Chemistry and chemists at the London institution 1807-1912

Annals of Science

Volumn 58, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 163-201

  Kurzer, Frederick ^a  

^a ROYAL FREE AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035323676     PISSN: 00033790     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00033790010011177     Document Type: Article

References (327)

1. J. W. G. Gutch, The Literary and Scientific Register (London, 1842), 110-5.
2. Most of the extensive literature can be traced through M. Berman, Social Change and Scientific Organization. The Royal Institution 1799-1840 (London, 1978);
3. T. Martin, The Royal Institution (London, 1961).
4. [The London Institution,] An Historical Account of the London Institution: Including Bibliographical Notices and a Synoptical View of the Library; with a Sketch of the Scientific History of the Establishment and of the Various Courses of Lecture Which Have Been Delivered in The Theatre, Reprinted from the Introductory Matter prefixed to the Classed Catalogue M.DCCC.XXXV (1835, not published). (See [Upcott et al.] (note 86).)
5. [E. W. Brayley,] A Descriptive Catalogue of the Lectures delivered at the London Institution from 1819 to 1854, Preceded by an Historical Review (London, 1854, not published).
6. [The London Institution,] A Short Account of the Institution addressed to the Proprietors (1865). (©Guildhall Library, Corporation of London.)
7. Janet Cutler, 'The London Institution 1805-1933', PhD Thesis, University of Leicester (1976);
8. 'The proposed merger of the Society with the London Institution: a forgotten episode', Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, 125 (1977), 711-4, 818-20.
9. [The London Institution,] Minutes of the Committee of Managers, 15 vols in folio mss (1807-1908), Guildhall Library of the City of London, MS 3076 (henceforth quoted MCM, date).
10. [The London Institution,] Minutes of General Meetings, 4 vols in folio mss (1807-1912), Guildhall Library of the City of London, MS 3075 (henceforth quoted as AGM, year).
11. Journal of the London Institution (1871-1885),
12. continued as Reports of the Board of Management, Statements of Accounts and Lists of Officers, Proprietors and Life-subscribers, Nos. 1-67, 3 vols (1871-1912), Guildhall Library of the City of London S 150/2.
13. J. N. Hays, 'Science in the City: the London Institution, 1819-1840', British Journal for the History of Science, 7 (1974), 146-62.
14. M. L. Cooper and V. M. D. Hall, 'William Robert Grove and the London Institution, 1841-1845', Annals of Science, 39 (1982), 229-54.
15. L. C. Ockenden, 'The great batteries of the London Institution', Annals of Science, 2 (1937), 183-4.
16. See also: D. Gooding, 'He who proves, discovers. John Herschel, William Pepys, and the Faraday effect', Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, 38 (1983-4), 229-44.
17. K. A. Manley, 'E. B. Nicholson and the London Institution', Journal of Librarianship, 5 (1973), 52-77.
18. A. Oswald, 'The London Institution', Country Life, 79 (1936), 378-83.
19. Proposed Plan of the London Institution, with a List of the Proprietors (London, 1805), British Library B 727(8); Draft of the Proposed Charter of the London Institution, for the Perusal of the Proprietors (London, 1806), 26, British Library 8706 aaa 18; Plan and Bye-Laws of the London Institution for the Advancement of Literature and the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge with a List of the Proprietors and Life Subscribers (London, 1806), British Library B727 (9).
20. Charter of the London Institution, 21 January 1807 (London, 1807).
21. Charter and Bye-Laws of the London Institution (London, 1819), 64, 4°.
22. [The London Institution] (note 3), 23, 27.
23. An architectural description of the building, with 14 excellent photographs, was prepared shortly before its demolition in 1936 (Oswald (note 14)) and has fortunately preserved for posterity a record of its distinction and elegance. With its portico modelled on that of the Temple of Vesta in Tivoli (the order first adopted by Soane for the Bank of England), its neo-Greek interior and its magnificent library, it was one of the ornaments of the metropolis.
24. L. B. Hunt and Peta D. Buchanan, 'Richard Knight. A forgotten chemist and apparatus designer', Ambix, 31 (1984) 57-67.
25. Engraved plate in S. Parkes, The Chemical Catechism, 10th-13th edns (London, 1822-34).
26. MCM, 13 February 1867.
27. MCM, 17 June 1874.
28. William Thomas Brande (1788-1866), FRS (1809), DCL, was Professor of Chemistry to the Apothecaries' Society (1812), the Royal Institution (1813), consultant to and superintendent of departments of the Royal Mint (from 1823), author of research papers, and leading manuals and other works on chemistry. DNB (1917), II, 1124-6;
29. DSB (1970), II, 420. He was a descendant of a long line of London apothecaries, holders of the Royal Warrant to the Hanoverian kings and their courts from the early eighteenth century.
30. See C. H. Spiers, 'William Thomas Brande, leather expert', Annals of Science, 25 (1969), 179-201;
31. G. Matthews, The Royal Apothecaries (London, 1967), 153, 180;
32. E. Ironmonger, 'William Thomas Brande (1788-1866)', Proceedings of the Royal Institution, 38, (1960-1), 450-61 (portrait and 2 plates).
33. [The London Institution,] 'An introductory discourse, delivered in the amphitheatre of the London Institution on Wednesday 5th May 1819 by William Thomas Brande' (London, 1819),
34. reprinted in the Quarterly Journal of Science and the Arts, 1 (1819), 205-22.
35. MCM, 13 May 1819.
36. The expenditure on the collection of apparatus between 1807 and 1817 was £2,482, and its care and maintenance accounted for another £150 p.a.
37. MCM, 14 October 1819.
38. MCM, 15 April 1819; 11 May 1820.
39. [The London Institution] (note 3), 15 et seq.
40. MCM, 13 April 1820.
41. MCM, 10 August 1820, referring to a Special Meeting of the proprietors held on 20 July 1820.
42. MCM, 8 February 1821.
43. An Act Providing an Increase in the Annual Income of the London Institution (1 and 2 Geo.IV, Cap.LXII).
44. MCM, 8 April 1821.
45. AGM, 1819.
46. John Taylor (1779-1863), FRS (1825), co-founder of the British Association and University College, London, was a mining engineer who set up a chemical manufacture in Stratford, East London, in 1812. He delivered at the London Institution gratuitously three lectures on practical mining in 1820 (MCM, 23 March 1820), and three lectures on metallurgy (1823). See 'A Course of Lectures on Metallurgy delivered at the London Institution', Philosophical Magazine, 61 (1823) 283-91, 368-74, 448-58.
47. See also R. Burt, John Taylor, Mining Entrepreneur and Engineer, 1779-1863 (Buxton, 1977):
48. DNB (1917), xix, 456-7.
49. John Taylor, of Stratford in the County of Essex, manufacturing chemist, 'A mode or means of producing gas for the purpose of affording light', British Patent 3929 (1815). Philip Taylor, of City Road in the County of Middlesex. 'Certain improvements in apparatus for producing gas from various substances', British Patent 4975 (1824). For an account of an improved smaller version of this plant, see [Editorial], 'Description of Messrs. Taylors and Martineau's Patent Apparatus for the production of gas from oil', Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature and the Arts, 8 (1820) 120-4 (1 plate).
50. Philip Taylor (1786-1870), chemist and engineer, joined his brother's Stratford works (1815), and was the author of important engineering inventions. DNB (1917), XIX, 456.
51. The firm erected an identical oil-gas plant in the Covent Garden Theatre, where the furnace and retorts occupied a vault under part of the theatre. See P. Taylor, 'Evidence given at the trial of Severn King & Co v. the Phoenix Insurance Company, 16 December 1820', The Times, 18 December 1820.
52. Information on the total cost of the oil-gas plant is incomplete. The Institution paid in 1820 an instalment of £300 to Taylor & Martineau (MCM, 9 November 1820), and in 1824 the sum of £49.8s for a gasometer (MCM, 8 April 1824).
53. MCM, 24 October 1822.
54. MCM, 12 April 1827.
55. Frederick Daniell, 'Manufacture of gas', British Patent 5454 (1827).
56. MCM, 14 February 1828.
57. MCM, 9 October 1828.
58. MCM, 13 August 1829; AGM, 1830.
59. MCM, 8 July 1830.
60. MCM, 9 September 1830.
61. Richard Phillips (1778-1851), FRS (1822), was one of the most active and prominent British chemists of the early nineteenth century. He was elected President of the Chemical Society for 1849-50, having declined this office at its foundation in 1841. DNB (1917), XV, 1097-8.
62. Obituary, Journal of the Chemical Society, 5 (1853), 155-9.
63. [London Institution,] A Collection of Syllabuses of Lecture Courses. Guildhall Library of the City of London, SL 50/2.
64. (Subsequently referred to as LI Syllabuses). Nine Lectures on Mineralogical Chemistry (1824).
65. Twelve Lectures on the Nature and Properties of Aeriform Bodies (1823). By Mr R. Phillips.
66. MCM, 8 May 1822.
67. [The London Institution] (note 3), 31.
68. MCM, 12 May 1825.
69. MCM, 18 March 1824; MCM, 10 February 1825.
70. MCM, 29 June 1874; MCM, 10 March 1880; MCM, 9 November 1887.
71. MCM, 8 July 1891.
72. In a letter to Edward Magrath, Faraday wrote (23 July 1826): 'Upcott knows well enough that to the world, an hour's existence of our Institution is worth a year of the London; and though it were destroyed, still the remembrance of it would live for years to come in places, where the one he lives at has never been heard off [sic]. . . . One can't imagine how it is, that he is only assistant librarian at such an Unknown Institution as the London. . . .' Frank A. J. L. James (editor), The Correspondence of Michael Faraday, Vol. 1 (London, 1991), Letter 302. William Upcott (1779-1845) was assistant librarian (1806-34) at the London Institution, where he also resided for a time.
73. [LI Syllabuses,] Prospectus of Mr. Faraday's Lectures on the Philosophy and Practice of Chemical Manipulation. Lectures commence at 1 o'clock in the Afternoon on Tuesdays, February to May 1827.
74. M. Faraday, Chemical Manipulation, being Instructions to Students in Chemistry on Methods of performing Experiments of Demonstration or of Research with Accuracy and Success (London, 1827).
75. MCM, 13 September 1832; 11 October 1832.
76. James (note 58).
77. John Hemming, President of the Marylebone Literary and Scientific Institution, Vice-President of the London Mechanics' Institution.
78. [LI Syllabuses,] Lectures on Chemistry and its Applications to the Arts and Manufactures (1831); Properties and Influence of the Atmosphere (1833). Eight lectures on the Applications of Science to Domestic Economy (1836). By John Hemming, Esq.
79. No details are available relating to Hemming's third soirée lecture (1833).
80. [LI Syllabuses,] Six Lectures on Dietetic Chemistry. By W. T. Brande, Esq. FRS, on Mondays at 7 pm precisely (1836).
81. [LI Syllabuses,] Six lectures on Experimental Chemistry. By W. T. Brande, FRS (1838).
82. [LI Syllabuses,] A Course (of eight) Lectures on the Elementary Doctrines of Chemical Philosophy and their Application to Arts and Manufacture. By W. T. Brande Esq. FRS (1834).
83. J. Liebig, Familiar Letters on Chemistry (London, 1843), 30;
84. J. Liebig, Familiar Letters on Chemistry 3rd edn (1851), 146;
85. see also W. H. Brock, Justus von Liebig (Cambridge, 1997), 117-8.
86. John Frederic Daniell (1790-1845), FRS (1831), first Professor of Chemistry at King's College London, is honoured by the designation of the Daniell Chair of Chemistry in that College. DNB (1917), V, 483;
87. DSB (1971), III, 556-8.
88. [LI Syllabuses,] Six Lectures on Electrochemistry (1838);
89. Six Lectures on Voltaic Forces (1841). By J. Frederic Daniell, Esq.For.Sec.R.S.
90. George Fownes (1815-49), FRS (1845), held teaching appointments at Charing Cross Hospital, the Pharmaceutical Society and Middlesex Hospital, before being appointed Professor of Chemistry at University College, London, in 1846. DNB (1917), VII, 530;
91. DSB (1972), V, 103-4.
92. [LI Syllabuses,] Six Lectures on the Chemistry of Vegetable Life (1843);
93. Six Lectures on the General Principles of Chemical Philosophy and the Nature of Chemical Investigation (1845). By George Fownes, Esq. PhD.
94. Lyon Playfair (1818-98), FRS (1848), was at this stage of his many-sided career Chemist to the Geological Survey and was henceforth employed by the Government in important matters of chemical inspection and public health. DNB (Supplement) (1917), XXII, 1142-4;
95. DSB (1975), XI, 36-7.
96. [LI Syllabuses,] Six Lectures on Organic Chemistry as applied to the Elucidation of the Ordinary Phenomena of Animal Life (1847). By Dr. Lyon Playfair.
97. J. Liebig, Chemistry in its Application to Agriculture and Physiology, edited from the manuscript of the author by Lyon Playfair, 2nd edn with numerous additions (London, 1842).
98. Edward Solly (1819-1886), FRS (1843), Professor of Chemistry at the Military Academy, Addiscombe, and Honorary Professor to the Horticultural Society. DNB (1917), XVIII, 622.
99. [LI Syllabuses,] Six Lectures on the Chemistry of the Metals (1846);
100. Six Lectures on the Chemistry of the Non-metallic Combustible Elements (1847). By Professor Edward Solly, FRS.
101. William Allen Miller (1817-70), FRS (1845). DNB (1917), XIII, 429-30. President of the Chemical Society (1855-7, 1865-7).
102. [LI Syllabuses,] Six Lectures on Applied Chemistry (1849);
103. Six Lectures on Chemical Affinity and some Circumstances which modify it. By W. A. Miller, MD, FRS.
104. Theophilus Redwood (1806-92). P. H. Thomas, 'Professor Theophilus Redwood', Pharmaceutical Historian, 13 (1983), 9-12.
105. [LI Syllabuses,] Six Lectures on Air and Water, their Properties and Sanitary Relations (1851);
106. Four Lectures on the Non-metallic Elements (1852). By Theophilus Redwood, Esq.
107. Robert Hunt (1807-87), FRS (1854), author of the first English textbook on photography (1841), works on mineral statistics (1855-84) and a handbook to the 1851 Exhibition (of which he gave an account to the London Institution in 1852). DNB (1917), X, 277-8.
108. [LI Syllabuses,] Six Lectures on the History and Practice of Mining in the British Isles in relations to Metallurgy (1848);
109. Four Lectures on the Chemical Agencies of the Solar Radiation (1845). By Robert Hunt, Esq.
110. [LI Syllabuses,] Six Lectures on the Dependence of Industry on Science (1853). By Lyon Playfair, CB, FRS, Professor of Chemistry in the Government School of Mines.
111. [W. Upcott, R. Thomson and E. W. Brayley], A Catalogue of the Library of the London Institution, Systematically Classed.
112. Preceded by an historical and bibliographical account of the establishment (see note 3), 4 vols (London, 1835-52, not published), Vol. 1, The General Library (1835), 669 pp.;
113. Vol. 2, The Tracts and Pamphlets (1840), 658 pp.;
114. Vol. 3, Additions and Revisions, Index (1843), 667 pp.;
115. Vol. 4, Additions 1843-52 (1852), 510 pp. The work was preceded by the Catalogue of 1813 (and Supplement, 1830) and was followed by occasional Annual Lists of new acquisitions (e.g. 1860, 1862, 1864), but its later full re-issue was beyond the resources of the Institution.
116. By 1835, the Library numbered some 26,000 volumes, rising to 60,000 by 1852, and to 80,000 by 1861. In the later stages, an increasing proportion of non-scholarly books was added to its lending department (see MCM, 13 February 1861).
117. Edward William Brayley (1802-70), FRS (1854), was an original member of the Chemical Society (1841). Obituary, Journal of the Chemical Society, 23 (1870), 292-3;
118. DNB (1917), II, 1154-5.
119. MCM, 14 June 1865.
120. John Cargill Brough (1834-72). Obituary, Journal of the Chemical Society, 26 (1873) 774-5.
121. W. H. Brock, 'The development of commercial science journals in Victorian Britain' Development of Science Publishing in Europe, edited by A. J. Meadows (Amsterdam, 1980), 115-8.
122. I. N. Hays, 'The London lecturing empire', Metropolis and Province: Science and British Culture 1780-1830, edited by I. Inkster and J. Morrell (London, 1938), 91.
123. MCM, 11 April 1822.
124. MCM, 13 October 1831; MCM, 13 November 1834.
125. Cooper and Hall (note 11).
126. MCM, 9 June 1853; MCM, 8 September 1853; MCM, 12 January 1854.
127. William Henry Fox Talbot (1800-77), FRS (1831), a scion of the ancient family of that name, master of Lacock Abbey, Wiltshire, displayed exceptional talents in several fields, as a mathematician, physicist, inventor, Assyrian scholar and poet. DNB (1917), XIX, 339-41.
128. H. J. P. Arnold, William Henry Fox Talbot, Pioneer in Photography and Man of Science (London, 1977). This extensive and meticulous biography contains numerous incidental references to Malone and declares (p. 169) that 'his valuable if unspectacular role in the early history of photographic processes has been inadequately recorded'.
129. W. H. Fox Talbot, of Lacock Abbey, Wiltshire, Esq., and T. A. Malone, of Regent Street, in the County of Middlesex, photographer, 'Photography', British Patent 12906 (19 December 1849).
130. Mike Weaver (editor), Henry Fox Talbot. Selected Texts and Bibliography (Oxford: Clio 1992), references 157, 340, 361.
131. Membership Registers of the Chemical Society of London, printed in its Proceedings (1849-63).
132. Arnold (note 98), 160.
133. The rooms were leased for £130 p.a. from the owner of the house, John Newman, an instrument maker, and were vacated in 1858 (See London Post Office Directory, 1847-59).
134. Advertisements appearing in The Times and the Athenaeum invited the public to sit for 'Talbotype Sun Portraits on Paper' by Messrs Henneman and Malone, Photographers on Paper to the Queen, and announced that 'Apparatus and Pictures from Italy, Germany, France and the United States can be viewed gratuitously, at 122, Regent Street' (see, for example, the front page advertisement in the Athenaeum, 6 March 1850).
135. [LI Syllabuses,] Four Lectures on Actino-Chemistry, chiefly in relation to Photography. By Thomas A. Malone, FCS (1854).
136. [LI Syllabuses,] Twelve Lectures on Elementary Chemistry. By Thomas A. Malone, FCS (November 1853 - March 1854).
137. A. Smee, Introductory Discourse on the Objects and Advantages of the Educational Courses connected with the London Institution (Delivered on Saturday, 14 October 1854). See also AGM, 1855. 108 AGM, 1854.
138. [LI Syllabuses,] Twenty Lectures on the Characteristic Properties of Certain Elements, chiefly the Metals, with Special Reference to their Uses in the Arts. By Thomas Malone Esq. FCS.
139. [T. A. Malone,] Lectures on the Principles and Applications of Vegetable and Animal Chemistry (eighteen and fifteen lectures). AGM, 1860; AGM, 1861; no syllabuses.
140. MCM, 11 October 1854.
141. MCM, 8 December 1853; MCM, 10 May 1854.
142. John Wickenden, MCM, 12 April 1854.
143. AGM, 1855.
144. AGM, 1855-8.
145. MCM, 14 February 1855.
146. AGM, 1856.
147. [T. A. Malone,] Lectures on the Principles and Applications of Vegetable and Animal Chemistry (eighteen and fifteen lectures), Ibid.
148. MCM, 10 June 1857; MCM, 8 July 1857; AGM, 1858.
149. Rules for the Regulation of the Photographic Room. MCM, 14 April 1858.
150. MCM, 14 November 1860.
151. AGM, 1860.
152. August Wilhelm Hofmann (1818-92), FRS (1851). DSB (1972), VI, 461-4.
153. [LI Syllabuses,] Six Lectures on the Chemical History of the Non-Metallic Elements (1854-5).
154. Six Lectures on Organic Chemistry, with special reference to some of its Applications (1854). By A. W. Hofmann, PhilDr, FRS.
155. (Sir) Frederick Augustus Abel (1827-1902), FRS (1860), Professor at the Royal Military Academy (1851); Chemist to the War Department (1854-88). DNB (Supplement) (1901-11), I, 5-6.
156. [LI Syllabuses,] Four Lectures on the Materials and Products of Military Manufacture (1857). By F. A. Abel, FCS.
157. (Sir) Edward Frankland (1825-99), FRS (1853). DNB (Supplement) (1917) XXII, 662-5;
158. DSB (1972), V, 124-7.
159. See C. A. Russell, Edward Frankland. Chemistry, Controversy and Conspiracy in Victorian England (Cambridge, 1996).
160. E. Frankland. Six Lectures on Air and Water in Towns (No syllabus available).
161. G. H. Makins published papers in the 1850s on the assay of the previous metals. 'On an improved assay balance', Journal of the Chemical Society, 6 (1854) 36-40;
162. 'On certain sources of loss of precious metals in some operations of assaying', Journal of the Chemical Society, 13 (1860-1), 97-102.
163. For example Special General Meetings 27 April 1854 and 21 August 1855.
164. AGM, 1860.
165. AGM, 1861.
166. Henry Bence Jones (1814-73), FRS (1846), physician and chemist. See An Autobiography, with elucidations at later dates (signed A. B. B.-J.) (privately printed, 1929). Obituary, Journal of the Chemical Society, 27 (1874), 1201-2.
167. DNB (1917), X, 998.
168. [Royal Institution,] Managers' Minutes, XI, 415 (3 March 1862), Report on the Past, Present and Future of the Royal Institution, Chiefly in Regard to the Encouragement of Scientific Research, by the Hon. Secretary (H. B. Jones) (London, 1862).
169. D. Chilton and N. G. Coley, 'The laboratories of the Royal Institution in the nineteenth century', Ambix, 27 (1980) 173-203.
170. MCM, 8 May 1861.
171. Warren De la Rue (1815-89), FRS (1850), DCL, astronomer, chemist and inventor, President of the Chemical Society (1867-9 and 1879-80). DNB (1917), XVII, 387-9;
172. DSB (1911), IV, 18-9.
173. MCM, 14 April 1862.
174. Educational courses in chemistry for juvenile classes were reinstated in 1869.
175. AGM, 1862.
176. MCM, 10 June 1861; MCM, 12 June 1861; AGM, 1862.
177. Malone's letter to the Board, MCM, 11 December 1861.
178. This address is given in the membership registers of the Chemical Society for 1861 and 1862, but no information about this establishment has so far been found in the relevant directories.
179. MCM, 8 January 1862.
180. Arnold (note 98), 322.
181. These terms did not differ materially from those applying to Professor Grove's appointment twenty years previously (MCM, 14 January 1841).
182. MCM, 14 April 1862.
183. Frederick Field (1826-85), FRS (1863); DNB (1917), VI, 1268-9.
184. Obituary, Journal of the Chemical Society, 49 (1886), 347-50.
185. F. Field, Six Lectures on the Seven Metals of the Ancients (1862) (no syllabus).
186. F. Field, Fifteen Lectures on the Chemistry of the Non-Metallic Elements (1862-3).
187. AGM, 1863.
188. MCM, 11 February 1863.
189. (Sir) Arthur Herbert Church (1834-1915), FRS (1888), went on to a brilliant career, as Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester (1863-79), and the Royal Academy of Arts (to 1894). Obituary, Journal of the Chemical Society, 109 (1916), 374-9.
190. The successful candidate was James Smith Brazier, who had acted as substitute Professor for Andrew Fife, MD, the holder of the Chair since 1814, who had lately suffered from ill health. Chemistry at Aberdeen played then a very subordinate role, confined entirely to the training of the medical students. [C. H. Johnston (editor),] Calendar of the University of Aberdeen (Aberdeen, 1900).
191. J. A. Wanklyn and E. T. Chapman, Water Analysis. A Practical Treatise on the Examination of Potable Water (London, 1868), eleventh (posthumous) edn (London, 1907), revised and issued by W. J. Cooper, contains a brief memoir of Wanklyn's life, with a portrait, a detailed (but not exhaustive) bibliography of his publications to the year 1870, and a verbatim record of his testimonials of 1862-3.
192. James Alfred Wanklyn (1834-1906), DNB (Supplement) (1901-11), III, 587-8;
193. DSB (1976), XIV, 168-70. See also Wanklyn and Chapman (note 155).
194. J. A. Wanklyn, 'On some new ethyl compounds containing the alkali metals', Proceedings of the Royal Society, 9 (1857-9), 341-5;
195. Philosophical Magazine, 17 (4) (1859), 225-8.
196. J. A. Wanklyn, 'On a new mode of preparing propionic acid', Journal of the Chemical Society, 11 (1859), 103-5;
197. 'Synthesis of acetic acid', Proceedings of the Royal Society, 10 (1859-60), 4-5.
198. Professor Wanklyn's Laboratory Report for the Summer of 1863 to the Board of Managers. MCM, 9 September 1863.
199. J. A. Wanklyn and E. Erlenmeyer, 'On the hexyl group', Journal of the Chemical Society, 16 (1863), 221-35;
200. 'Preparation and properties of different beta-hexyl compounds', Journal of the Chemical Society, 17 (1864), 190-3.
201. E. Erlenmeyer and J. A. Wanklyn, 'On the constitution of melampyrin', Journal of the Chemical Society, 15 (1862), 456-62.
202. J. A. Wanklyn, 'Violet dye-stuffs', British Patent 2194 (1865).
203. J. A. Wanklyn, 'On the rational formula of rosaniline', Chemical News, 10 (1864), 157, 171;
204. H. Caro and J. A. Wanklyn, 'The relation of rosaniline to rosolic acid', Proceedings of the Royal Society, 15 (1866), 210-3.
205. J. A. Wanklyn, 'On the action of carbonic oxide on sodium ethyl', Journal of the Chemical Society, 19 (1866), 13-4.
206. Ernest Theophron Chapman (1846-72). Obituary, Journal of the Chemical Society, 26 (1873), 775-7.
207. Wanklyn and Chapman (note 155).
208. J. A. Wanklyn, E. T. Chapman and M. H. Smith, 'Water analysis. Determination of the nitrogenous organic matter', Journal of the Chemical Society, 20 (1867), 445-54.
209. J. A. Wanklyn, E. T. Chapman and M. H. Smith, Water analysis. Determination of the nitrogenous organic matter, Journal of the Chemical Society, Ibid 20 ( 1867), 445-54.
210. AGM, 1868.
211. Professor Edward Frankland was appointed Official Analyst for the London water supply in 1856 and retained this office for the next thirty years.
212. E. Frankland and H. E. Armstrong, 'On the analysis of potable water', Journal of the Chemical Society, 21 (1868), 77-108;
213. E. Frankland, 'On a simple apparatus for determining the gases, incident to water analysis', Journal of the Chemical Society, 21 (1868) 109-20. See also Russell (note 127) 372-80.
214. [F. A. J. L. James (editor),], H. McLeod, Diary, reprinted as Chemistry and Theology in Mid-Victorian London (London, 1987),
215. Entries for 16 January and 6 February 1868; Chemical News, 17 (1868), 45-7, 79-81, 97.
216. J. A. Wanklyn, 'Verification of Wanklyn, Chapman and Smith's water analysis on a series of artificial waters', Journal of the Chemical Society, 20 (1867), 591-5.
217. [Anon.,] Analyst, 1 (1877), 165-6 (book review).
218. [Editorial,] 'Water analysis', Chemical News, 25 (1872), 157.
219. E. Frankland, 'On some points in the analysis of potable waters', Journal of the Chemical Society, 29 (1876), 825-51 (847).
220. MCM, 12 February 1864; Chemical News, 9 (1864), 196-8.
221. Managers' Report to the AGM, 1865.
222. [LI Syllabuses,] Eight Lectures on the Chemistry of Metallurgy. By E. T. Chapman.
223. (Sir) Henry Enfield Roscoe (1833-1915), FRS (1863), President of the Chemical Society (1881-3). DNB (1912-21), 478-9;
224. DSB (1975), XI, 536-9.
225. [LI Syllabuses,] Three Lectures on Prismatic and Solar Chemistry. By Henry Enfield Roscoe, FRS (1864).
226. MCM, 11 May 1864.
227. (Sir) William Huggins (1824-1910), KCB, OM, FRS (1865), PRS (1900-5). DNB (Supplement), (1901-11) II, 315-9;
228. DSB (1972), VI, 540-3.
229. AGM, 1865.
230. MCM, 13 November 1867.
231. MCM, 10 June 1868.
232. MCM, 10 March 1869.
233. MCM; 10 February 1869. The terms of the motion are not revealed in the Minutes.
234. The Rev. William Rogers (1819-96) won great esteem for his efforts in founding schools for poor children in deprived areas of London. Surprisingly, he did not refer to the London Institution in his memoirs, Reminiscences of William Rogers, Rector of St. Botolph, Bishopsgate. Compiled by the Rev. R. H. Hadden (London, 1888).
235. DNB (1917), XVII, 145-6.
236. AGM, 28 April 1869.
237. C. A. Russell, N. G. Coley and G. K. Roberts, Chemistry by Profession. The Origin and Rise of the Royal Institute of Chemistry (Milton Keynes, 1977), 136.
238. This resentment re-emerged in his tendentious description of the old conflict, inserted into the 4th edition of his treatise (London, 1876) and was deplored in an otherwise favourable review of the book. See [Anon.,] (note 174).
239. J. A. Wanklyn, 'On high chemical formulae - the ground on which they rest', Chemical News, 17 (1868), 305.
240. Sir Benjamin Brodie, Bt. (1817-80), FRS, DCL, Professor of Chemistry at Oxford, President of the Chemical Society (1859 and 1860).
241. B. C. Brodie, 'An investigation of the chemical nature of wax. Part 3. Myricin', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 139 (1849), 91-108;
242. Philosophical Magazine, 35 (1849), 244-64.
243. [Editorial,] Chemical News, 15 (1867), 243;
244. Laboratory, 1 (1867), 117;
245. J. A. Wanklyn, Letter to Chemical News, 16 (1867), 303. See also Russell et al. (note 191), 114.
246. The printed Minutes of the Council Meetings of the Royal Society list only successful nominations to the Fellowship, so that no further information is available.
247. Johann Ludwig Wilhelm Thudichum (1829-1901), physician and physiological chemist. See D. L. Drabkin, Thudichum, Chemist of the Brain (Philadelphia, 1958).
248. J. A. Wanklyn, Letter to Justus von Liebig, August 1869. Liebigiana, 58, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich.
249. B. Dyer, The Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists. Some Reminiscences of the First Fifty Years (Cambridge, 1932), 12-3.
250. See note 177.
251. MCM, 21 December 1870.
252. B. Dyer, The Society of Public Analysts and Other Analytical Chemists. Some Reminiscences of the First Fifty Years, Ibid., 1932, 12-3
253. AGM, 1871; Journal of the London Institution, 1 (1871), 3.
254. Henry Edward Armstrong (1848-1937); FRS (1876), LLD, Professor at the Central Technical College at South Kensington (1884-1913), Council Member (from 1873), Secretary (1875-93), President (1893-5) and Vice-President (from 1895) of the Chemical Society. DNB (Supplement) (1931-40), 16-7;
255. DSB (1970), I, 288-9.
256. The Central (Journal of the Old Students of the Central Technical College), (83), Armstrong Memorial Number (June 1938), 94 pp.
257. [E. H. Rodd,] Obituary; Journal of the Chemical Society, (1940), 1418-39, particularly valuable for its clear analysis of Armstrong's published work.
258. J. Vargas Eyre, Henry Edward Armstrong, 1848-1937. The Doyen of British Chemistry and Pioneer of Technical Education (London, 1958). The book contains a good bibliography of Armstrong's publications but devotes barely three of its 325 pages to his association with the London Institution.
259. For Armstrong's pioneering ideas concerning technological education, see C. E. Brown, Henry Edward Armstrong. Educational Work (London, 1954);
260. W. H. Brock (editor), H. E. Armstrong and the Teaching of Science 1880-1930 (Cambridge, 1973).
261. Journal of the London Institution, 1 (1871), 18;
262. Nature, 3 (1870), 172.
263. AGM, 1872.
264. AGM, 1874.
265. MCM, 12 May 1869.
266. Charles Loudon Bloxam (1831-1887), Lecturer (from 1854) and Professor (from 1870) of Chemistry at King's College, London, an outstanding teacher and author of leading textbooks. Obituary, Journal of the Chemical Society, (1888), 508-9.
267. William Odling (1829-1921), FRS (1859), Lecturer at St Bartholomew's Hospital (1863-8), Fullerian Professor at the Royal Institution (1868) and Waynflete Professor of Chemistry at Oxford (1872-1921). DNB (Missing Persons) (1993), 501;
268. DSB (1974), X, 177-9.
269. Printed in the Journal of the London Institution, 2 (1872), 29-32, 44-6, 70-2, 88, 96-8.
270. Nature, 3 (1870), 118, 139.
271. MCM, 13 October 1869.
272. MCM, 11 August 1869.
273. MCM, 27 September 1869; MCM, 10 August 1870; MCM, 7 June 1871; MCM, 10 July 1872; Nature, 4 (1871), 107;
274. Nature, 6 (1872), 249.
275. They included courses entitled 'Air, earth, water and fire' (1872-3), 'Oxygen and carbon' (1873-4), 'The life history of animals and plants' (1874-5) and a single lecture entitled 'Water' (1883-4).
276. MCM, 11 September 1872.
277. AGM, 1873; MCM, 13 August 1873.
278. These lectures were entitled The artificial formation of alcohol from the elements' (1871), 'Modern agriculture' (two lectures, 1876), 'Colour from coal', 'Explosives' (1877), 'Modern chemical theory' (1878), 'History of chlorine' (1879), 'Manufacture of indigo from coal' (1880), 'Use of coal gas for heating and lighting' (1881) and 'Gas-stoves' (1882).
279. Delivered at the Conversazione of 15 February 1871 and published in the Journal of the London Institution, 1 (1871), 85-7.
280. See note 183.
281. These lectures were as follows: John Morris, 'Precious metals and precious stones' (two lectures, 1870); F. S. Barff, 'Nature and detection of poisons' (four lectures, 1871);
282. Frederick Field, 'The paraffin industry' (1873);
283. Vernon Heath, 'Photographic processes' (1875-6);
284. William Odling, 'A recent application of organic chemistry' (1879).
285. See note 206, 12.
286. Several of these names appeared as co-authors on Armstrong's publications.
287. AGM, 1873; Laboratory Report for 1872-3.
288. MCM, 17 June 1874. See note 23.
289. [Rodd] (note 207).
290. Eyre (note 208).
291. See Armstrong's letter (note 245).
292. H. E. Armstrong and N. C. Graham, 'Researches on the laws of substitution in the naphthalene series', Journal of the Chemical Society, 39 (1881), 133-43.
293. William Palmer Wynne (1861-1950), FRS (1896), Professor of Chemistry at Sheffield (1904-31), President of the Chemical Society (1923-5).
294. 16', Journal of the Chemical Society, 35 (1879), 733-59;
295. H. E. Armstrong, 'Ueber die Einwirkung von Jod auf Terpentin-Oel', Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, 12 (1879), 1756-9.
296. H. E. Armstrong, 'On the constitution of terpenes and of camphor', Chemical News, 37 (1878), 5-6.
297. Journal of the London Institution, (32) (16 April 1878).
298. MCM, 9 June 1875. A similar scrutiny in 1882 enquired 'what are the expenses of the laboratory and what advantages or otherwise are derived from it by the Institution' (MCM, 14 June 1882).
299. When, after seven years' service, Armstrong submitted a request for an increase in his salary to £100 p.a., it was refused with regret 'that the current state of the finances of the Institution did not permit of their acceeding to his proposal on the present occasion' (MCM, 13 June and 11 July 1877). In 1877 and 1879, Armstrong received from the Chemical Society Research Fund grants of £25 and £100 in support of his investigations, a sum totalling two and a half times his annual salary (see Jubilee of the Chemical Society (London, 1896), 198).
300. For the role of the Cowper Street School, see W. H. Brock, 'Richard Wormell (1838-1914)', School Science Review, 81 (2000) 93-7.
301. See, for example, Russell (note 127), 202-26, 311, 479.
302. MCM, 5 July 1883.
303. MCM, 10 December 1884.
304. W. H. Brock, 'Richard Wormell (1838-1914)', School Science Review, Ibid., 81 (2000) 93-7.
305. MCM, 11 November 1885.
306. See note 137.
307. MCM, 14 May 1884.
308. The assertion that the laboratory was destroyed (see note 206) appears to be an overstatement, inasmuch as no structural damage occurred, and living accommodation above it continued in use (MCM, 8 September 1897).
309. MCM, 12 January 1891.
310. Rafael Meldola (1849-1915), FRS (1886). DNB (Missing Persons) (1993), 459.
311. R. Meldola, Coal and What we Get from It, Romance of Science Series (London, 1891).
312. Vivian Byam Lewis (1852-1915), Professor of Chemistry at Royal Naval College, Greenwich. Obituary, Journal of the Chemical Society, 109 (1916), 382-5.
313. Lewis' lectures included the following titles: 'The chemistry of cleaning' (1894), 'Illuminating flames' (1892), 'Incandescent gas lighting' (1898), 'Water and its work' (1909), 'Smoke and its prevention' (1897) and 'Acetylene' (1897), the last a subject on which he delivered the Cantor Lectures of the Society of Arts in the same year.
314. Charles Meymott Tidy (1843-92), Barrister-at-Law and Professor of Chemistry and Forensic Medicine at the London Hospital. DNB (1917), XIX, 864-5.
315. Obituary, Journal of the Chemical Society, 63 (1893), 766-9.
316. C. M. Tidy, The Story of a Tinder Box, Romance of Science Series (London, 1897).
317. The courses were entitled as follows : 'Rain and fog' (1891), 'Combustion, slow, rapid and explosive' (1893), 'Great chemists: Priestley, Lavoisier, and Davy' (1896) and 'The wonders of the atmosphere' (1906).
318. Matthew Moncrieff Pattison Muir (1848-1931), Fellow and Praelector in Chemistry of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, was a prolific author of books on chemistry, including works on the history of the subject. He made substantial contributions to Watt's Dictionary of Chemistry, which he co-edited in 1884-92. Obituary, Journal of the Chemical Society, (1932), 1330-34.
319. MCM, 7 January, 1887; MCM, 8 February 1887; MCM, 13 April 1887; MCM, 8 February 1888.
320. MCM, 13 December 1897; AGM, 1898.
321. MCM, 10 April 1823.
322. C. A. Russell, Science and Social Change (London, 1983), Ch. 9, 154-73, and numerous references given therein.
323. George Birkbeck (1776-1841), see J. G. Godard, George Birkbeck, The Pioneer of Popular Education (London, 1884),
324. DNB (1917), II, 542-3.
325. Russell (note 263) 174-81.
326. The Literary and Philosophical Societies of Manchester (1781) and Newcastle (1793) antedate this development. The former was a more strictly scientific Society, issuing Transactions and Memoirs and enjoying a respectable academic reputation, largely linked to John Dalton, its President for twenty years (1824-44).
327. The 'Highgate Literary and Scientific Institution' has occupied its original house on the brow of Highgate Hill uninterruptedly since 1840. Today it provides for its 850 subscribers a lecture theatre, reading and meeting rooms, and organizes lectures, concerts and exhibitions. Its extensive library of 25,000 volumes includes a local archive, and a notable special collection of works by and about S. T. Coleridge, the poet, critic, friend of H. Davy and life-long student of science, whose last home (1823-34) in Dr Gillman's residence at 3 The Grove is situated in the immediate neighbourhood.