The records continuum model in context and its implications for archival practice

Journal of the Society of Archivists

Volumn 22, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 79-93

  Flynn, Sarah J A ^a  

^a NONE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0035315735     PISSN: 00379816     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00379810120037522     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. This article is dedicated to the memory of my grandfather, the place-names scholar John Field (1921-2000).
2. See respectively P. M. Romans, review of Archives and Manuscripts, vol 24, 2 (1996) in JSA, vol 19 (1998), pp 244-245 (I draw below on the work of Frank Upward mentioned in this review); Siân Yates, 'Perspectives Down Under: tales of an itinerant archivist', Society of Archivists' Newsletter, no 118 (March 1999), pp 10-12; and Rhiannon Birch, 'The records continuum', Society of Archivists' Newsletter, no 127 (January 2000), pp 13-14.
3. See respectively P. M. Romans, review of Archives and Manuscripts, vol 24, 2 (1996) in JSA, vol 19 (1998), pp 244-245 (I draw below on the work of Frank Upward mentioned in this review); Siân Yates, 'Perspectives Down Under: tales of an itinerant archivist', Society of Archivists' Newsletter, no 118 (March 1999), pp 10-12; and Rhiannon Birch, 'The records continuum', Society of Archivists' Newsletter, no 127 (January 2000), pp 13-14.
4. See respectively P. M. Romans, review of Archives and Manuscripts, vol 24, 2 (1996) in JSA, vol 19 (1998), pp 244-245 (I draw below on the work of Frank Upward mentioned in this review); Siân Yates, 'Perspectives Down Under: tales of an itinerant archivist', Society of Archivists' Newsletter, no 118 (March 1999), pp 10-12; and Rhiannon Birch, 'The records continuum', Society of Archivists' Newsletter, no 127 (January 2000), pp 13-14.
5. See respectively P. M. Romans, review of Archives and Manuscripts, vol 24, 2 (1996) in JSA, vol 19 (1998), pp 244-245 (I draw below on the work of Frank Upward mentioned in this review); Siân Yates, 'Perspectives Down Under: tales of an itinerant archivist', Society of Archivists' Newsletter, no 118 (March 1999), pp 10-12; and Rhiannon Birch, 'The records continuum', Society of Archivists' Newsletter, no 127 (January 2000), pp 13-14.
6. For an account of this event, see Jayne Pucknell, 'A continuum approach to records management', Society of Archivists' Newsletter, no 127 (January 2000), pp 12-13.
7. Michael Piggott and Sue McKemmish (eds.), The Records Continuum: Ian MacLean and Australian Archives first fifty years (Sydney, 1994), p xi.
8. An impression I first gained at the 1999 training day mentioned above; see also the reference to a 'new model' in Sally McInnes, 'Electronic records: the new archival frontier?', JSA, vol 19 (1998), p 215. Birch, however, states that 'The continuum is not tied to a single medium' ('Records continuum', p 14).
9. An impression I first gained at the 1999 training day mentioned above; see also the reference to a 'new model' in Sally McInnes, 'Electronic records: the new archival frontier?', JSA, vol 19 (1998), p 215. Birch, however, states that 'The continuum is not tied to a single medium' ('Records continuum', p 14).
10. Michael Moss, 'The scent of the slow hound and the snap of a bull-dog: the place of research in the archival profession', in Margaret Procter and C. P. Lewis (eds.), New Directions in Archival Research (Liverpool, 2000), pp 7-19.
11. AS3490-1996 (Standards Australia, 1996), p 7, cited in Jay Kennedy and Cherryl Schauder, Records Management: a guide to corporate record keeping (Melbourne, 1998), p 9.
12. AS3490-1996 (Standards Australia, 1996), p 7, cited in Jay Kennedy and Cherryl Schauder, Records Management: a guide to corporate record keeping (Melbourne, 1998), p 9.
13. However, Michael Cook's discussion of records management in his standard textbook - a discussion rooted in an archivally oriented life-cycle model - does mention the design of records systems as part of the work of a records service: Michael Cook, Archives Administration: a manual for intermediate and smaller organisations and for local government (Folkestone, 1977), p 27, figure 2.2.
14. In a paper subsequently published as Jay Atherton, 'From life cycle to continuum: some thoughts on the records management-archives relationship', Archivaria, vol 21 (1985-86), pp 43-51.
15. Atherton, 'From life cycle to continuum', pp 43 and 47.
16. Atherton, 'From life cycle to continuum', pp 47-48; cited in Frank Upward, 'In search of the continuum: Ian McLean's "Australian Experience" essays on recordkeeping' in Piggott and McKemmish (eds.), Records Continuum, p 119. Upward's article is also available via the website of the Records Continuum Research Group, based at Monash University, Melbourne ( [accessed 13 March 2000]).
17. Atherton, 'From life cycle to continuum', pp 47-48; cited in Frank Upward, 'In search of the continuum: Ian McLean's "Australian Experience" essays on recordkeeping' in Piggott and McKemmish (eds.), Records Continuum, p 119. Upward's article is also available via the website of the Records Continuum Research Group, based at Monash University, Melbourne ( [accessed 13 March 2000]).
18. Compare developments in the field of appraisal theory in the last few decades: see Terry Cook, 'Interaction of archival theory and practice since the publication of the Dutch Manual', Archivum, vol 43 (1996), pp 199-203; and Terry Cook, 'Mind over matter: towards a theory of archival appraisal' and Terry Eastwood, 'Towards a social theory of appraisal' in Barbara Craig (ed.), The Archival Imagination: essays in honour of Hugh Taylor (Ottawa, 1992), pp 38-70 and 71-89, respectively.
19. Compare developments in the field of appraisal theory in the last few decades: see Terry Cook, 'Interaction of archival theory and practice since the publication of the Dutch Manual', Archivum, vol 43 (1996), pp 199-203; and Terry Cook, 'Mind over matter: towards a theory of archival appraisal' and Terry Eastwood, 'Towards a social theory of appraisal' in Barbara Craig (ed.), The Archival Imagination: essays in honour of Hugh Taylor (Ottawa, 1992), pp 38-70 and 71-89, respectively.
20. Compare developments in the field of appraisal theory in the last few decades: see Terry Cook, 'Interaction of archival theory and practice since the publication of the Dutch Manual', Archivum, vol 43 (1996), pp 199-203; and Terry Cook, 'Mind over matter: towards a theory of archival appraisal' and Terry Eastwood, 'Towards a social theory of appraisal' in Barbara Craig (ed.), The Archival Imagination: essays in honour of Hugh Taylor (Ottawa, 1992), pp 38-70 and 71-89, respectively.
21. See Anthony Giddens, The Constitution of Society: outline of the theory of structuration (Cambridge, 1984). See also Terry Cook, 'Mind over matter,' pp 65-66, n29; and Richard Brown, 'Records acquisition strategy and its theoretical foundation: the case for a concept of archival hermeneutics', Archivaria, vol 33, 1 (Winter 1991-92), p 42.
22. See Anthony Giddens, The Constitution of Society: outline of the theory of structuration (Cambridge, 1984). See also Terry Cook, 'Mind over matter,' pp 65-66, n29; and Richard Brown, 'Records acquisition strategy and its theoretical foundation: the case for a concept of archival hermeneutics', Archivaria, vol 33, 1 (Winter 1991-92), p 42.
23. See Anthony Giddens, The Constitution of Society: outline of the theory of structuration (Cambridge, 1984). See also Terry Cook, 'Mind over matter,' pp 65-66, n29; and Richard Brown, 'Records acquisition strategy and its theoretical foundation: the case for a concept of archival hermeneutics', Archivaria, vol 33, 1 (Winter 1991-92), p 42.
24. A useful collection of the work of these theorists may be found at the website of the Records Continuum Research Group, as above. Upward's two articles are available at this site. These are 'Structuring the records continuum part one: postcustodial principles and properties' (Melbourne, 1998) and 'Structuring the records continuum part two: structuration theory and recordkeeping' (Melbourne, 1998). They were first published in Archives and Manuscripts, vol 24, 2 (1996) and vol 25, 1 (1997).
25. A useful collection of the work of these theorists may be found at the website of the Records Continuum Research Group, as above. Upward's two articles are available at this site. These are 'Structuring the records continuum part one: postcustodial principles and properties' (Melbourne, 1998) and 'Structuring the records continuum part two: structuration theory and recordkeeping' (Melbourne, 1998). They were first published in Archives and Manuscripts, vol 24, 2 (1996) and vol 25, 1 (1997).
26. A useful collection of the work of these theorists may be found at the website of the Records Continuum Research Group, as above. Upward's two articles are available at this site. These are 'Structuring the records continuum part one: postcustodial principles and properties' (Melbourne, 1998) and 'Structuring the records continuum part two: structuration theory and recordkeeping' (Melbourne, 1998). They were first published in Archives and Manuscripts, vol 24, 2 (1996) and vol 25, 1 (1997).
27. A useful collection of the work of these theorists may be found at the website of the Records Continuum Research Group, as above. Upward's two articles are available at this site. These are 'Structuring the records continuum part one: postcustodial principles and properties' (Melbourne, 1998) and 'Structuring the records continuum part two: structuration theory and recordkeeping' (Melbourne, 1998). They were first published in Archives and Manuscripts, vol 24, 2 (1996) and vol 25, 1 (1997).
28. Upward, 'Structuring the records continuum part two'.
29. Upward's compatriots have produced interpretations of his reading. An extremely useful account is Sue McKemmish, 'Yesterday, today and tomorrow: a continuum of responsibility' (Melbourne, 1998), available at the Records Continuum Research Group's website (accessed 24 May 2000). This was first published in Proceedings of the Records Management Association of Australia 14th National Convention, 15-17 September 1997 (Perth, 1997). For an applicatior of the records continuum model to a particular record-keeping activity, see Danielle Wickman, 'What's new? Functional analysis in life cycle and continuum environments', Archives and Manuscripts, vcl 27 (May 1999), pp 114-127. Upward himself presents a summary of his reading of the model in an article in the Records Management Journal entitled 'Modelling the continuum as paradigm shift in recordkeeping and archiving processes, and beyond - a personal reflection' (forthcoming; I am grateful to the author for supplying me with a draft). For the theoretical context, see the commentary on Michel Foucault's ideas in Terry Cook, 'Mind over matter', pp 43-44. Other work in a similar vein includes the articles cited above (note 14) and Terry Cook, 'Electronic records, paper minds: the revolution in information management and archives in the post-custodial and post-modernist era', Archives and Manuscripts, vol 22, 2 (1994), pp 300-328.
30. Upward's compatriots have produced interpretations of his reading. An extremely useful account is Sue McKemmish, 'Yesterday, today and tomorrow: a continuum of responsibility' (Melbourne, 1998), available at the Records Continuum Research Group's website (accessed 24 May 2000). This was first published in Proceedings of the Records Management Association of Australia 14th National Convention, 15-17 September 1997 (Perth, 1997). For an applicatior of the records continuum model to a particular record-keeping activity, see Danielle Wickman, 'What's new? Functional analysis in life cycle and continuum environments', Archives and Manuscripts, vcl 27 (May 1999), pp 114-127. Upward himself presents a summary of his reading of the model in an article in the Records Management Journal entitled 'Modelling the continuum as paradigm shift in recordkeeping and archiving processes, and beyond - a personal reflection' (forthcoming; I am grateful to the author for supplying me with a draft). For the theoretical context, see the commentary on Michel Foucault's ideas in Terry Cook, 'Mind over matter', pp 43-44. Other work in a similar vein includes the articles cited above (note 14) and Terry Cook, 'Electronic records, paper minds: the revolution in information management and archives in the post-custodial and post-modernist era', Archives and Manuscripts, vol 22, 2 (1994), pp 300-328.
31. Upward's compatriots have produced interpretations of his reading. An extremely useful account is Sue McKemmish, 'Yesterday, today and tomorrow: a continuum of responsibility' (Melbourne, 1998), available at the Records Continuum Research Group's website (accessed 24 May 2000). This was first published in Proceedings of the Records Management Association of Australia 14th National Convention, 15-17 September 1997 (Perth, 1997). For an applicatior of the records continuum model to a particular record-keeping activity, see Danielle Wickman, 'What's new? Functional analysis in life cycle and continuum environments', Archives and Manuscripts, vcl 27 (May 1999), pp 114-127. Upward himself presents a summary of his reading of the model in an article in the Records Management Journal entitled 'Modelling the continuum as paradigm shift in recordkeeping and archiving processes, and beyond - a personal reflection' (forthcoming; I am grateful to the author for supplying me with a draft). For the theoretical context, see the commentary on Michel Foucault's ideas in Terry Cook, 'Mind over matter', pp 43-44. Other work in a similar vein includes the articles cited above (note 14) and Terry Cook, 'Electronic records, paper minds: the revolution in information management and archives in the post-custodial and post-modernist era', Archives and Manuscripts, vol 22, 2 (1994), pp 300-328.
32. Upward's compatriots have produced interpretations of his reading. An extremely useful account is Sue McKemmish, 'Yesterday, today and tomorrow: a continuum of responsibility' (Melbourne, 1998), available at the Records Continuum Research Group's website (accessed 24 May 2000). This was first published in Proceedings of the Records Management Association of Australia 14th National Convention, 15-17 September 1997 (Perth, 1997). For an applicatior of the records continuum model to a particular record-keeping activity, see Danielle Wickman, 'What's new? Functional analysis in life cycle and continuum environments', Archives and Manuscripts, vcl 27 (May 1999), pp 114-127. Upward himself presents a summary of his reading of the model in an article in the Records Management Journal entitled 'Modelling the continuum as paradigm shift in recordkeeping and archiving processes, and beyond - a personal reflection' (forthcoming; I am grateful to the author for supplying me with a draft). For the theoretical context, see the commentary on Michel Foucault's ideas in Terry Cook, 'Mind over matter', pp 43-44. Other work in a similar vein includes the articles cited above (note 14) and Terry Cook, 'Electronic records, paper minds: the revolution in information management and archives in the post-custodial and post-modernist era', Archives and Manuscripts, vol 22, 2 (1994), pp 300-328.
33. Upward's compatriots have produced interpretations of his reading. An extremely useful account is Sue McKemmish, 'Yesterday, today and tomorrow: a continuum of responsibility' (Melbourne, 1998), available at the Records Continuum Research Group's website (accessed 24 May 2000). This was first published in Proceedings of the Records Management Association of Australia 14th National Convention, 15-17 September 1997 (Perth, 1997). For an applicatior of the records continuum model to a particular record-keeping activity, see Danielle Wickman, 'What's new? Functional analysis in life cycle and continuum environments', Archives and Manuscripts, vcl 27 (May 1999), pp 114-127. Upward himself presents a summary of his reading of the model in an article in the Records Management Journal entitled 'Modelling the continuum as paradigm shift in recordkeeping and archiving processes, and beyond - a personal reflection' (forthcoming; I am grateful to the author for supplying me with a draft). For the theoretical context, see the commentary on Michel Foucault's ideas in Terry Cook, 'Mind over matter', pp 43-44. Other work in a similar vein includes the articles cited above (note 14) and Terry Cook, 'Electronic records, paper minds: the revolution in information management and archives in the post-custodial and post-modernist era', Archives and Manuscripts, vol 22, 2 (1994), pp 300-328.
34. Upward's compatriots have produced interpretations of his reading. An extremely useful account is Sue McKemmish, 'Yesterday, today and tomorrow: a continuum of responsibility' (Melbourne, 1998), available at the Records Continuum Research Group's website (accessed 24 May 2000). This was first published in Proceedings of the Records Management Association of Australia 14th National Convention, 15-17 September 1997 (Perth, 1997). For an applicatior of the records continuum model to a particular record-keeping activity, see Danielle Wickman, 'What's new? Functional analysis in life cycle and continuum environments', Archives and Manuscripts, vcl 27 (May 1999), pp 114-127. Upward himself presents a summary of his reading of the model in an article in the Records Management Journal entitled 'Modelling the continuum as paradigm shift in recordkeeping and archiving processes, and beyond - a personal reflection' (forthcoming; I am grateful to the author for supplying me with a draft). For the theoretical context, see the commentary on Michel Foucault's ideas in Terry Cook, 'Mind over matter', pp 43-44. Other work in a similar vein includes the articles cited above (note 14) and Terry Cook, 'Electronic records, paper minds: the revolution in information management and archives in the post-custodial and post-modernist era', Archives and Manuscripts, vol 22, 2 (1994), pp 300-328.
35. These are based on a discussion with his Monash University colleague Sue McKemmish. Upward, 'Structuring the records continuum part one'. The fourth statement of principle lays down that 'archival science is the foundation for organising knowledge about recordkeeping', and reflects McKemmish's and Upward's role as archival educators
36. I am grateful to Frank Upward for permission to reproduce this diagram. Another version illustrates Birch, 'Records continuum', p 14. My commentary follows Upward, 'Structuring the records continuum part one'.
37. I am grateful to Frank Upward for permission to reproduce this diagram. Another version illustrates Birch, 'Records continuum', p 14. My commentary follows Upward, 'Structuring the records continuum part one'.
38. Upward now uses the even less specific term 'recordkeeping objects': see 'Modelling the continuum as paradigm shift'.
39. Michael Cook, Archives Administration, p 85, figure 5.3. This diagram also nicely shows the transfers of responsibilities for records implicit in the life-cycle model.
40. Upward suggests that a single actor is still a 'work unit', thus removing any doubt that he views the records continuum model as valid for personal papers as well as for organisational archives. A practical example of this second record-keeping dimension is an initiative - prior to a corporate merger - for the identification and preservation of corporate documentation and records entitled 'Capture It', which took place at Glaxo Wellcome pic in 2000.
41. Hilary Jenkinson, A Manual of Archive Administration, revised edn (London, 1937), p 11. A more detailed examination of the Upwardian criterion for the definition of a record rather than mere information than is possible in this article would be of value.
42. Any significant research based on business archives may well be read before publication by representatives of the companies involved - something which its author may be required formally to agree to before he or she even begins research.
43. As enjoined by the 'Pittsburgh model' of functional requirements for record-keeping: see for example David Bearman, 'The physical archives and the virtual archives', Archivum, vol 43 (1997), pp 150-167, especially Appendix A; and McInnes, 'Electronic records', p 217.
44. As enjoined by the 'Pittsburgh model' of functional requirements for record-keeping: see for example David Bearman, 'The physical archives and the virtual archives', Archivum, vol 43 (1997), pp 150-167, especially Appendix A; and McInnes, 'Electronic records', p 217.
45. For essential record attributes, see the commentary in Terry Cook, 'Electronic records, paper minds', pp 313-314, For the virtual nature of electronic records, see for example Charles Dollar, Archival Theory and Information Technologies: the impact of information technologies on archival principles and methods (Macerata, 1992), pp 36-38; and McInnes, 'Electronic records', p 215.
46. For essential record attributes, see the commentary in Terry Cook, 'Electronic records, paper minds', pp 313-314, For the virtual nature of electronic records, see for example Charles Dollar, Archival Theory and Information Technologies: the impact of information technologies on archival principles and methods (Macerata, 1992), pp 36-38; and McInnes, 'Electronic records', p 215.
47. For essential record attributes, see the commentary in Terry Cook, 'Electronic records, paper minds', pp 313-314, For the virtual nature of electronic records, see for example Charles Dollar, Archival Theory and Information Technologies: the impact of information technologies on archival principles and methods (Macerata, 1992), pp 36-38; and McInnes, 'Electronic records', p 215.
48. See Sigrid McCausland, 'Adapting the series system: a study of small archives applications', in Piggott and McKemmish (eds.), Records Continuum, p 184.
49. See also Terry Cook, 'Easy to byte, harder to chew: the second generation of electronic records archives', Archivaria, vol 33, 1 (Winter 1991-92), p 207, and 'Interaction of archival theory and practice', p 206.
50. See also Terry Cook, 'Easy to byte, harder to chew: the second generation of electronic records archives', Archivaria, vol 33, 1 (Winter 1991-92), p 207, and 'Interaction of archival theory and practice', p 206.
51. Ian McLean's obituary of Sir Harold White, sometime National Librarian, entitled 'Long felt admiration and gratitude', Archives and Manuscripts, vol 20, 2 (1992), p 196, cited in Steve Stuckey, 'Keepers of the fame? The custodial role of Australian archives - its history and its future', in Piggott and McKemmish (eds.), Records Continuum, p 40.
52. Ian McLean's obituary of Sir Harold White, sometime National Librarian, entitled 'Long felt admiration and gratitude', Archives and Manuscripts, vol 20, 2 (1992), p 196, cited in Steve Stuckey, 'Keepers of the fame? The custodial role of Australian archives - its history and its future', in Piggott and McKemmish (eds.), Records Continuum, p 40.
53. For Upward's backdating, see 'Structuring the records continuum part one'. His commentary is Upward, 'In search of the continuum'.
54. For Upward's backdating, see 'Structuring the records continuum part one'. His commentary is Upward, 'In search of the continuum'.
55. The classic text on the CRS System is Scott's own concise and masterly exposition: Peter Scott, 'The record group concept: a case for abandonment', American Archivist, vol 29, 4 (1966), pp 493-504. See also Susan Healy, 'The classification of modern government records in England and Australia', JSA, vol 11 (1990), pp 21-26; and Mark Wagland and Russell Kelly, 'The series system - a revolution in archival control' and Chris Hurley, 'The Australian ('series') system: an exposition', in Piggott and McKemmish (eds.), Records Continuum, pp 131-149 and 150-172, respectively. For Upward's gloss on the CRS System, see 'In search of the continuum', p 120.
56. The classic text on the CRS System is Scott's own concise and masterly exposition: Peter Scott, 'The record group concept: a case for abandonment', American Archivist, vol 29, 4 (1966), pp 493-504. See also Susan Healy, 'The classification of modern government records in England and Australia', JSA, vol 11 (1990), pp 21-26; and Mark Wagland and Russell Kelly, 'The series system - a revolution in archival control' and Chris Hurley, 'The Australian ('series') system: an exposition', in Piggott and McKemmish (eds.), Records Continuum, pp 131-149 and 150-172, respectively. For Upward's gloss on the CRS System, see 'In search of the continuum', p 120.
57. The classic text on the CRS System is Scott's own concise and masterly exposition: Peter Scott, 'The record group concept: a case for abandonment', American Archivist, vol 29, 4 (1966), pp 493-504. See also Susan Healy, 'The classification of modern government records in England and Australia', JSA, vol 11 (1990), pp 21-26; and Mark Wagland and Russell Kelly, 'The series system - a revolution in archival control' and Chris Hurley, 'The Australian ('series') system: an exposition', in Piggott and McKemmish (eds.), Records Continuum, pp 131-149 and 150-172, respectively. For Upward's gloss on the CRS System, see 'In search of the continuum', p 120.
58. The classic text on the CRS System is Scott's own concise and masterly exposition: Peter Scott, 'The record group concept: a case for abandonment', American Archivist, vol 29, 4 (1966), pp 493-504. See also Susan Healy, 'The classification of modern government records in England and Australia', JSA, vol 11 (1990), pp 21-26; and Mark Wagland and Russell Kelly, 'The series system - a revolution in archival control' and Chris Hurley, 'The Australian ('series') system: an exposition', in Piggott and McKemmish (eds.), Records Continuum, pp 131-149 and 150-172, respectively. For Upward's gloss on the CRS System, see 'In search of the continuum', p 120.
59. The classic text on the CRS System is Scott's own concise and masterly exposition: Peter Scott, 'The record group concept: a case for abandonment', American Archivist, vol 29, 4 (1966), pp 493-504. See also Susan Healy, 'The classification of modern government records in England and Australia', JSA, vol 11 (1990), pp 21-26; and Mark Wagland and Russell Kelly, 'The series system - a revolution in archival control' and Chris Hurley, 'The Australian ('series') system: an exposition', in Piggott and McKemmish (eds.), Records Continuum, pp 131-149 and 150-172, respectively. For Upward's gloss on the CRS System, see 'In search of the continuum', p 120.
60. Wagland and Kelly, 'Series system', p 141; Upward, 'In search of the continuum', p 122. McKemmish has observed that Scott thus anticipated archival relational database applications by two decades: Sue McKemmish, 'Are records ever actual?', in Piggott and McKemmish (eds.), Records Continuum, p 193.
61. Wagland and Kelly, 'Series system', p 141; Upward, 'In search of the continuum', p 122. McKemmish has observed that Scott thus anticipated archival relational database applications by two decades: Sue McKemmish, 'Are records ever actual?', in Piggott and McKemmish (eds.), Records Continuum, p 193.
62. Wagland and Kelly, 'Series system', p 141; Upward, 'In search of the continuum', p 122. McKemmish has observed that Scott thus anticipated archival relational database applications by two decades: Sue McKemmish, 'Are records ever actual?', in Piggott and McKemmish (eds.), Records Continuum, p 193.
63. See Sarah Flynn and Mark Stevens, 'Petty criminals, publicans and sinners: petty sessions records in the Berkshire Record Office', JSA, vol 16 (1995), pp 41-53. I am grateful to Mark Stevens for supplying me with the catalogue pages on which this discussion is based.
64. See also McInnes, 'Electronic records', pp 217-218.
65. Significant publications include F. Gerald Ham, 'Archival strategies for the post-custodial era', American Archivist, vol 44 (1981), pp 207-216, developing ideas first expressed in his earlier piece, 'The Archival Edge', American Archivist, vol 38 (1975), pp 5-13; and Terry Cook, 'Electronic records, paper minds'.
66. Significant publications include F. Gerald Ham, 'Archival strategies for the post-custodial era', American Archivist, vol 44 (1981), pp 207-216, developing ideas first expressed in his earlier piece, 'The Archival Edge', American Archivist, vol 38 (1975), pp 5-13; and Terry Cook, 'Electronic records, paper minds'.
67. Significant publications include F. Gerald Ham, 'Archival strategies for the post-custodial era', American Archivist, vol 44 (1981), pp 207-216, developing ideas first expressed in his earlier piece, 'The Archival Edge', American Archivist, vol 38 (1975), pp 5-13; and Terry Cook, 'Electronic records, paper minds'.
68. For the change of orientation from storage to management see Ham, 'Archival strategies', p 207. On archival volume increase, Ham points out (p 210) that this was reflected in the mushrooming of archival repositories in the USA. He gives the example of university and college archives, which grew from 561 in 1966 to 940 in 1981. Terry Cook cites the parallel growth in print media: 'Electronic records, paper minds', pp 309-310. For the broadening focus of archival work, see Terry Cook, 'Electronic records, paper minds', pp 301, 303 and 311.
69. For the change of orientation from storage to management see Ham, 'Archival strategies', p 207. On archival volume increase, Ham points out (p 210) that this was reflected in the mushrooming of archival repositories in the USA. He gives the example of university and college archives, which grew from 561 in 1966 to 940 in 1981. Terry Cook cites the parallel growth in print media: 'Electronic records, paper minds', pp 309-310. For the broadening focus of archival work, see Terry Cook, 'Electronic records, paper minds', pp 301, 303 and 311.
70. For the change of orientation from storage to management see Ham, 'Archival strategies', p 207. On archival volume increase, Ham points out (p 210) that this was reflected in the mushrooming of archival repositories in the USA. He gives the example of university and college archives, which grew from 561 in 1966 to 940 in 1981. Terry Cook cites the parallel growth in print media: 'Electronic records, paper minds', pp 309-310. For the broadening focus of archival work, see Terry Cook, 'Electronic records, paper minds', pp 301, 303 and 311.
71. On the DIY nature of electronic records, Kevin Ashley has made similar points in 'Digital records and digital archives: some random observations', presentation to the Society of Archivists' London Region, 21 October 1999, and in his e-mail entitled 're: Modern electronic records' posted to the archives-nra mailing list on 5 August 2000, available via the mailing list website . The quotation is from Terry Cook, 'Electronic records, paper minds', p 302.
72. On the DIY nature of electronic records, Kevin Ashley has made similar points in 'Digital records and digital archives: some random observations', presentation to the Society of Archivists' London Region, 21 October 1999, and in his e-mail entitled 're: Modern electronic records' posted to the archives-nra mailing list on 5 August 2000, available via the mailing list website . The quotation is from Terry Cook, 'Electronic records, paper minds', p 302.
73. In other words, regimes narrowly orientated towards the compartmentalised life-cycle model: Upward, 'Structuring the records continuum part one'.
74. For example, on the management structure at British Telecommunications plc in 1999, see David Hay's message entitled 're: Reporting structures for business archives' posted to the archives-nra mailing list on 12 February 1999, available via the mailing list website. For local government, see advertisements for positions in records management at Scottish Borders Council (Society of Archivists' Newsletter, no 131 (May 2000), p 26) and in document management at Hertfordshire County Council (Society of Archivists' Career Opportunities, no 2000/06 (15 June 2000), [p 2]).
75. For example, on the management structure at British Telecommunications plc in 1999, see David Hay's message entitled 're: Reporting structures for business archives' posted to the archives-nra mailing list on 12 February 1999, available via the mailing list website. For local government, see advertisements for positions in records management at Scottish Borders Council (Society of Archivists' Newsletter, no 131 (May 2000), p 26) and in document management at Hertfordshire County Council (Society of Archivists' Career Opportunities, no 2000/06 (15 June 2000), [p 2]).
76. Terry Cook, 'Interaction of archival theory and practice', p 205; Stuckey, 'Keepers of the fame?', pp 44-45.
77. Terry Cook, 'Interaction of archival theory and practice', p 205; Stuckey, 'Keepers of the fame?', pp 44-45.
78. McCausland, 'Adapting the series system', p 184.
79. McKemmish, 'Are records ever actual?', p 187; 'Yesterday, today and tomorrow', table 2.
80. McKemmish, 'Are records ever actual?', p 187; 'Yesterday, today and tomorrow', table 2.
81. Upward, 'In search of the continuum', p 111.
82. Compare the engaging metaphorical question posed by Terry Cook in the context of post-custodialism: 'Does Michel Foucault meet Sir Hilary Jenkinson on a field of Hollinger boxes in mortal combat? Or do they walk arm-in-arm down a garden lane into a sunset of mutual contextuality?' Satisfyingly to this author, Cook concludes that the latter is the case. ('Electronic records, paper minds', p 315.)
83. Jenkinson, Manual, p 8, n3. He later gives two examples of documents among the medieval public records which were used again decades or even centuries later (p 33, n1).
84. Personal communication from Phil Sawyer, 13 October 2000.
85. For the 'unblemished line', see Jenkinson, Manual p 11, and Upward, 'Structuring the records continuum part one'. For the distinction between records and archives, see Upward, 'In search of the continuum', p 114 and p 128, n15, citing Hilary Jenkinson, 'Some reflections on T. R. Schellenberg, Modern Archives: Principles and Techniques, in Roger Ellis and Peter Walne (eds.), Selected Writings of Sir Hilary Jenkinson (Gloucester, 1980), pp 339-342; see also T. R. Schellenberg, Modern Archives: principles and techniques (Chicago, reprinted 1975), in which part 2 deals with 'Record management' and part 3 with 'Archives management'.
86. For the 'unblemished line', see Jenkinson, Manual p 11, and Upward, 'Structuring the records continuum part one'. For the distinction between records and archives, see Upward, 'In search of the continuum', p 114 and p 128, n15, citing Hilary Jenkinson, 'Some reflections on T. R. Schellenberg, Modern Archives: Principles and Techniques, in Roger Ellis and Peter Walne (eds.), Selected Writings of Sir Hilary Jenkinson (Gloucester, 1980), pp 339-342; see also T. R. Schellenberg, Modern Archives: principles and techniques (Chicago, reprinted 1975), in which part 2 deals with 'Record management' and part 3 with 'Archives management'.
87. For the 'unblemished line', see Jenkinson, Manual p 11, and Upward, 'Structuring the records continuum part one'. For the distinction between records and archives, see Upward, 'In search of the continuum', p 114 and p 128, n15, citing Hilary Jenkinson, 'Some reflections on T. R. Schellenberg, Modern Archives: Principles and Techniques, in Roger Ellis and Peter Walne (eds.), Selected Writings of Sir Hilary Jenkinson (Gloucester, 1980), pp 339-342; see also T. R. Schellenberg, Modern Archives: principles and techniques (Chicago, reprinted 1975), in which part 2 deals with 'Record management' and part 3 with 'Archives management'.
88. For the 'unblemished line', see Jenkinson, Manual p 11, and Upward, 'Structuring the records continuum part one'. For the distinction between records and archives, see Upward, 'In search of the continuum', p 114 and p 128, n15, citing Hilary Jenkinson, 'Some reflections on T. R. Schellenberg, Modern Archives: Principles and Techniques, in Roger Ellis and Peter Walne (eds.), Selected Writings of Sir Hilary Jenkinson (Gloucester, 1980), pp 339-342; see also T. R. Schellenberg, Modern Archives: principles and techniques (Chicago, reprinted 1975), in which part 2 deals with 'Record management' and part 3 with 'Archives management'.
89. For the 'unblemished line', see Jenkinson, Manual p 11, and Upward, 'Structuring the records continuum part one'. For the distinction between records and archives, see Upward, 'In search of the continuum', p 114 and p 128, n15, citing Hilary Jenkinson, 'Some reflections on T. R. Schellenberg, Modern Archives: Principles and Techniques, in Roger Ellis and Peter Walne (eds.), Selected Writings of Sir Hilary Jenkinson (Gloucester, 1980), pp 339-342; see also T. R. Schellenberg, Modern Archives: principles and techniques (Chicago, reprinted 1975), in which part 2 deals with 'Record management' and part 3 with 'Archives management'.
90. George MacKenzie, 'Archives: the global picture. The Maurice Bond Memorial Lecture 1998', Archives, vol 24, 101 (October 1999), p 3; am grateful to Elizabeth Lomas for this reference. It is interesting to note that French archivists did not 'discover' records management until the 1960s: Philippe Barbat, 'Discovery of records management in France and its consequences', Records Management Bulletin, no 95 (February 2000), p 17.
91. George MacKenzie, 'Archives: the global picture. The Maurice Bond Memorial Lecture 1998', Archives, vol 24, 101 (October 1999), p 3; I am grateful to Elizabeth Lomas for this reference. It is interesting to note that French archivists did not 'discover' records management until the 1960s: Philippe Barbat, 'Discovery of records management in France and its consequences', Records Management Bulletin, no 95 (February 2000), p 17.
92. An Australian example of work on this subject is McCausland, 'Adapting the series system'.
93. See Upward, 'Modelling the continuum as paradigm shift'.
94. Hurley, 'Australian ('series') system', pp 164-165.