Disclosing the diagnosis of HIV in pediatrics

Journal of Clinical Ethics

Volumn 12, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 150-157

  Flanagan Klygis, Erin ^a   Ross, Lainie Friedman ^b,c   Lantos, John ^b,c   Frader, Joel ^a,d   Yogev, Ram ^d  

^a NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Department of Pediatrics ^*

^c UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

^d CHILDREN'S MEMORIAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ARTICLE; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; CHILD; CHILD PARENT RELATION; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; DOCTOR PATIENT RELATION; EMPIRICAL APPROACH; EPIDEMIOLOGY; HEALTH PERSONNEL ATTITUDE; HOSPITAL; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HUMAN RELATION; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; MEDICAL ETHICS; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PROFESSIONAL PATIENT RELATIONSHIP; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; QUESTIONNAIRE; UNITED STATES;

EMPIRICAL APPROACH; PROFESSIONAL PATIENT RELATIONSHIP;

ADOLESCENT; ATTITUDE OF HEALTH PERSONNEL; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; CHICAGO; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; COMMUNICATION; DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL; ETHICS, CLINICAL; ETHICS, MEDICAL; HEALTH CARE SURVEYS; HIV INFECTIONS; HOSPITALS, PEDIATRIC; HUMANS; PARENT-CHILD RELATIONS; PHYSICIAN-PATIENT RELATIONS; PROFESSIONAL-FAMILY RELATIONS; QUESTIONNAIRES; TRUTH DISCLOSURE;

EID: 0035376570     PISSN: 10467890     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report, 5, no. 2 (1993): 1-19.
2. S. Grubman et al., "Older Children and Adolescents Living with Perinatally Acquired Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection," Pediatrics 95 (1995): 657-64; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV/AIDS Surveillance Refort, 10, no. 2 (1998): 1-43.
3. S. Grubman et al., "Older Children and Adolescents Living with Perinatally Acquired Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection," Pediatrics 95 (1995): 657-64; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV/AIDS Surveillance Refort, 10, no. 2 (1998): 1-43.
4. M. Lipson, "Disclosure of Diagnosis to Children with Human Immunodeficiency Virus or Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome," Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 15 (1994): S61-5.
5. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Pediatric AIDS, "Disclosure of Illness to Children and Adolescents with HIV Infection," Pediatrics 103 (1999): 164-6.
6. Ibid.; S. Ledlie, "Diagnosis Disclosure by Family Caregivers to Children Who Have Perinatally Acquired HIV Disease: When the Time Comes," Nursing Research 48 (1999): 141-9; T. Courville et al., "Disclosure Versus Non-Disclosure of HIV/AIDS Diagnosis to Children with Transfusion Associated HIV-1 Infection," (International Conference on AIDS, 19-24 July 1992): D387, abstract no. PoD5003; I. Funck-Brentano et al., "Patterns of Disclosure and Perceptions of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Infected Elementary School-Aged Children," Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 151 (1997): 978-85. 6. M.A. Chesler et al., "Telling the Child with Cancer: Parental Choices to Share Information with Ill Children," Journal of Pediatric Psychology 11 (1986): 497-516; R. Bibace and M.E. Walsh, "Development of Child's Concept of Illness," Pediatrics 66 (1980): 912-7; E.H. Waechter, "Children's Awareness of Fatal Illness," American Journal of Nursing 71 (1973): 1168-72; M. Bluebond-Langner, The Private Worlds of Dying Children (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1978); E. Katz et al., "Psychological Aspects of Cancer in Children, Adolescents and Their Families," Clinical Psychology Review 4 (1984): 525-42; B.F. Last and A.M.H. van Veldhuizen, "Information About Diagnosis and Prognosis Related to Anxiety and Depression in Children with Cancer Aged 8-16 Years," European Journal of Cancer 32A (1996): 290-4.
7. Ibid.; S. Ledlie, "Diagnosis Disclosure by Family Caregivers to Children Who Have Perinatally Acquired HIV Disease: When the Time Comes," Nursing Research 48 (1999): 141-9; T. Courville et al., "Disclosure Versus Non-Disclosure of HIV/AIDS Diagnosis to Children with Transfusion Associated HIV-1 Infection," (International Conference on AIDS, 19-24 July 1992): D387, abstract no. PoD5003; I. Funck-Brentano et al., "Patterns of Disclosure and Perceptions of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Infected Elementary School-Aged Children," Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 151 (1997): 978-85. 6. M.A. Chesler et al., "Telling the Child with Cancer: Parental Choices to Share Information with Ill Children," Journal of Pediatric Psychology 11 (1986): 497-516; R. Bibace and M.E. Walsh, "Development of Child's Concept of Illness," Pediatrics 66 (1980): 912-7; E.H. Waechter, "Children's Awareness of Fatal Illness," American Journal of Nursing 71 (1973): 1168-72; M. Bluebond-Langner, The Private Worlds of Dying Children (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1978); E. Katz et al., "Psychological Aspects of Cancer in Children, Adolescents and Their Families," Clinical Psychology Review 4 (1984): 525-42; B.F. Last and A.M.H. van Veldhuizen, "Information About Diagnosis and Prognosis Related to Anxiety and Depression in Children with Cancer Aged 8-16 Years," European Journal of Cancer 32A (1996): 290-4.
8. Ibid.; S. Ledlie, "Diagnosis Disclosure by Family Caregivers to Children Who Have Perinatally Acquired HIV Disease: When the Time Comes," Nursing Research 48 (1999): 141-9; T. Courville et al., "Disclosure Versus Non-Disclosure of HIV/AIDS Diagnosis to Children with Transfusion Associated HIV-1 Infection," (International Conference on AIDS, 19-24 July 1992): D387, abstract no. PoD5003; I. Funck-Brentano et al., "Patterns of Disclosure and Perceptions of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Infected Elementary School-Aged Children," Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 151 (1997): 978-85. 6. M.A. Chesler et al., "Telling the Child with Cancer: Parental Choices to Share Information with Ill Children," Journal of Pediatric Psychology 11 (1986): 497-516; R. Bibace and M.E. Walsh, "Development of Child's Concept of Illness," Pediatrics 66 (1980): 912-7; E.H. Waechter, "Children's Awareness of Fatal Illness," American Journal of Nursing 71 (1973): 1168-72; M. Bluebond-Langner, The Private Worlds of Dying Children (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1978); E. Katz et al., "Psychological Aspects of Cancer in Children, Adolescents and Their Families," Clinical Psychology Review 4 (1984): 525-42; B.F. Last and A.M.H. van Veldhuizen, "Information About Diagnosis and Prognosis Related to Anxiety and Depression in Children with Cancer Aged 8-16 Years," European Journal of Cancer 32A (1996): 290-4.
9. Ibid.; S. Ledlie, "Diagnosis Disclosure by Family Caregivers to Children Who Have Perinatally Acquired HIV Disease: When the Time Comes," Nursing Research 48 (1999): 141-9; T. Courville et al., "Disclosure Versus Non-Disclosure of HIV/AIDS Diagnosis to Children with Transfusion Associated HIV-1 Infection," (International Conference on AIDS, 19-24 July 1992): D387, abstract no. PoD5003; I. Funck-Brentano et al., "Patterns of Disclosure and Perceptions of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Infected Elementary School-Aged Children," Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 151 (1997): 978-85. 6. M.A. Chesler et al., "Telling the Child with Cancer: Parental Choices to Share Information with Ill Children," Journal of Pediatric Psychology 11 (1986): 497-516; R. Bibace and M.E. Walsh, "Development of Child's Concept of Illness," Pediatrics 66 (1980): 912-7; E.H. Waechter, "Children's Awareness of Fatal Illness," American Journal of Nursing 71 (1973): 1168-72; M. Bluebond-Langner, The Private Worlds of Dying Children (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1978); E. Katz et al., "Psychological Aspects of Cancer in Children, Adolescents and Their Families," Clinical Psychology Review 4 (1984): 525-42; B.F. Last and A.M.H. van Veldhuizen, "Information About Diagnosis and Prognosis Related to Anxiety and Depression in Children with Cancer Aged 8-16 Years," European Journal of Cancer 32A (1996): 290-4.
10. Ibid.; S. Ledlie, "Diagnosis Disclosure by Family Caregivers to Children Who Have Perinatally Acquired HIV Disease: When the Time Comes," Nursing Research 48 (1999): 141-9; T. Courville et al., "Disclosure Versus Non-Disclosure of HIV/AIDS Diagnosis to Children with Transfusion Associated HIV-1 Infection," (International Conference on AIDS, 19-24 July 1992): D387, abstract no. PoD5003; I. Funck-Brentano et al., "Patterns of Disclosure and Perceptions of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Infected Elementary School-Aged Children," Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 151 (1997): 978-85. 6. M.A. Chesler et al., "Telling the Child with Cancer: Parental Choices to Share Information with Ill Children," Journal of Pediatric Psychology 11 (1986): 497-516; R. Bibace and M.E. Walsh, "Development of Child's Concept of Illness," Pediatrics 66 (1980): 912-7; E.H. Waechter, "Children's Awareness of Fatal Illness," American Journal of Nursing 71 (1973): 1168-72; M. Bluebond-Langner, The Private Worlds of Dying Children (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1978); E. Katz et al., "Psychological Aspects of Cancer in Children, Adolescents and Their Families," Clinical Psychology Review 4 (1984): 525-42; B.F. Last and A.M.H. van Veldhuizen, "Information About Diagnosis and Prognosis Related to Anxiety and Depression in Children with Cancer Aged 8-16 Years," European Journal of Cancer 32A (1996): 290-4.
11. Ibid.; S. Ledlie, "Diagnosis Disclosure by Family Caregivers to Children Who Have Perinatally Acquired HIV Disease: When the Time Comes," Nursing Research 48 (1999): 141-9; T. Courville et al., "Disclosure Versus Non-Disclosure of HIV/AIDS Diagnosis to Children with Transfusion Associated HIV-1 Infection," (International Conference on AIDS, 19-24 July 1992): D387, abstract no. PoD5003; I. Funck-Brentano et al., "Patterns of Disclosure and Perceptions of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Infected Elementary School-Aged Children," Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 151 (1997): 978-85. 6. M.A. Chesler et al., "Telling the Child with Cancer: Parental Choices to Share Information with Ill Children," Journal of Pediatric Psychology 11 (1986): 497-516; R. Bibace and M.E. Walsh, "Development of Child's Concept of Illness," Pediatrics 66 (1980): 912-7; E.H. Waechter, "Children's Awareness of Fatal Illness," American Journal of Nursing 71 (1973): 1168-72; M. Bluebond-Langner, The Private Worlds of Dying Children (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1978); E. Katz et al., "Psychological Aspects of Cancer in Children, Adolescents and Their Families," Clinical Psychology Review 4 (1984): 525-42; B.F. Last and A.M.H. van Veldhuizen, "Information About Diagnosis and Prognosis Related to Anxiety and Depression in Children with Cancer Aged 8-16 Years," European Journal of Cancer 32A (1996): 290-4.
12. Ibid.; S. Ledlie, "Diagnosis Disclosure by Family Caregivers to Children Who Have Perinatally Acquired HIV Disease: When the Time Comes," Nursing Research 48 (1999): 141-9; T. Courville et al., "Disclosure Versus Non-Disclosure of HIV/AIDS Diagnosis to Children with Transfusion Associated HIV-1 Infection," (International Conference on AIDS, 19-24 July 1992): D387, abstract no. PoD5003; I. Funck-Brentano et al., "Patterns of Disclosure and Perceptions of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Infected Elementary School-Aged Children," Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 151 (1997): 978-85. 6. M.A. Chesler et al., "Telling the Child with Cancer: Parental Choices to Share Information with Ill Children," Journal of Pediatric Psychology 11 (1986): 497-516; R. Bibace and M.E. Walsh, "Development of Child's Concept of Illness," Pediatrics 66 (1980): 912-7; E.H. Waechter, "Children's Awareness of Fatal Illness," American Journal of Nursing 71 (1973): 1168-72; M. Bluebond-Langner, The Private Worlds of Dying Children (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1978); E. Katz et al., "Psychological Aspects of Cancer in Children, Adolescents and Their Families," Clinical Psychology Review 4 (1984): 525-42; B.F. Last and A.M.H. van Veldhuizen, "Information About Diagnosis and Prognosis Related to Anxiety and Depression in Children with Cancer Aged 8-16 Years," European Journal of Cancer 32A (1996): 290-4.
13. Ibid.; S. Ledlie, "Diagnosis Disclosure by Family Caregivers to Children Who Have Perinatally Acquired HIV Disease: When the Time Comes," Nursing Research 48 (1999): 141-9; T. Courville et al., "Disclosure Versus Non-Disclosure of HIV/AIDS Diagnosis to Children with Transfusion Associated HIV-1 Infection," (International Conference on AIDS, 19-24 July 1992): D387, abstract no. PoD5003; I. Funck-Brentano et al., "Patterns of Disclosure and Perceptions of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Infected Elementary School-Aged Children," Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 151 (1997): 978-85. 6. M.A. Chesler et al., "Telling the Child with Cancer: Parental Choices to Share Information with Ill Children," Journal of Pediatric Psychology 11 (1986): 497-516; R. Bibace and M.E. Walsh, "Development of Child's Concept of Illness," Pediatrics 66 (1980): 912-7; E.H. Waechter, "Children's Awareness of Fatal Illness," American Journal of Nursing 71 (1973): 1168-72; M. Bluebond-Langner, The Private Worlds of Dying Children (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1978); E. Katz et al., "Psychological Aspects of Cancer in Children, Adolescents and Their Families," Clinical Psychology Review 4 (1984): 525-42; B.F. Last and A.M.H. van Veldhuizen, "Information About Diagnosis and Prognosis Related to Anxiety and Depression in Children with Cancer Aged 8-16 Years," European Journal of Cancer 32A (1996): 290-4.
14. Ibid.; S. Ledlie, "Diagnosis Disclosure by Family Caregivers to Children Who Have Perinatally Acquired HIV Disease: When the Time Comes," Nursing Research 48 (1999): 141-9; T. Courville et al., "Disclosure Versus Non-Disclosure of HIV/AIDS Diagnosis to Children with Transfusion Associated HIV-1 Infection," (International Conference on AIDS, 19-24 July 1992): D387, abstract no. PoD5003; I. Funck-Brentano et al., "Patterns of Disclosure and Perceptions of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Infected Elementary School-Aged Children," Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 151 (1997): 978-85. 6. M.A. Chesler et al., "Telling the Child with Cancer: Parental Choices to Share Information with Ill Children," Journal of Pediatric Psychology 11 (1986): 497-516; R. Bibace and M.E. Walsh, "Development of Child's Concept of Illness," Pediatrics 66 (1980): 912-7; E.H. Waechter, "Children's Awareness of Fatal Illness," American Journal of Nursing 71 (1973): 1168-72; M. Bluebond-Langner, The Private Worlds of Dying Children (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1978); E. Katz et al., "Psychological Aspects of Cancer in Children, Adolescents and Their Families," Clinical Psychology Review 4 (1984): 525-42; B.F. Last and A.M.H. van Veldhuizen, "Information About Diagnosis and Prognosis Related to Anxiety and Depression in Children with Cancer Aged 8-16 Years," European Journal of Cancer 32A (1996): 290-4.
15. Ibid.; S. Ledlie, "Diagnosis Disclosure by Family Caregivers to Children Who Have Perinatally Acquired HIV Disease: When the Time Comes," Nursing Research 48 (1999): 141-9; T. Courville et al., "Disclosure Versus Non-Disclosure of HIV/AIDS Diagnosis to Children with Transfusion Associated HIV-1 Infection," (International Conference on AIDS, 19-24 July 1992): D387, abstract no. PoD5003; I. Funck-Brentano et al., "Patterns of Disclosure and Perceptions of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Infected Elementary School-Aged Children," Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 151 (1997): 978-85. 6. M.A. Chesler et al., "Telling the Child with Cancer: Parental Choices to Share Information with Ill Children," Journal of Pediatric Psychology 11 (1986): 497-516; R. Bibace and M.E. Walsh, "Development of Child's Concept of Illness," Pediatrics 66 (1980): 912-7; E.H. Waechter, "Children's Awareness of Fatal Illness," American Journal of Nursing 71 (1973): 1168-72; M. Bluebond-Langner, The Private Worlds of Dying Children (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1978); E. Katz et al., "Psychological Aspects of Cancer in Children, Adolescents and Their Families," Clinical Psychology Review 4 (1984): 525-42; B.F. Last and A.M.H. van Veldhuizen, "Information About Diagnosis and Prognosis Related to Anxiety and Depression in Children with Cancer Aged 8-16 Years," European Journal of Cancer 32A (1996): 290-4.
16. C.J. Claflin and O.A. Barbarin, "Does Telling Less Protect More? Relationships Among Age Information Disclosure and What Children See and Feel," Journal of Pediatric Psychiatry 16 (1991): 169-91; Katz, "Psychological Aspects," see note 6 above; Last and van Veldhuizen, "Information About Diagnosis," see note 6 above; American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Bioethics, " Informed Consent, Parental Permission, and Assent in Pediatric Practice," Pediatrics 95 (1995) 314-7.
17. C.J. Claflin and O.A. Barbarin, "Does Telling Less Protect More? Relationships Among Age Information Disclosure and What Children See and Feel," Journal of Pediatric Psychiatry 16 (1991): 169-91; Katz, "Psychological Aspects," see note 6 above; Last and van Veldhuizen, "Information About Diagnosis," see note 6 above; American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Bioethics, " Informed Consent, Parental Permission, and Assent in Pediatric Practice," Pediatrics 95 (1995) 314-7.
18. See notes 4 and 5 above.
19. Ibid.
20. R. Kulkarni et al., "Non-Disclosure of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Coinfection in a Patient with Hemophilia: Medical and Ethical Considerations," Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology 23 (2001): 153-8.
21. M. Pernick, "Childhood Death and Medical Ethics: A Historical Perspective on Truth-Telling in Pediatrics," in Difficult Decisions in Medical Ethics, ed. D.L. Ganos et al. (New York: Alan R. Liss, 1983), 173-88.
22. Hippocrates, "Selections from the Hippocratic Corpus: Decorum XVI," reprinted in Ethics in Medicine: Historical Perspectives and Contemporary Concerns, ed. S.J. Reiser, A.J. Dyck, and W.J. Curran (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1977), 7.
23. T. Percival, "A Physician Should be the Minister of Hope and Comfort to the Sick," reprinted in Ethics in Medicine: Historical Perspectives and Contemporary Concerns, ed. S.J. Reiser, A.J. Dyck, and W.J. Curran (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1977), 204.
24. D. Oken, "What to Tell Cancer Patients: A Study of Medical Attitudes," Journal of the American Medical Association 175 (1961): 1120-8.
25. Chesler, Paris, and Barbarin, "Telling the Child," see note 6 above.
26. D.H. Novack et al., "Changes in Physicians' Attitudes Toward Telling the Cancer Patient," Journal of the American Medical Association 241 (1979): 897-900.
27. Ibid.
28. See notes 6 and 16 above.
29. Bibace and Walsh, "Development of a Child's Concept of Illness," see note 6 above.
30. J.J. Spinetta and L.J. Maloney, "Death Anxiety in the Outpatient Leukemic Child," Pediatrics 56 (1975): 1034-7.
31. Waechter, "Children's Awareness of Fatal Illness," see note 6 above.
32. Ibid.; see note 20 above.
33. Bluebond-Langner, The Private Worlds of Dying Children, see note 6 above.
34. Claflin and Barbarin, "Does Telling Less Protect More?" see note 7 above.
35. See note 6 above.
36. Ibid.
37. S. Sontag, Illness As Metaphor and AIDS and Its Metaphors, (New York: Doubleday, 1990).
38. Department of Health and Human Services (45 CFR, part 46, subpart D), "Additional Protections for Children Involved as Subjects in Research," Federal Register 48, no. 9814-20 (1983).
39. J. Lantos, "Should We Always Tell Children the Truth?" Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 40 (1996): 78-92.
40. See note 3 above.
41. American Academy of Pediatrics, Task Force on Pediatric AIDS, "Infants and Children with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: Placement in Adoption and Foster Care," Pediatrics 83 (1989): 609-12; M. Lipson, "What Do You Say to a Child with AIDS," Hastings Center Report 23 (1993): 6-12.
42. American Academy of Pediatrics, Task Force on Pediatric AIDS, "Infants and Children with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: Placement in Adoption and Foster Care," Pediatrics 83 (1989): 609-12; M. Lipson, "What Do You Say to a Child with AIDS," Hastings Center Report 23 (1993): 6-12.
43. Ibid.; see notes 4 and 5 above.
44. L. Gostin and L. Porter, "AIDS Litigation Project II: A National Survey of Federal, State and Local Cases Before Courts and Human Rights Commissions Objective Description of Trends in AIDS Litigation," (National AIDS Program Office, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1 August 1991); R.J. Blendon and K. Donlan, "Discrimination Against People with AIDS: The Public's Perspective," New England Journal of Medicine 319 (1988): 1022; LE. Sudbeck, "Students with AIDS: Protecting an Infected Child's Right to a Classroom Education and Developing a School's AIDS Policy," South Dakota Law Review 40 (1995): 72-101; W.E. Parmet and D.J. Jackson, "No Longer Disabled: The Legal Impact of the New Social Construction of HIV," American Journal of Law and Medicine 23 (1997): 7-43; Lipson, "What Do You Say," see note 31 above.
45. L. Gostin and L. Porter, "AIDS Litigation Project II: A National Survey of Federal, State and Local Cases Before Courts and Human Rights Commissions Objective Description of Trends in AIDS Litigation," (National AIDS Program Office, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1 August 1991); R.J. Blendon and K. Donlan, "Discrimination Against People with AIDS: The Public's Perspective," New England Journal of Medicine 319 (1988): 1022; LE. Sudbeck, "Students with AIDS: Protecting an Infected Child's Right to a Classroom Education and Developing a School's AIDS Policy," South Dakota Law Review 40 (1995): 72-101; W.E. Parmet and D.J. Jackson, "No Longer Disabled: The Legal Impact of the New Social Construction of HIV," American Journal of Law and Medicine 23 (1997): 7-43; Lipson, "What Do You Say," see note 31 above.
46. L. Gostin and L. Porter, "AIDS Litigation Project II: A National Survey of Federal, State and Local Cases Before Courts and Human Rights Commissions Objective Description of Trends in AIDS Litigation," (National AIDS Program Office, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1 August 1991); R.J. Blendon and K. Donlan, "Discrimination Against People with AIDS: The Public's Perspective," New England Journal of Medicine 319 (1988): 1022; LE. Sudbeck, "Students with AIDS: Protecting an Infected Child's Right to a Classroom Education and Developing a School's AIDS Policy," South Dakota Law Review 40 (1995): 72-101; W.E. Parmet and D.J. Jackson, "No Longer Disabled: The Legal Impact of the New Social Construction of HIV," American Journal of Law and Medicine 23 (1997): 7-43; Lipson, "What Do You Say," see note 31 above.
47. L. Gostin and L. Porter, "AIDS Litigation Project II: A National Survey of Federal, State and Local Cases Before Courts and Human Rights Commissions Objective Description of Trends in AIDS Litigation," (National AIDS Program Office, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1 August 1991); R.J. Blendon and K. Donlan, "Discrimination Against People with AIDS: The Public's Perspective," New England Journal of Medicine 319 (1988): 1022; LE. Sudbeck, "Students with AIDS: Protecting an Infected Child's Right to a Classroom Education and Developing a School's AIDS Policy," South Dakota Law Review 40 (1995): 72-101; W.E. Parmet and D.J. Jackson, "No Longer Disabled: The Legal Impact of the New Social Construction of HIV," American Journal of Law and Medicine 23 (1997): 7-43; Lipson, "What Do You Say," see note 31 above.
48. L. Gostin and L. Porter, "AIDS Litigation Project II: A National Survey of Federal, State and Local Cases Before Courts and Human Rights Commissions Objective Description of Trends in AIDS Litigation," (National AIDS Program Office, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1 August 1991); R.J. Blendon and K. Donlan, "Discrimination Against People with AIDS: The Public's Perspective," New England Journal of Medicine 319 (1988): 1022; LE. Sudbeck, "Students with AIDS: Protecting an Infected Child's Right to a Classroom Education and Developing a School's AIDS Policy," South Dakota Law Review 40 (1995): 72-101; W.E. Parmet and D.J. Jackson, "No Longer Disabled: The Legal Impact of the New Social Construction of HIV," American Journal of Law and Medicine 23 (1997): 7-43; Lipson, "What Do You Say," see note 31 above.
49. Ibid.
50. Sudbeck, "Students with AIDS," see note 33 above.