. R. Colwell. 1983. Ecology of V. cholerae with special reference to planktonic crustacean copepods. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45:275-283.
30. Huq, A., and R. R. Colwell. 1996. Vibrios in the marine and estuarine environment: tracking Vibrio cholerae. Ecosystem Health 2:198-214.
31. Islam, M. S., B. S. Drasar, and R. B. Sack. 1994. The aquatic environment as reservoir of Vibrio cholerae: a review. J. Diarrhoeal Dis. Res. 11:197-206.
32. Kaper, J., H. Lockman, R. R. Colwell, and S. W. Joseph. 1979. Ecology, serology and enterotoxin production of Vibrio cholerae in Chesapeake Bay. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 37:91-103.
33. Kaper, J. B., A. Fasano, and M. Trucksis. 1994. Toxins of Vibrio cholerae, p. 145-176. In I. K. Wachsmuth, P. A. Blake, and O. Olsvik (ed.), Vibrio cholerae and cholera: molecular to global perspectives. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
34. Karaolis, D. K. R., R. Lan, and P. R. Reeves. 1995. The sixth and seventh cholera pandemic are due to independent clones separately derived from environmental, non-toxigenic, non-O1 Vibrio cholerae. J. Bacteriol. 177: 3193-3198.
35. Karaolis, D. K. R., J. A. Johnson, C. C. Bailey, E. C. Boedeker, J. B. Kaper, and P. K. Reeves. 1998. A Vibrio cholerae pathogenicity island associated with epidemic and pandemic strains. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:3134-3139.
36. Karaolis, D. K. R., and J. B. Kaper. 1999. Pathogenicity islands and other mobile virulence elements of Vibrio cholerae, p. 167-187. In J. B. Kaper and J. Hacker (ed.), Pathogenicity islands and other mobile virulence elements. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
37. Karaolis, D. K. R., S. Somara, D. R. Maneval, Jr., J. A. Johnson, and J. B. Kaper. 1999. A bacteriophage encoding a pathogenicity island, a type-IV pilus and a phage receptor in cholera bacteria. Nature 399:375-379.
38. Karasawa, T., T. Mihara, H. Kurazono, B. G. Nair, S. Garg, T. Ramamurthy, and Y. Takeda. 1993. Distribution of the zot (zonula occludens toxin) gene among strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 and non-O1. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 106:143-146.
39. Keasler, S. P., and R. H. Hall. 1993. Detecting and biotyping Vibrio cholerae O1 with multiplex chain reaction. Lancet 341:1661.
40. Lin, W., K. J. Fullner, R. Clayton, J. A. Sexton, M. B. Rogers, K. E. Calia, S. B. Calderwood, C. Fraser, and J. J. Mekalanos. 1999. Identification of a Vibrio cholerae RTX toxin gene cluster that is tightly linked to the cholera toxin prophage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:1071-1076.
41. Martins, M. T. 1988. Ecologia de Vibrio cholerae no ecossistema aquático. Tese Livre Docente ICB-USP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. (In Portuguese.).
42. Martins, M. T., G. V. A. Pessõa, P. S. Sanchez, M. I. Z. Sato, C. A. Coimbrão, C. K. Monteiro, and E. Marques. 1991. Occurrence of V. cholerae O1 non-toxigenic in wastewaters from São Paulo, Brazil. Wat. Sci. Tech. 24:363-366.
43. Matté, G. R., M. H. Matté, M. I. Z. Sato, P. S. Sanchez, I. G. Rivera, and M. T. Martins. 1994. Potentially pathogenic vibrios associated with mussels from a tropical region on the Atlantic Coast of Brazil. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 77:281-287.
44. Matte, G. R., M. H. Matté, I. G. Rivera, and M. T. Martins. 1994. Distribution of potentially vibrios in oysters from a tropical region. J. Food Prot. 57:870-873.
45. Mekalanos, J. J. 1985. Cholera toxin: genetic analysis, regulation, and role in pathogenesis. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 118:97-118.
46. Miller, V. L., R. K. Taylor, and J. J. Mekalanos. 1987. Cholera toxin transcriptional activator ToxR is a transmembrane DNA binding protein. Cell 48:271-279.
47. Ministerio de Saúde-Fundação Nacional de Saúde. 1999. MS/FNS, 1999 -Boletin epidemiológico CENEPI, 1999. Ministerio de Saúde-Fundação Nacional de Saùde, Centro de Vigilância Epidemiologica, Sāo Paulo, Brazil.
48. Mooi, F. R., and E. M. Bik. 1997. The evolution of epidemic Vibrio cholerae strains. Trends Microbiol. 5:161-165.
49. Morris, J. G., Jr., J. L. Picardi, S. Lieb, J. V. Lee, A. Roberts, M. Hood, R. A. Guun, and P. Blake. 1984. Isolation of nontoxigenic Vibrio cholerae O group 1 from a patient with severe gastrointestinal disease. J. Clin Microbiol. 19:196-197.
50. Morris, J. G., Jr., T. Takeda, B. D. Tall, G. A. Losonsky, S. K. Bhattacharya, B. D. Forrest, B. A. Kay, and M. Nishibuchi. 1990. Experimental non-O1 group Vibrio cholerae gastroenteritis in humans. J. Clin. Investig. 85:697-705.
51. Morris, J. G. 1994. Non-O1 group 1 Vibrio cholerae strains not associated with epidemic disease, p. 103-116. In I. K. Wachsmuth, P. A. Blake, and O. Olsvik (ed.), Vibrio cholerae and cholera: molecular to global perspectives. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
52. Mukhopadhyay, A. K., P. K. Saha, S. Garg, S. K. Bhattacharya, T. Shimada, T. Takeda, Y. Takeda, and G. B. Nair. 1995. Distribution and virulence of Vibrio cholerae belonging to serogroups other than O1 and O139: a nation survey. Epidemiol. Infect. 114:65-70.
53. Nakasone, N., and Iwanaga, M. 1998. Characterization of outer membrane protein OmpU of Vibrio cholerae O1. Infect. Immun. 66:4726-4728.
54. Nandi, B., R. K. Nandy, A. C. P. Vicente, and A. C. Ghose. 2000. Molecular characterization of a new variant of toxin-coregulated pilus protein (TcpA) in a toxigenic non-O1/non-O139 strain of Vibrio cholerae. Infect. Immun 68:948-952.
55. Ogawa, A., J. Kato, H. Watanabe, B. G. Nair, and T. Takeda. 1990. Cloning and nucleotide sequence of a heat-stable enterotoxin gene from Vibrio cholerae non-O1 isolated from a patient with traveler's diarrhea. Infect. Immun. 58:3325-3329.
56. Pal, A., T. Ramamurthy, R. K. Bhadra, T. Takeda, T. Shimada, Y. Takeda, G. B. Nair, S. C. Pal, and S. Chakrabarty. 1992. Reassessment of the prevalence of heat-stable enterotoxin (NAG-ST) among environmental Vibrio cholerae non-O1 strains isolated from Calcutta, India, by using a NAG-ST DNA probe. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:2485-2489.
57. +) and RV79 (Hly ) and Classical 569B (Hly ). Infect. Immun. 56:1414-1419.
58. Ramamurthy, T., P. K. Bag, A. Pal, S. K. Bhattacharya, T. Shimada, T. Takeda, T. Karasawa, H. Kurasono, Y. Takeda, and G. B. Nair. 1993. Virulence patterns of Vibrio cholerae non-O1 strains isolated from hospitalised patients with acute diarrhoea in Calcutta, India. J. Med. Microbiol. 39:310-317.
59. Ramamurthy, T., M. J. Albert, A. Huq, R. R. Colwell, Y. Takeda, T. Takeda, T. Shimada, B. K. Mandal, and G. B. Nair. 1994. Vibrio mimicus with multiple toxin types isolated from human and environmental sources. J. Med. Microbiol. 40:194-196.
60. Rhine, J. A., and R. K. Taylor. 1994. TcpA pilin sequences and colonization requirements for O1 and O139 Vibrio cholerae. Mol. Microbiol. 13:1013-1020.
61. Rivera, I. G., M. A. R. Chowdhury, A. Huq, D. Jacobs, M. T. Martins, and R. R. Colwell. 1995. Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequences and the PCR to generate fingerprints of genomic DNAs from Vibrio cholerae O1, O139, and non-O1 strains. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:2898-2904.
62. Rivera, I. N. G., M. A. R. Chowdhury, P. S. Sanchez, M. I. Sato, A. Huq, R. R. Colwell, and M. T. Martins. 1995. Detection of cholera (ctx) and zonula occludens (zot) toxin genes in Vibrio cholerae O1, O139, and non-O1 strains. World J. Microbiol. Biotech. 11:572-577.
63. Rodrigue, D. C., T. Popovic, and I. K. Wachsmuth. 1994. Nontoxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 infections in the United States, p. 69-76. In I. K. Wachsmuth, P. A. Blake, and O. Olsvik (ed.), Vibrio cholerae and cholera: molecular to global perspectives. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
64. Rodrigues, D. P., and E. Hofer. 1986. Vibrio species from the water-oyster ecosystem of Sepetitiha Bay in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Rev. Microbiol. 17:332-338.
65. Roszak, D. B., and R. R. Colwell. 1987. Survival strategies of bacteria in the natural environment. Microbiol. Rev. 51:365-379.
66. Saha, P. K., H. Koley, A. K. Mukhopadhyay, S. K. Bhattacharya, G. B. Nair, B. S. Ramakrishnan, S. Krishnan, T. Takeda, and Y. Takeda. 1996 Nontoxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 serotype Inaba Biotype El Tor associated with a cluster of cases of cholera in Southern India. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34:1114-1117.
67. Said, B., H. R. Smith, S. M. Scotland, and B. Rowe. 1995. Detection and differentiation of the gene for toxin co-regulated pili (tcpA) in Vibrio cholerae non-O1 using the polymerase chain reaction. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 125: 205-210.
68. Sakazaki, R., C. Z. Gomes, and M. Sebald. 1967. Taxonomical studies of the so-called NAG vibrios. Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol. 20:265-280.
69. Shangkuan, Y. H., Y. S. Show, and T. M. Wang. 1995. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction to detect toxigenic Vibrio cholerae and to biotype Vibrio cholerae O1. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 79:264-273.
70. Sharma, C., G. B. Nair, A. K. Mukhopadhyay, S. K. Bhattacharya, R. K. Ghosh, and A, Ghosh. 1997. Molecular characterization of Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype El Tor strains isolates between 1992 and 1995 in Calcutta, India: evidence for the emergence of a new clone of the El Tor biotype. J. Infect. Dis. 175:1134-1141.
71. Sharma, C., M. Thungapathra, A. Ghosh, A. K. Mukhopadhyay, A. Basu, R. Mitra, I. Basu, S. K. Bhattacharya, T. Shimada, T. Ramamurthy, T. Takeda, S. Yamasaki, Y. Takeda, and G. B. Nair. 1998. Molecular analysis of non-O1, non-O139 Vibrio cholerae associated with an unusual upsurge in the incidence of cholera-like disease in Calcutta. India. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36:756-763.
72. Sperandio, V., C. Bailey, J. A. Giron, V. J. DiRita, W. D. Silveira, A. L. Vettore, and J. B. Kaper. 1996. Cloning and characterization of the gene encoding the OmpU outer membrane protein of Vibrio cholerae. Infect. Immun. 64:5406-5409.
73. Stroeher, U. H., K. E. Jedani, B. K. Dredge, R. Morona, M. H. Brown, L. E. Karageorgos, M. J. Albert, and P. A. Manning. 1997. Genetic rearrangements in the rfb regions of Vibrio cholerae. O1 and O139. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:10374-10378.
74. Tauxe, R., L. Seminario, R. Tapia, and M. Libel. 1994. The Latin American epidemic, p. 321-344. In I. K. Wachsmuth, P. A. Blake, and O. Olsvik (ed.), Vibrio cholerae and cholera: molecular to global perspectives. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
75. Taylor, R. K., V. L. Miller, D. B. Furlong, and J. J. Mekalanos. 1987. Use of phoA gene fusions to identify a pilus colonization factor coordinated regulated with cholera toxin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:2833-2837.
76. Taylor, R. K. 1989. Genetic studies of enterotoxin and other potential virulence factors of Vibrio cholerae, p. 309-329. In D. A. Hopwood and K. F. Chater (ed.), Genetics of bacterial diversity, Academic Press, Ltd., London, England.
77. Taylor, R. K. 1999. Virus on virus infects bacterium. Nature 399:312-313.
78. Twedt, R. M., J. M. Madden, J. M. Hunt, D. W. Francis, J. T. Peeler, A. P. Duran, W. O. Hebert, S. G. McCay, C. N. Roderick, G. T. Spite, and T. J. Wazenski. 1981. Characterization of Vibrio cholerae isolated from oysters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 41:1475-1478.
79. Vicente, A. C., A. M. Coelho, and C. A. Salles. 1997. Detection of Vibrio cholerae and V. mimicus heat-stable toxin gene sequence by PCR. J. Med. Microbiol. 46:398-4112.
80. Waldor, M. K., and J. J. Mekalanos. 1996. Lysogenic conversion by a filamentous phage encoding cholera toxin. Science 272:1910-1914.
81. World Health Organization. 1969. Outbreak of gastroenteritis by nonagglutinable (NAG) vibrio. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rev. 44:1-28.
82. Yamamoto, K., M. Al-Omani, T. Honda, Y. Takeda, and T. Miwatani. 1984. Non-O1 Vibrio cholerae hemolysin: purification, partial characterization, and immunological relatedness to El Tor hemolysin. Infect. Immun. 45:192-196.
83. Yamamoto, K., Y. Ichinose, N. Nakasone, M. Tanabe, M. Nagahama, J. Sakurai, and M. Iwanaga. 1986. Identity of hemolysins produced by Vibrio cholerae non-O1 and V. cholerae O1, biotype El Tor. Infect. Immun. 51:927-931.