Development and plasticity of cortical areas and networks

Nature Reviews Neuroscience

Volumn 2, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 251-262

  Sur, Mriganka ^a   Leamey, Catherine A ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; AUDITORY NERVOUS SYSTEM; CYTOLOGY; FERRET; NEOCORTEX; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NERVE FIBER; PHYSIOLOGY; RETINA; REVIEW; THALAMUS; VISUAL CORTEX;

ANIMALS; AUDITORY PATHWAYS; AXONS; FERRETS; NEOCORTEX; NEURONAL PLASTICITY; RETINA; THALAMUS; VISUAL CORTEX;

EID: 0035316289     PISSN: 1471003X     EISSN: 14710048     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/35067562     Document Type: Article

References (168)

1. Rakic, P. Specification of cerebral cortical areas. Science 241, 170–176 (1988).
2. O’Leary, D. D. Do cortical areas emerge from a protocortex? Trends Neurosci. 12, 400–406 (1989).
3. Angevine, J. B. & Sidman, R. L. Autoradiographic study of cell migration during histogenesis of cerebral cortex in the mouse. Nature 192, 766–768 (1961).
4. Rakic, P. Neurons in rhesus monkey visual cortex: systematic relation between time of origin and eventual disposition. Science 183, 425–427 (1974).
5. Luskin, M. B. & Shatz, C. J. Neurogenesis of the cat’s primary visual cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 242, 611–631 (1985).
6. Luskin, M. B., Pearlman, A. L. & Sanes, J. R. Cell lineage in the cerebral cortex of the mouse studied in vivo and in vitro with a recombinant retrovirus. Neuron 1, 635–647 (1988).
7. Price, J. & Thurlow, L. Cell lineage in the rat cerebral cortex: a study using retroviral-mediated gene transfer. Development 104, 473–482 (1988).
8. Reid, C. B., Tavazoie, S. F. & Walsh, C. A. Clonal dispersion and evidence for asymmetric cell division in ferret cortex. Development 124, 2441–2450 (1997).
9. Desai, A. R. & McConnell, S. K. Progressive restriction in fate potential by neural progenitors during cerebral cortical development. Development 127, 2863–2872 (2000).
10. McConnell, S. K. & Kaznowski, C. E. Cell cycle dependence of laminar determination in developing neocortex. Science 254, 282–285 (1991).
11. Eagleson, K. L., Lillien, L., Chan, A. V. & Levitt, P. Mechanisms specifying area fate in cortex include cell-cycledependent decisions and the capacity of progenitors to express phenotype memory. Development 124, 1623–1630 (1997).
12. Dehay, C., Giroud, P., Berland, M., Smart, I. & Kennedy, H. Modulation of the cell cycle contributes to the parcellation of the primate visual cortex. Nature 366, 464–466 (1993).
13. Polleux, F., Dehay, C., Moraillon, B. & Kennedy, H. Regulation of neuroblast cell-cycle kinetics plays a crucial role in the generation of unique features of neocortical areas. J. Neurosci. 17, 7763-7783 (1997).
14. Dehay, C., Savatier, P, Cortay, V. & Kennedy, H. Cell-cycle kinetics of neocortical precursors are influenced by embryonic thalamic axons. J. Neurosci. 21, 201-214 (2001).
15. Rubenstein, J. L. et al. Genetic control of cortical regionalization and connectivity. Cereb. Cortex 9, 524-532 (1999).
16. Barbe, M. F. & Levitt, P. The early commitment of fetal neurons to the limbic cortex. J. Neurosci. 11, 519-533 (1991).
17. Cohen-Tannoudji, M., Babinet, C. & Wassef, M. Early determination of a mouse somatosensory cortex marker. Nature 368, 460-463 (1994).
18. Levitt, P., Eagleson, K. L., Chan, A. V, Ferri, R. T. & Lillien, L. Signaling pathways that regulate specification of neurons in developing cerebral cortex. Dev. Neurosci. 19, 6-8 (1997).
19. Nothias, F., Fishell, G. & Ruiz i Altaba, A. Cooperation of intrinsic and extrinsic signals in the elaboration of regional identity in the posterior cerebral cortex. Curr. Biol. 8, 459-462 (1998).
20. Gitton, Y., Cohen-Tannoudji, M. & Wassef, M. Specification of somatosensory area identity in cortical explants. J. Neurosci. 19, 4889-4898 (1999).
21. Gaillard, A. & Roger, M. Early commitment of embryonic neocortical cells to develop area-specific thalamic connections. Cereb. Cortex 10, 443-453 (2000).
22. Pinaudeau, C., Gaillard, A. & Roger, M. Stage of specification of the spinal cord and tectal projections from cortical grafts. Eur. J. Neurosci. 12, 2486-2496 (2000).
23. Arimatsu, Y. et al. Early regional specification for a molecular neuronal phenotype in the rat neocortex. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 89, 8879-8883 (1992).
24. Bulfone, A. et al. T-brain-1: a homolog of Brachyury whose expression defines molecularly distinct domains within the cerebral cortex. Neuron 15, 63-78 (1995).
25. Nakagawa, Y., Johnson, J. E. & O'Leary, D. D. Graded and areal expression patterns of regulatory genes and cadherins in embryonic neocortex independent of thalamocortical input. J. Neurosci. 19, 10877-10885 (1999).
26. Liu, Q., Dwyer, N. D. & O'Leary, D. D. Differential expression of COUP-TFI, CHL1, and two novel genes in developing neocortex identified by differential display PCR. J. Neurosci. 20, 7682-7690 (2000).
27. Miyashita-Lin, E. M., Hevner, R., Wassarman, K. M., Martinez, S. & Rubenstein, J. L. Early neocortical regionalization in the absence of thalamic innervation. Science 285, 906-909 (1999).
28. Walther, C. & Gruss, P. Pax-6, a murine paired box gene, is expressed in the developing CNS. Development 113, 1435-1449 (1991).
29. Stoykova, A. & Gruss, P. Roles of Pax-genes in developing and adult brain as suggested by expression patterns. J. Neurosci. 14, 1395-1412 (1994).
30. Bishop, K. M., Goudreau, G. & O'Leary, D. D. Regulation of area identity in the mammalian neocortex by Emx2 and Pax6. Science 288, 344-349 (2000).
31. Gulisano, M., Broccoli, V., Pardini, C. & Boncinelli, E. Emx1 and Emx2 show different patterns of expression during proliferation and differentiation of the developing cerebral cortex in the mouse. Eur. J. Neurosci. 8, 1037-1050 (1996).
32. Mallamaci, A. et al. EMX2 protein in the developing mouse brain and olfactory area. Mech. Dev. 77, 165-172 (1998).
33. Mallamaci, A., Muzio, L., Chan, C. H., Parnavelas, J. & Boncinelli, E. Area identity shifts in the early cerebral cortex of Emx2 mutant mice. Nature Neurosci. 3, 679-686 (2000).
34. Donoghue, M. J. & Rakic, P. Molecular evidence for the early specification of presumptive functional domains in the embryonic primate cerebral cortex. J. Neurosci. 19, 5967-5979 (1999).
35. Mackarehtschian, K., Lau, C. K., Caras, I. & McConnell, S. K. Regional differences in the developing cerebral cortex revealed by ephrin-A5 expression. Cereb. Cortex 9, 601-610 (1999).
36. Vanderhaeghen, P et al. A mapping label required for normal scale of body representation in the cortex. Nature Neurosci. 3, 358-365 (2000).
37. Huffman, K. J. et al. Formation of cortical fields on a reduced cortical sheet. J. Neurosci. 19, 9939-9952 (1999).
38. Gitton, Y, Cohen-Tannoudji, M. & Wassef, M. Role of thalamic axons in the expression of H-2Z1, a mouse somatosensory cortex specific marker. Cereb. Cortex 9, 611-620 (1999).
39. Arimatsu, Y, Ishida, M., Takiguchi-Hayashi, K. & Uratani, Y. Cerebral cortical specification by early potential restriction of progenitor cells and later phenotype control of postmitotic neurons. Development 126, 629-638 (1999).
40. Barbe, M. F. & Levitt, P. Attraction of specific thalamic input by cerebral grafts depends on the molecular identity of the implant. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 89, 3706-3710 (1992).
41. Schlaggar, B. L. & O'Leary, D. D. Potential of visual cortex to develop an array of functional units unique to somatosensory cortex. Science 252, 1556-1560 (1991).
42. Barbe, M. F. & Levitt, P. Age-dependent specification of the corticocortical connections of cerebral grafts. J. Neurosci. 15, 1819-1834 (1995).
43. Rakic, P, Suner, I. & Williams, R. W. A novel cytoarchitectonic area induced experimentally within the primate visual cortex. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 88, 2083-2087 (1991).
44. Dehay, C., Giroud, P., Berland, M., Killackey, H. & Kennedy, H. Contribution of thalamic input to the specification of cytoarchitectonic cortical fields in the primate: effects of bilateral enucleation in the fetal monkey on the boundaries, dimensions, and gyrification of striate and extrastriate cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 367, 70-89 (1996).
45. Windrem, M. S. & Finlay, B. L. Thalamic ablations and neocortical development: alterations of cortical cytoarchitecture and cell number. Cereb. Cortex 1, 230-240 (1991).
46. Clasca, F., Angelucci, A. & Sur, M. Layer-specific programs of development in neocortical projection neurons. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 92, 11145-11149 (1995).
47. Marotte, L. R., Leamey, C. A. & Waite, P. M. Timecourse of development of the wallaby trigeminal pathway: III. Thalamocortical and corticothalamic projections. J. Comp. Neurol. 387, 194-214 (1997).
48. Rakic, P. Prenatal genesis of connections subserving ocular dominance in the rhesus monkey. Nature 261, 467-471 (1976).
49. Crowley, J. C. & Katz, L. C. Early development of ocular dominance columns. Science 290, 1321-1324 (2000).
50. Crair, M. C., Horton, J. C., Antonini, A. & Stryker, M. P. Emergence of ocular dominance columns in cat visual cortex by 2 weeks of age. J. Comp. Neurol. 430, 235-249 (2001).
51. Crowley, J. C. & Katz, L. C. Development of ocular dominance columns in the absence of retinal input. Nature Neurosci. 2, 1125-1130 (1999).
52. Crair, M. C., Gillespie, D. C. & Stryker, M. P. The role of visual experience in the development of columns in cat visual cortex. Science 279, 566-570 (1998).
53. Miller, K. D., Keller, J. B. & Stryker, M. P. Ocular dominance column development: analysis and simulation. Science 245, 605-615 (1989).
54. Turing, A. M. The chemical basis of morphogenesis. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 237, 23-72 (1952).
55. Galli, L. & Maffei, L. Spontaneous impulse activity of rat retinal ganglion cells in prenatal life. Science 242, 90-91 (1988).
56. Meister, M., Wong, R. O., Baylor, D. A. & Shatz, C. J. Synchronous bursts of action potentials in ganglion cells of the developing mammalian retina. Science 252, 939-943 (1991).
57. Mooney, R., Penn, A. A., Gallego, R. & Shatz, C. J. Thalamic relay of spontaneous retinal activity prior to vision. Neuron 17, 863-874 (1996).
58. Weliky, M. & Katz, L. C. Correlational structure of spontaneous neuronal activity in the developing lateral geniculate nucleus in vivo. Science 285, 599-604 (1999).
59. Constantine-Paton, M. & Law, M. I. Eye-specific termination bands in tecta of three-eyed frogs. Science 202, 639-641 (1978).
60. Cline, H. T., Debski, E. A. & Constantine-Paton, M. n-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist desegregates eye-specific stripes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 84, 4342-4345 (1987).
61. Antonini, A. & Stryker, M. P. Rapid remodeling of axonal arbors in the visual cortex. Science 260, 1819-1821 (1993).
62. Reiter, H. O. & Stryker, M. P. Neural plasticity without postsynaptic action potentials: less-active inputs become dominant when kitten visual cortical cells are pharmacologically inhibited. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 85, 3623-3627 (1988).
63. Hata, Y & Stryker, M. P. Control of thalamocortical afferent rearrangement by postsynaptic activity in developing visual cortex. Science 265, 1732-1755 (1994).
64. Hata, Y, Tsumoto, T. & Stryker, M. P Selective pruning of more active afferents when cat visual cortex is pharmacologically inhibited. Neuron 22, 375-381 (1999).
65. Kirkwood, A., Lee, H. K. & Bear, M. F. Co-regulation of long- term potentiation and experience-dependent synaptic plasticity in visual cortex by age and experience. Nature 375, 328-331 (1995).
66. Kirkwood, A., Rioult, M. C. & Bear, M. F. Experience- dependent modification of synaptic plasticity in visual cortex. Nature 381, 526-528 (1996).
67. Kleinschmidt, A., Bear, M. F. & Singer, W. Blockade of 'NMDA' receptors disrupts experience-dependent plasticity of kitten striate cortex. Science 238, 355-358 (1987).
68. Miller, K. D., Chapman, B. & Stryker, M. P. Visual responses in adult cat visual cortex depend on N-methyl-D- aspartate receptors. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 86, 5183-5187 (1989)
69. Roberts, E. B., Meredith, M. A. & Ramoa, A. S. Suppression of NMDA receptor function using antisense DNA block ocular dominance plasticity while preserving visual responses. J. Neurophysiol. 80, 1021-1032 (1998).
70. Rossi, F. M., Bozzi, Y, Pizzorusso, T. & Maffei, L. Monocular deprivation decreases brain-derived neurotrophic factor immunoreactivity in the rat visual cortex. Neuroscience 90, 363-368 (1999).
71. Lein, E. S. & Shatz, C. J. Rapid regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA within eye-specific circuits during ocular dominance column formation. J. Neurosci. 20, 1470-1483 (2000).
72. Cabelli, R. J., Shelton, D. L., Segal, R. A. & Shatz, C. J. Blockade of endogenous ligands of trkB inhibits formation of ocular dominance columns. Neuron 19, 63-76 (1997).
73. McAllister, A. K., Katz, L. C. & Lo, D. C. Opposing roles for endogenous BDNF and NT-3 in regulating cortical dendritic growth. Neuron 18, 767-778 (1997).
74. Galuske, R. A., Kim, D. S., Castren, E. & Singer, W. Differential effects of neurotrophins on ocular dominance plasticity in developing and adult cat visual cortex. Eur. J. Neurosci. 12, 3315-3330 (2000).
75. Gao, W. J., Newman, D. E., Wormington, A. B. & Pallas, S. L. Development of inhibitory circuitry in visual and auditory cortex of postnatal ferrets: immunocytochemical localization of GABAergic neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 409, 261-273 (1999).
76. Issa, N. P., Trachtenberg, J. T., Chapman, B., Zahs, K. R. & Stryker, M. P. The critical period for ocular dominance plasticity in the ferret's visual cortex. J. Neurosci. 19, 6965-6978 (1999).
77. Fagiolini, M. & Hensch, T. K. Inhibitory threshold for critical- period activation in primary visual cortex. Nature 404, 183-186 (2000).
78. Benevento, L. A., Bakkum, B. W. & Cohen, R. S. Gamma- aminobutyric acid and somatostatin immunoreactivity in the visual cortex of normal and dark-reared rats. Brain Res. 689, 172-182 (1995).
79. Sala, R. et al. Nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor increase neurotransmitter release in the rat visual cortex. Eur. J. Neurosci. 10, 2185-2191 (1998).
80. Hanover, J. L., Huang, Z. J., Tonegawa, S. & Stryker, M. P. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor overexpression induces precocious critical period in mouse visual cortex. J. Neurosci. 19, RC40 (1999).
81. Huang, Z. J. et al. BDNF regulates the maturation of inhibition and the critical period of plasticity in mouse visual cortex. Cell 98, 739-755 (1999).
82. Hensch, T. K. et al. Local GABA circuit control of experience-dependent plasticity in developing visual cortex. Science 282, 1504-1508 (1998).
83. Quinlan, E. M., Philpot, B. D., Huganir, R. L. & Bear, M. F. Rapid, experience-dependent expression of synaptic NMDA receptors in visual cortex in vivo. Nature Neurosci. 2, 352-357 (1999).
84. Van der Loos, H. & Woolsey, T. A. Somatosensory cortex: structural alterations following early injury to sense organs. Science 179, 395-398 (1973).
85. Crair, M. C. & Malenka, R. C. A critical period for long-term potentiation at thalamocortical synapses. Nature 375, 325-328 (1995).
86. Isaac, J. T., Crair, M. C., Nicoll, R. A. & Malenka, R. C. Silent synapses during development of thalamocortical inputs. Neuron 18, 269-280 (1997).
87. Flint, A. C., Maisch, U. S., Weishaupt, J. H., Kriegstein, A. R. & Monyer, H. NR2A subunit expression shortens NMDA receptor synaptic currents in developing neocortex. J. Neurosci. 17, 2469-2476 (1997).
88. Henderson, T. A., Woolsey, T. A. & Jacquin, M. F. Infraorbital nerve blockade from birth does not disrupt central trigeminal pattern formation in the rat. Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 66, 146-152 (1992).
89. Chiaia, N. L., Fish, S. E., Bauer, W. R., Bennett-Clarke, C. A. & Rhoades, R. W. Postnatal blockade of cortical activity by tetrodotoxin does not disrupt the formation of vibrissa- related patterns in the rat's somatosensory cortex. Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 66, 244-250 (1992).
90. Iwasato, T. et al. Cortex-restricted disruption of NMDAR1 impairs neuronal patterns in the barrel cortex. Nature 406, 726-731 (2000).
91. Fox, K., Sato, H. & Daw, N. The location and function of NMDA receptors in cat and kitten visual cortex. J. Neurosci. 9, 2443-2454 (1989).
92. Rivadulla, C., Sharma, J. & Sur, M. Specific roles of NMDA and AMPA receptors in direction-selective and spatial phase-selective responses in visual cortex. J. Neurosci. 21, 1710-1719 (2001).
93. Ferster, D. & Miller, K. D. Neural mechanisms of orientation selectivity in the visual cortex. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 23, 441-471 (2000).
94. Douglas, R. J. & Martin, K. A. A functional microcircuit for cat visual cortex. J. Physiol. 440, 735-769 (1991).
95. Somers, D. C., Nelson, S. B. & Sur, M. An emergent model of orientation selectivity in cat visual cortical simple cells. J. Neurosci. 15, 5448-5465 (1995).
96. Wiesel, T. N. & Hubel, D. H. Ordered arrangement of orientation columns in monkeys lacking visual experience. J. Comp. Neurol. 158, 307-318 (1974).
97. Imbert, M. & Buisseret, P. Receptive field characteristics and plastic properties of visual cortical cells in kittens reared with or without visual experience. Exp. Brain Res. 22, 25-36 (1975).
98. Blakemore, C. & Van Sluyters, R. C. Innate and environmental factors in the development of the kitten's visual cortex. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 248, 663-716 (1975).
99. Albus, K. & Wolf, W. Early post-natal development of neuronal function in the kitten's visual cortex: a laminar analysis. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 348, 153-185 (1984).
100. Chapman, B. & Stryker, M. P. Development of orientation selectivity in ferret visual cortex and effects of deprivation. J. Neurosci. 13, 5251-5262 (1993).
101. Pettigrew, J. D. The effect of visual experience on the development of stimulus specificity by kitten cortical neurons. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 237, 49-74 (1974).
102. Sherman, S. M. & Spear, P. D. Organization of visual pathways in normal and visually deprived cats. Physiol. Rev. 62, 738-755 (1982).
103. Fregnac, Y. & Imbert, M. Development of neuronal selectivity in primary visual cortex of cat. Physiol. Rev. 64, 325-434 (1984).
104. Mower, G. D., Caplan, C. J., Christen, W. G. & Duffy, F. H. Dark rearing prolongs physiological but not anatomical plasticity of the cat visual cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 235, 448-466 (1985).
105. Gilbert, C. D. & Wiesel, T. N. Columnar specificity of intrinsic horizontal and corticocortical connections in cat visual cortex. J. Neurosci. 9, 2432-2442 (1989).
106. Bonhoeffer, T. & Grinvald, A. Iso-orientation domains in cat visual cortex are arranged in pinwheel-like patterns. Nature 353, 429-431 (1991).
107. Coogan, T. A. & Van Essen, D. C. Development of connections within and between areas V1 and V2 of macaque monkeys. J. Comp. Neurol. 372, 327-342 (1996).
108. Callaway, E. M. & Katz, L. C. Emergence and refinement of clustered horizontal connections in cat striate cortex. J. Neurosci. 10, 1134-1153 (1990).
109. Durack, J. C. & Katz, L. C. Development of horizontal projections in layer 2/3 of ferret visual cortex. Cereb. Cortex 6, 178-183 (1996).
110. Ruthazer, E. S. & Stryker, M. P. The role of activity in the development of long-range horizontal connections in area 17 of the ferret. J. Neurosci. 16, 7253-7269 (1996).
111. Callaway, E. M. & Katz, L. C. Effects of binocular deprivation on the development of clustered horizontal connections in cat striate cortex. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 88, 745-749 (1991).
112. Chapman, B., Stryker, M. P & Bonhoeffer, T. Development of orientation preference maps in ferret primary visual cortex. J. Neurosci. 16, 6443-6453 (1996).
113. Godecke, I., Kim, D. S., Bonhoeffer, T. & Singer, W. Development of orientation preference maps in area 18 of kitten visual cortex. Eur. J. Neurosci. 9, 1754-1762 (1997).
114. Kim, D. S. & Bonhoeffer, T. Reverse occlusion leads to a precise restoration of orientation preference maps in visual cortex. Nature 370, 370-372 (1994).
115. Godecke, I. & Bonhoeffer, T. Development of identical orientation maps for two eyes without common visual experience. Nature 379, 251-254 (1996).
116. Hubel, D. H. & Wiesel, T. N. Binocular interaction in striate cortex of kittens reared with artificial squint. J. Neurophysiol. 28, 1041-1059 (1965).
117. Crawford, M. L. & von Noorden, G. K. The effects of short- term experimental strabismus on the visual system in Macaca mulatta. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 18, 496-505 (1979).
118. Van Sluyters, R. C. & Levitt, F. B. Experimental strabismus in the kitten. J. Neurophysiol. 43, 686-699 (1980).
119. Shatz, C. J., Lindstrom, S. & Wiesel, T. N. The distribution of afferents representing the right and left eyes in the cat's visual cortex. Brain Res. 131, 103-116 (1977).
120. Lowel, S. Ocular dominance column development: strabismus changes the spacing of adjacent columns in cat visual cortex. J. Neurosci. 14, 7451-7468 (1994).
121. Lowel, S. & Singer, W. Selection of intrinsic horizontal connections in the visual cortex by correlated neuronal activity. Science 255, 209-212 (1992).
122. Schmidt, K. E., Kim, D. S., Singer, W., Bonhoeffer, T. & Lowel, S. Functional specificity of long-range intrinsic and interhemispheric connections in the visual cortex of strabismic cats. J. Neurosci. 17, 5480-5492 (1997).
123. Goodhill, G. J. & Lowel, S. Theory meets experiment: correlated neural activity helps determine ocular dominance column periodicity. Trends Neurosci. 18, 437-439 (1995).
124. Stryker, M. P & Strickland, S. L. Physiological segregation of ocular dominance columns depends on the pattern of afferent electrical activity. Invest. Opthamol. Vis. Sci. 25, 278 (1984).
125. Weliky, M. & Katz, L. C. Disruption of orientation tuning in visual cortex by artificially correlated neuronal activity. Nature 386, 680-685 (1997).
126. Goodhill, G. J. Stimulating issues in cortical map development. Trends Neurosci. 20, 375-376 (1997).
127. Blakemore, C. & Cooper, G. F. Development of the brain depends on the visual environment. Nature 228, 477-478 (1970).
128. Stryker, M. P & Sherk, H. Modification of cortical orientation selectivity in the cat by restricted visual experience: a reexamination. Science 190, 904-906 (1975).
129. Stryker, M. P, Sherk, H., Leventhal, A. G. & Hirsch, H. V. Physiological consequences for the cat's visual cortex of effectively restricting early visual experience with oriented contours. J. Neurophysiol. 41, 896-909 (1978).
130. Sengpiel, F., Stawinski, P. & Bonhoeffer, T. Influence of experience on orientation maps in cat visual cortex. Nature Neurosci. 2, 727-732 (1999).
131. Linden, D. C., Guillery, R. W. & Cucchiaro, J. The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the normal ferret and its postnatal development. J. Comp. Neurol. 203, 189-211 (1981).
132. Roe, A. W., Garraghty, P E. & Sur, M. Terminal arbors of single ON-center and OFF-center X and Y retinal ganglion cell axons within the ferret's lateral geniculate nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol. 288, 208-242 (1989).
133. Hahm, J. O., Cramer, K. S. & Sur, M. Pattern formation by retinal afferents in the ferret lateral geniculate nucleus: developmental segregation and the role of N-methyl-D- aspartate receptors. J. Comp. Neurol. 411, 327-345 (1999).
134. Kudo, M. & Niimi, K. Ascending projections of the inferior colliculus in the cat: an autoradiographic study. J. Comp. Neurol. 191, 545-556 (1980).
135. Winer, J. A. in The Mammalian Auditory Pathway, Neuroanatomy (eds Webster, D. D., Popper, A. N. & Fay, R. R.) 222-409 (Springer, New York, 1982).
136. Angelucci, A., Clasca, F., Bricolo, E., Cramer, K. S. & Sur, M. Experimentally induced retinal projections to the ferret auditory thalamus: development of clustered eye-specific patterns in a novel target. J. Neurosci. 17, 2040-2055 (1997).
137. Pallas, S. L. & Sur, M. Morphology of retinal axon arbors induced to arborize in a novel target, the medial geniculate nucleus. II. Comparison with axons from the inferior colliculus. J. Comp. Neurol. 349, 363-376 (1994).
138. Roe, A. W., Hahm, J.-O. & Sur, M. Experimentally induced establishment of visual topography in auditory thalamus. Soc. Neurosci. Abs. 17, 898 (1991).
139. Roe, A. W., Garraghty, P E., Esguerra, M. & Sur, M. Experimentally induced visual projections to the auditory thalamus in ferrets: evidence for a W cell pathway. J. Comp. Neurol. 334, 263-280 (1993).
140. Roe, A. W., Pallas, S. L., Hahm, J. O. & Sur, M. A map of visual space induced in primary auditory cortex. Science 250, 818-820 (1990).
141. Andersen, R. A., Knight, P L. & Merzenich, M. M. The thalamocortical and corticothalamic connections of AI, AII, and the anterior auditory field (AAF) in the cat: evidence for two largely segregated systems of connections. J. Comp. Neurol. 194, 663-701 (1980).
142. McMullen, N. T. & de Venecia, R. K. Thalamocortical patches in auditory neocortex. Brain Res. 620, 317-322 (1993).
143. Pallas, S. L., Roe, A. W. & Sur, M. Visual projections induced into the auditory pathway of ferrets. I. Novel inputs to primary auditory cortex (AI) from the LP/pulvinar complex and the topography of the MGN-AI projection. J. Comp. Neurol. 298, 50-68 (1990).
144. Angelucci, A. Experimental Retinal Projections to the Ferret Auditory Thalamus: Morphology, Development and Effects on Cortical Organization Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1996).
145. Roe, A. W., Pallas, S. L., Kwon, Y. H. & Sur, M. Visual projections routed to the auditory pathway in ferrets: receptive fields of visual neurons in primary auditory cortex. J. Neurosci. 12, 3651-3664 (1992).
146. Sharma, J., Angelucci, A. & Sur, M. Induction of visual orientation modules in auditory cortex. Nature 404, 841-847 (2000).
147. Rao, S. C., Toth, L. J. & Sur, M. Optically imaged maps of orientation preference in primary visual cortex of cats and ferrets. J. Comp. Neurol. 387, 358-370 (1997).
148. Gao, W. & Pallas, S. L. Cross-modal reorganization of horizontal connectivity in auditory cortex without altering thalamocortical projections. J. Neurosci. 19, 7940-7950
149. von Melchner, L., Pallas, S. L. & Sur, M. Visual behaviour mediated by retinal projections directed to the auditory pathway. Nature 404, 871-876 (2000).
150. Frost, D. O., Boire, D., Gingras, G. & Ptito, M. Surgically created neural pathways mediate visual pattern discrimination. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97, 11068-11073 (2000).
151. Swindale, N. V. Brain development: Lightning is always seen, thunder always heard. Curr. Biol. 10, R569-R571 (2000).
152. Schneider, G. E. Early lesions of superior colliculus: factors affecting the formation of abnormal retinal projections. Brain Behav. Evol. 8, 73-109 (1973).
153. Devor, M. Neuroplasticity in the sparing or deterioration of function after early olfactory tract lesions. Science 190, 998-1000 (1975).
154. Graziadei, P P, Levine, R. R. & Monti Graziadei, G. A. Plasticity of connections of the olfactory sensory neuron: regeneration into the forebrain following bulbectomy in the neonatal mouse. Neuroscience 4, 713-727 (1979).
155. Frost, D. O. Anomalous visual connections to somatosensory and auditory systems following brain lesions in early life. Brain Res. 255, 627-635 (1982).
156. Frost, D. O. & Metin, C. Induction of functional retinal projections to the somatosensory system. Nature 317, 162-164 (1985).
157. Asanuma, C. & Stanfield, B. B. Induction of somatic sensory inputs to the lateral geniculate nucleus in congenitally blind mice and in phenotypically normal mice. Neuroscience 39, 533-545 (1990).
158. Sur, M., Garraghty, P E. & Roe, A. W. Experimentally induced visual projections into auditory thalamus and cortex. Science 242, 1437-1441 (1988).
159. Angelucci, A., Clasca, F. & Sur, M. Brainstem inputs to the ferret medial geniculate nucleus and the effect of early deafferentation on novel retinal projections to the auditory thalamus. J. Comp. Neurol. 400, 417-439 (1998).
160. Lyckman, A. et al. Do Ephrin-A and EphA serve to compartmentalize visual and auditory structures in the developing thalamus? Soc. Neurosci. Abs. 24, 901 (1999).
161. Pallas, S. L., Hahm, J. & Sur, M. Morphology of retinal axons induced to arborize in a novel target, the medial geniculate nucleus. I. Comparison with arbors in normal targets. J. Comp. Neurol. 349, 343-362 (1994).
162. Sur, M., Pallas, S. L. & Roe, A. W. Cross-modal plasticity in cortical development: differentiation and specification of sensory neocortex. Trends Neurosci. 13, 227-233 (1990).
163. Jackson, C. A., Peduzzi, J. D. & Hickey, T. L. Visual cortex development in the ferret. I. Genesis and migration of visual cortical neurons. J. Neurosci. 9, 1242-1253 (1989).
164. Johnson, J. K. & Casagrande, V. A. Prenatal development of axon outgrowth and connectivity in the ferret visual system. Vis. Neurosci. 10, 117-130 (1993).
165. Herrmann, K., Antonini, A. & Shatz, C. J. Ultrastructural evidence for synaptic interactions between thalamocortical axons and subplate neurons. Eur. J. Neurosci. 6, 1729-1742 (1994).
166. Finney, E. M. & Shatz, C. J. Establishment of patterned thalamocortical connections does not require nitric oxide synthase. J. Neurosci. 18, 8826-8838 (1998).
167. Ruthazer, E. S., Baker, G. E. & Stryker, M. P Development and organization of ocular dominance bands in primary visual cortex of the sable ferret. J. Comp. Neurol. 407, 151-165 (1999).
168. Angelucci, A., Sharma, J. & Sur, M. in The Mutable Brain (ed. Kaas, J. H.) 351-392 (Harwood Academic, Amsterdam, 2000).