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Zweifler AJ, Sisson JC, Wolf FM, Trabin NL, Dicken LL, Gruppen LD, Grum CM, Baum KD. Training students in education of the hypertensive patient: enhanced performance after a simulated patient instructor (SPI)-based exercise. American Journal of Hypertension 1998;11:610-3. See also Norman GR, Barrows HS, Gliva G, Woodward C. Simulated patients. In: Neufeld VR, Norman GR, eds. Assessing Clinical Competence. New York: Springer Pub., 1985:81-111.
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For example, Gerrity MS, Devellis RF, Earp JA. Physicians' reactions to uncertainty in patient care: a new measure and new insights. Medical Care 1990;28:724-36; and Franks OP, Clancey M, Nutting, PA. Gatekeeping revisited: protecting patients from overtreatment. New England Journal of Medicine 1992;327(6):424-9.
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note
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I leave aside the question of whether this "ordinary risk" criterion would qualify the PPS for expedited review by oversight committees.
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Katz J. The consent principle of the Nuremberg code: its significance then and now. In: Annas GJ, Grodin MA, eds. The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code: Human Rights in Human Experimentation. London/New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
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This argument might be extended to include the covert observation of lawyers. See Lerman LG. The simulated patient. Public Health Reports 1996;111:133-4.
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Quality of case management of sexually transmitted diseases: Comparison of the methods for assessing the performance of providers
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For many purposes, deception would probably be cumbersome. See the interesting examples of nondeceptive fieldwork in Franco LM, Daly CC, Chilongzi D, Dallabetta G. Quality of case management of sexually transmitted diseases: comparison of the methods for assessing the performance of providers. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1997;75(6):523-32; Robertson DW. Ethical theory, ethnography, and differences between doctors and nurses in approaches to patient care. Journal of Medical Ethics 1996;22:292-9; Wiles R, Higgins J. Doctor-patient relationships in the private sector: patients' perspectives. Sociology of Health and Illness 1996; 18(3):341-56. Additionally, healthcare workers are clearly not averse to participating in research when they have the option of volunteering. On the value of getting consent to observe, see Bosk C. The fieldworker as watcher and witness. Hastings Center Report 1985;15(3):10-4.
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Ethical theory, ethnography, and differences between doctors and nurses in approaches to patient care
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For many purposes, deception would probably be cumbersome. See the interesting examples of nondeceptive fieldwork in Franco LM, Daly CC, Chilongzi D, Dallabetta G. Quality of case management of sexually transmitted diseases: comparison of the methods for assessing the performance of providers. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1997;75(6):523-32; Robertson DW. Ethical theory, ethnography, and differences between doctors and nurses in approaches to patient care. Journal of Medical Ethics 1996;22:292-9; Wiles R, Higgins J. Doctor-patient relationships in the private sector: patients' perspectives. Sociology of Health and Illness 1996; 18(3):341-56. Additionally, healthcare workers are clearly not averse to participating in research when they have the option of volunteering. On the value of getting consent to observe, see Bosk C. The fieldworker as watcher and witness. Hastings Center Report 1985;15(3):10-4.
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Doctor-patient relationships in the private sector: Patients' perspectives
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For many purposes, deception would probably be cumbersome. See the interesting examples of nondeceptive fieldwork in Franco LM, Daly CC, Chilongzi D, Dallabetta G. Quality of case management of sexually transmitted diseases: comparison of the methods for assessing the performance of providers. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1997;75(6):523-32; Robertson DW. Ethical theory, ethnography, and differences between doctors and nurses in approaches to patient care. Journal of Medical Ethics 1996;22:292-9; Wiles R, Higgins J. Doctor-patient relationships in the private sector: patients' perspectives. Sociology of Health and Illness 1996; 18(3):341-56. Additionally, healthcare workers are clearly not averse to participating in research when they have the option of volunteering. On the value of getting consent to observe, see Bosk C. The fieldworker as watcher and witness. Hastings Center Report 1985;15(3):10-4.
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The fieldworker as watcher and witness
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For many purposes, deception would probably be cumbersome. See the interesting examples of nondeceptive fieldwork in Franco LM, Daly CC, Chilongzi D, Dallabetta G. Quality of case management of sexually transmitted diseases: comparison of the methods for assessing the performance of providers. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1997;75(6):523-32; Robertson DW. Ethical theory, ethnography, and differences between doctors and nurses in approaches to patient care. Journal of Medical Ethics 1996;22:292-9; Wiles R, Higgins J. Doctor-patient relationships in the private sector: patients' perspectives. Sociology of Health and Illness 1996; 18(3):341-56. Additionally, healthcare workers are clearly not averse to participating in research when they have the option of volunteering. On the value of getting consent to observe, see Bosk C. The fieldworker as watcher and witness. Hastings Center Report 1985;15(3):10-4.
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Owen and Winkler found that in a properly conducted study, healthcare workers are not very good at seeing through the pseudo-patient's disguise. Owen A, Winkler R. General practitioners and psychosocial problems: an evaluation using pseudo-patients. Medical Journal of Australia 1974;61(2):393-8.
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