University library directors in the Association of Research Libraries: The next generation, part one

College and Research Libraries

Volumn 62, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 116-145

  Hernon, Peter ^a   Powell, Ronald R ^a   Young, Arthur P ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035285812     PISSN: 00100870     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5860/crl.62.2.116     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. See, for example, Arthur M. McAnally and Robert B. Downs, "The Changing Role of Directors of University Libraries," College & Research Libraries 34 (Mar. 1973): 103-25; Marcia J. Myers and Paula T. Kaufman, "ARL Directors: Two Decades of Change," College & Research Libraries 52 (May 1991): 241-54; William L. Cohen, "An Overview of ARL Directors, 1933-1973," College & Research Libraries 37 (Mar. 1976): 137-44; Jerry Parsons, "How Have They Changed? Characteristics of Research Library Directors, 1958 and 1973," Wilson Library Bulletin 50 (Apr. 1976): 613-17; Paul Metz, "Administrative Succession in the Academic Library," College & Research Libraries 39 (1978): 358-64; Barbara Moran, "Career Patterns of Academic Library Administrators," College & Research Libraries 44 (1983): 334-44; Louis Kaplan, "Letter to the Editor: Directors of University Libraries," College & Research Libraries 38 (Nov. 1997): 521; Ronald Dale Karr, "The Changing Profile of University Library Directors, 1966-1981," College & Research Libraries 45 (July 1984): 282-86; Moran, "Getting Ahead in Academic Library Administration," Library Personnel News 3, no. 4 (fall 1989): 54-55; Stanley J. Wilder, The Age Demographics of Academic Librarians: A Profession Apart (Washington, D.C.: ARL, 1995); -, "The Age Demographics of Academic Librarians: A Profession Apart," Journal of Library Administration 28, no. 3 (1999): 1-84.
2. See, for example, Arthur M. McAnally and Robert B. Downs, "The Changing Role of Directors of University Libraries," College & Research Libraries 34 (Mar. 1973): 103-25; Marcia J. Myers and Paula T. Kaufman, "ARL Directors: Two Decades of Change," College & Research Libraries 52 (May 1991): 241-54; William L. Cohen, "An Overview of ARL Directors, 1933-1973," College & Research Libraries 37 (Mar. 1976): 137-44; Jerry Parsons, "How Have They Changed? Characteristics of Research Library Directors, 1958 and 1973," Wilson Library Bulletin 50 (Apr. 1976): 613-17; Paul Metz, "Administrative Succession in the Academic Library," College & Research Libraries 39 (1978): 358-64; Barbara Moran, "Career Patterns of Academic Library Administrators," College & Research Libraries 44 (1983): 334-44; Louis Kaplan, "Letter to the Editor: Directors of University Libraries," College & Research Libraries 38 (Nov. 1997): 521; Ronald Dale Karr, "The Changing Profile of University Library Directors, 1966-1981," College & Research Libraries 45 (July 1984): 282-86; Moran, "Getting Ahead in Academic Library Administration," Library Personnel News 3, no. 4 (fall 1989): 54-55; Stanley J. Wilder, The Age Demographics of Academic Librarians: A Profession Apart (Washington, D.C.: ARL, 1995); -, "The Age Demographics of Academic Librarians: A Profession Apart," Journal of Library Administration 28, no. 3 (1999): 1-84.
3. See, for example, Arthur M. McAnally and Robert B. Downs, "The Changing Role of Directors of University Libraries," College & Research Libraries 34 (Mar. 1973): 103-25; Marcia J. Myers and Paula T. Kaufman, "ARL Directors: Two Decades of Change," College & Research Libraries 52 (May 1991): 241-54; William L. Cohen, "An Overview of ARL Directors, 1933-1973," College & Research Libraries 37 (Mar. 1976): 137-44; Jerry Parsons, "How Have They Changed? Characteristics of Research Library Directors, 1958 and 1973," Wilson Library Bulletin 50 (Apr. 1976): 613-17; Paul Metz, "Administrative Succession in the Academic Library," College & Research Libraries 39 (1978): 358-64; Barbara Moran, "Career Patterns of Academic Library Administrators," College & Research Libraries 44 (1983): 334-44; Louis Kaplan, "Letter to the Editor: Directors of University Libraries," College & Research Libraries 38 (Nov. 1997): 521; Ronald Dale Karr, "The Changing Profile of University Library Directors, 1966-1981," College & Research Libraries 45 (July 1984): 282-86; Moran, "Getting Ahead in Academic Library Administration," Library Personnel News 3, no. 4 (fall 1989): 54-55; Stanley J. Wilder, The Age Demographics of Academic Librarians: A Profession Apart (Washington, D.C.: ARL, 1995); -, "The Age Demographics of Academic Librarians: A Profession Apart," Journal of Library Administration 28, no. 3 (1999): 1-84.
4. See, for example, Arthur M. McAnally and Robert B. Downs, "The Changing Role of Directors of University Libraries," College & Research Libraries 34 (Mar. 1973): 103-25; Marcia J. Myers and Paula T. Kaufman, "ARL Directors: Two Decades of Change," College & Research Libraries 52 (May 1991): 241-54; William L. Cohen, "An Overview of ARL Directors, 1933-1973," College & Research Libraries 37 (Mar. 1976): 137-44; Jerry Parsons, "How Have They Changed? Characteristics of Research Library Directors, 1958 and 1973," Wilson Library Bulletin 50 (Apr. 1976): 613-17; Paul Metz, "Administrative Succession in the Academic Library," College & Research Libraries 39 (1978): 358-64; Barbara Moran, "Career Patterns of Academic Library Administrators," College & Research Libraries 44 (1983): 334-44; Louis Kaplan, "Letter to the Editor: Directors of University Libraries," College & Research Libraries 38 (Nov. 1997): 521; Ronald Dale Karr, "The Changing Profile of University Library Directors, 1966-1981," College & Research Libraries 45 (July 1984): 282-86; Moran, "Getting Ahead in Academic Library Administration," Library Personnel News 3, no. 4 (fall 1989): 54-55; Stanley J. Wilder, The Age Demographics of Academic Librarians: A Profession Apart (Washington, D.C.: ARL, 1995); -, "The Age Demographics of Academic Librarians: A Profession Apart," Journal of Library Administration 28, no. 3 (1999): 1-84.
5. See, for example, Arthur M. McAnally and Robert B. Downs, "The Changing Role of Directors of University Libraries," College & Research Libraries 34 (Mar. 1973): 103-25; Marcia J. Myers and Paula T. Kaufman, "ARL Directors: Two Decades of Change," College & Research Libraries 52 (May 1991): 241-54; William L. Cohen, "An Overview of ARL Directors, 1933-1973," College & Research Libraries 37 (Mar. 1976): 137-44; Jerry Parsons, "How Have They Changed? Characteristics of Research Library Directors, 1958 and 1973," Wilson Library Bulletin 50 (Apr. 1976): 613-17; Paul Metz, "Administrative Succession in the Academic Library," College & Research Libraries 39 (1978): 358-64; Barbara Moran, "Career Patterns of Academic Library Administrators," College & Research Libraries 44 (1983): 334-44; Louis Kaplan, "Letter to the Editor: Directors of University Libraries," College & Research Libraries 38 (Nov. 1997): 521; Ronald Dale Karr, "The Changing Profile of University Library Directors, 1966-1981," College & Research Libraries 45 (July 1984): 282-86; Moran, "Getting Ahead in Academic Library Administration," Library Personnel News 3, no. 4 (fall 1989): 54-55; Stanley J. Wilder, The Age Demographics of Academic Librarians: A Profession Apart (Washington, D.C.: ARL, 1995); -, "The Age Demographics of Academic Librarians: A Profession Apart," Journal of Library Administration 28, no. 3 (1999): 1-84.
6. See, for example, Arthur M. McAnally and Robert B. Downs, "The Changing Role of Directors of University Libraries," College & Research Libraries 34 (Mar. 1973): 103-25; Marcia J. Myers and Paula T. Kaufman, "ARL Directors: Two Decades of Change," College & Research Libraries 52 (May 1991): 241-54; William L. Cohen, "An Overview of ARL Directors, 1933-1973," College & Research Libraries 37 (Mar. 1976): 137-44; Jerry Parsons, "How Have They Changed? Characteristics of Research Library Directors, 1958 and 1973," Wilson Library Bulletin 50 (Apr. 1976): 613-17; Paul Metz, "Administrative Succession in the Academic Library," College & Research Libraries 39 (1978): 358-64; Barbara Moran, "Career Patterns of Academic Library Administrators," College & Research Libraries 44 (1983): 334-44; Louis Kaplan, "Letter to the Editor: Directors of University Libraries," College & Research Libraries 38 (Nov. 1997): 521; Ronald Dale Karr, "The Changing Profile of University Library Directors, 1966-1981," College & Research Libraries 45 (July 1984): 282-86; Moran, "Getting Ahead in Academic Library Administration," Library Personnel News 3, no. 4 (fall 1989): 54-55; Stanley J. Wilder, The Age Demographics of Academic Librarians: A Profession Apart (Washington, D.C.: ARL, 1995); -, "The Age Demographics of Academic Librarians: A Profession Apart," Journal of Library Administration 28, no. 3 (1999): 1-84.
7. See, for example, Arthur M. McAnally and Robert B. Downs, "The Changing Role of Directors of University Libraries," College & Research Libraries 34 (Mar. 1973): 103-25; Marcia J. Myers and Paula T. Kaufman, "ARL Directors: Two Decades of Change," College & Research Libraries 52 (May 1991): 241-54; William L. Cohen, "An Overview of ARL Directors, 1933-1973," College & Research Libraries 37 (Mar. 1976): 137-44; Jerry Parsons, "How Have They Changed? Characteristics of Research Library Directors, 1958 and 1973," Wilson Library Bulletin 50 (Apr. 1976): 613-17; Paul Metz, "Administrative Succession in the Academic Library," College & Research Libraries 39 (1978): 358-64; Barbara Moran, "Career Patterns of Academic Library Administrators," College & Research Libraries 44 (1983): 334-44; Louis Kaplan, "Letter to the Editor: Directors of University Libraries," College & Research Libraries 38 (Nov. 1997): 521; Ronald Dale Karr, "The Changing Profile of University Library Directors, 1966-1981," College & Research Libraries 45 (July 1984): 282-86; Moran, "Getting Ahead in Academic Library Administration," Library Personnel News 3, no. 4 (fall 1989): 54-55; Stanley J. Wilder, The Age Demographics of Academic Librarians: A Profession Apart (Washington, D.C.: ARL, 1995); -, "The Age Demographics of Academic Librarians: A Profession Apart," Journal of Library Administration 28, no. 3 (1999): 1-84.
8. See, for example, Arthur M. McAnally and Robert B. Downs, "The Changing Role of Directors of University Libraries," College & Research Libraries 34 (Mar. 1973): 103-25; Marcia J. Myers and Paula T. Kaufman, "ARL Directors: Two Decades of Change," College & Research Libraries 52 (May 1991): 241-54; William L. Cohen, "An Overview of ARL Directors, 1933-1973," College & Research Libraries 37 (Mar. 1976): 137-44; Jerry Parsons, "How Have They Changed? Characteristics of Research Library Directors, 1958 and 1973," Wilson Library Bulletin 50 (Apr. 1976): 613-17; Paul Metz, "Administrative Succession in the Academic Library," College & Research Libraries 39 (1978): 358-64; Barbara Moran, "Career Patterns of Academic Library Administrators," College & Research Libraries 44 (1983): 334-44; Louis Kaplan, "Letter to the Editor: Directors of University Libraries," College & Research Libraries 38 (Nov. 1997): 521; Ronald Dale Karr, "The Changing Profile of University Library Directors, 1966-1981," College & Research Libraries 45 (July 1984): 282-86; Moran, "Getting Ahead in Academic Library Administration," Library Personnel News 3, no. 4 (fall 1989): 54-55; Stanley J. Wilder, The Age Demographics of Academic Librarians: A Profession Apart (Washington, D.C.: ARL, 1995); -, "The Age Demographics of Academic Librarians: A Profession Apart," Journal of Library Administration 28, no. 3 (1999): 1-84.
9. See, for example, Arthur M. McAnally and Robert B. Downs, "The Changing Role of Directors of University Libraries," College & Research Libraries 34 (Mar. 1973): 103-25; Marcia J. Myers and Paula T. Kaufman, "ARL Directors: Two Decades of Change," College & Research Libraries 52 (May 1991): 241-54; William L. Cohen, "An Overview of ARL Directors, 1933-1973," College & Research Libraries 37 (Mar. 1976): 137-44; Jerry Parsons, "How Have They Changed? Characteristics of Research Library Directors, 1958 and 1973," Wilson Library Bulletin 50 (Apr. 1976): 613-17; Paul Metz, "Administrative Succession in the Academic Library," College & Research Libraries 39 (1978): 358-64; Barbara Moran, "Career Patterns of Academic Library Administrators," College & Research Libraries 44 (1983): 334-44; Louis Kaplan, "Letter to the Editor: Directors of University Libraries," College & Research Libraries 38 (Nov. 1997): 521; Ronald Dale Karr, "The Changing Profile of University Library Directors, 1966-1981," College & Research Libraries 45 (July 1984): 282-86; Moran, "Getting Ahead in Academic Library Administration," Library Personnel News 3, no. 4 (fall 1989): 54-55; Stanley J. Wilder, The Age Demographics of Academic Librarians: A Profession Apart (Washington, D.C.: ARL, 1995); -, "The Age Demographics of Academic Librarians: A Profession Apart," Journal of Library Administration 28, no. 3 (1999): 1-84.
10. See, for example, Arthur M. McAnally and Robert B. Downs, "The Changing Role of Directors of University Libraries," College & Research Libraries 34 (Mar. 1973): 103-25; Marcia J. Myers and Paula T. Kaufman, "ARL Directors: Two Decades of Change," College & Research Libraries 52 (May 1991): 241-54; William L. Cohen, "An Overview of ARL Directors, 1933-1973," College & Research Libraries 37 (Mar. 1976): 137-44; Jerry Parsons, "How Have They Changed? Characteristics of Research Library Directors, 1958 and 1973," Wilson Library Bulletin 50 (Apr. 1976): 613-17; Paul Metz, "Administrative Succession in the Academic Library," College & Research Libraries 39 (1978): 358-64; Barbara Moran, "Career Patterns of Academic Library Administrators," College & Research Libraries 44 (1983): 334-44; Louis Kaplan, "Letter to the Editor: Directors of University Libraries," College & Research Libraries 38 (Nov. 1997): 521; Ronald Dale Karr, "The Changing Profile of University Library Directors, 1966-1981," College & Research Libraries 45 (July 1984): 282-86; Moran, "Getting Ahead in Academic Library Administration," Library Personnel News 3, no. 4 (fall 1989): 54-55; Stanley J. Wilder, The Age Demographics of Academic Librarians: A Profession Apart (Washington, D.C.: ARL, 1995); -, "The Age Demographics of Academic Librarians: A Profession Apart," Journal of Library Administration 28, no. 3 (1999): 1-84.
11. See, for example, Arthur M. McAnally and Robert B. Downs, "The Changing Role of Directors of University Libraries," College & Research Libraries 34 (Mar. 1973): 103-25; Marcia J. Myers and Paula T. Kaufman, "ARL Directors: Two Decades of Change," College & Research Libraries 52 (May 1991): 241-54; William L. Cohen, "An Overview of ARL Directors, 1933-1973," College & Research Libraries 37 (Mar. 1976): 137-44; Jerry Parsons, "How Have They Changed? Characteristics of Research Library Directors, 1958 and 1973," Wilson Library Bulletin 50 (Apr. 1976): 613-17; Paul Metz, "Administrative Succession in the Academic Library," College & Research Libraries 39 (1978): 358-64; Barbara Moran, "Career Patterns of Academic Library Administrators," College & Research Libraries 44 (1983): 334-44; Louis Kaplan, "Letter to the Editor: Directors of University Libraries," College & Research Libraries 38 (Nov. 1997): 521; Ronald Dale Karr, "The Changing Profile of University Library Directors, 1966-1981," College & Research Libraries 45 (July 1984): 282-86; Moran, "Getting Ahead in Academic Library Administration," Library Personnel News 3, no. 4 (fall 1989): 54-55; Stanley J. Wilder, The Age Demographics of Academic Librarians: A Profession Apart (Washington, D.C.: ARL, 1995); -, "The Age Demographics of Academic Librarians: A Profession Apart," Journal of Library Administration 28, no. 3 (1999): 1-84.
12. Wilder, "The Age Demographics of Academic Librarians," 41.
13. Frank D'Andraia, ed., The Academic Library Director: Reflections on a Position in Transition (New York: Haworth Pr., 1997).
14. st Century," in The Academic Library Director, 50.
15. McAnally and Downs, "The Changing Role of Directors of University Libraries," 103.
16. Stanley Wilder, "The Changing Profile of Research Library Professional Staff," ARL Newsletter 208/209 (Feb./Apr. 2000): 1-12.
17. In the case of nonacademic ARL libraries and Canadian ARL libraries, there is some variation. Directors have come from non-ARL public libraries, the National Research Council, or an administrative position in university advancement at one university. A controversial appointment centered on the elevation of a novelist to the directorship.
18. This information, together with the data for figure 2, was supplied by ARL (Aug. 2000).
19. Terrence F. Mech, "Academic Library Directors: A Managerial Role Profile," College & Research Libraries 51 (Sept. 1990): 415-28.
20. Michael Ann Moskowitz, "The Managerial Roles of Academic Library Directors: The Mintzberg Model," College & Research Libraries 47 (Sept. 1986): 452-59.
21. Mech, "Academic Library Directors," 426.
22. Keith M. Cottam, "Directors of Large Libraries: Roles, Functions, and Activities," Library Trends 43 (summer 1994): 15.
23. Susan K. Martin, "The Changing Role of the Library Director: Fund-raising and the Academic Library," Journal of Academic Librarianship 24 (Jan. 1998): 3.
24. Dana C. Rooks, "Terms for Academic Library Directors," Library Trends 43 (summer 1994): 60, 61.
25. Ibid. McAnally and Downs found the same three qualities as important. See McAnally and Downs, "The Changing Role of Directors of University Libraries," 122.
26. Ibid. McAnally and Downs found the same three qualities as important. See McAnally and Downs, "The Changing Role of Directors of University Libraries," 122.
27. Peter Hernon and Carolynne Presser in an internal review of a library system (1997). The characteristics were published as part of Hernon, "Editorial: The Library Director as Scholar-Librarian," Journal of Academic Librarianship 24 (Mar. 1998): 111-12.
28. Mech, "Introduction," in Leadership and Academic Librarians, ed. Terrence F. Mech and Gerald B. McCabe (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1998), x.
29. Richard T. Sweeney, "Leadership in the Post-Hierarchical Library," Library Trends 43 (summer 1994): 62-94.
30. Ruth J. Person and George C. Newman, "Selection of the University Librarian," College & Research Libraries 51 (July 1990): 346-59.
31. Ronald R. Powell and Nancy Becker Johnson, "Education for Research Librarianship: A Preliminary Assessment of the Michigan Program," Journal of Education for Library and Information Science 27 (winter 1987): 169-84; Ronald R. Powell and Sheila D. Creth, "Knowledge Bases and Library Education," College & Research Libraries 47 (Jan. 1986): 16-27; Ronald R. Powell, "Sources of Professional Knowledge for Academic Librarians," College & Research Libraries 49 (July 1988): 332-40.
32. Ronald R. Powell and Nancy Becker Johnson, "Education for Research Librarianship: A Preliminary Assessment of the Michigan Program," Journal of Education for Library and Information Science 27 (winter 1987): 169-84; Ronald R. Powell and Sheila D. Creth, "Knowledge Bases and Library Education," College & Research Libraries 47 (Jan. 1986): 16-27; Ronald R. Powell, "Sources of Professional Knowledge for Academic Librarians," College & Research Libraries 49 (July 1988): 332-40.
33. Ronald R. Powell and Nancy Becker Johnson, "Education for Research Librarianship: A Preliminary Assessment of the Michigan Program," Journal of Education for Library and Information Science 27 (winter 1987): 169-84; Ronald R. Powell and Sheila D. Creth, "Knowledge Bases and Library Education," College & Research Libraries 47 (Jan. 1986): 16-27; Ronald R. Powell, "Sources of Professional Knowledge for Academic Librarians," College & Research Libraries 49 (July 1988): 332-40.
34. One of these interviews was conducted in person at the site and focused on the final set of questions that guided the study. Thus, the authors included the findings as site A.
35. For example, see "Dean of Libraries: The University of Tennessee, Knoxville," American Libraries 30, no. 11 (Dec. 1999): 102.
36. "Dean and Director of Libraries," College & Research Libraries News 61 (Jan. 2000): 77.
37. "Dean, University Library System," American Libraries 31, no. 1 (Jan. 2000): 112.
38. This characterization is not meant to reinforce the stereotypical image of a single or childless female librarian. It was offered by both a male and a female director to show the time commitments and pressures of the position.
39. The director at site I believed that, for now, directorships will be filled by administrators within ARL libraries. The future, he thought, might see the pool expanded, as more administrators demonstrate knowledge of, and competency with, technology.
40. ARL/OCLC Strategic Issues Forum for Academic Library Directors, "Discussion Paper on Key Issues Facing Academic Libraries" (unpublished) (Washington, D.C.: ARL, 1999), 9.
41. For a summary of his views, see James M. Matarazzo, "Library Human Resources: The Y2K Plus 10 Challenge," Journal of Academic Librarianship 26 (July 2000): 223-24.
42. Peter R. Scholtes, The Leader's Handbook (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998), 391.
43. Ibid., 391-396.
44. Ibid., 211.
45. st Century Education Leader Project, which was developed by the Institute of Higher Education at the University of Florida in cooperation with Saville and Holdsworth, Ltd. Available online at http://www.coe.ufl.edu/Leadership/Distance/leaders/ dev&sel.html (accessed 15 August 2000). This site, for example, lists "essential," "important," and "relevant" attributes for twenty-first century educational leaders.
46. st Century Education Leader Project, which was developed by the Institute of Higher Education at the University of Florida in cooperation with Saville and Holdsworth, Ltd. Available online at http://www.coe.ufl.edu/Leadership/Distance/leaders/ dev&sel.html (accessed 15 August 2000). This site, for example, lists "essential," "important," and "relevant" attributes for twenty-first century educational leaders.
47. st Century Education Leader Project, which was developed by the Institute of Higher Education at the University of Florida in cooperation with Saville and Holdsworth, Ltd. Available online at http://www.coe.ufl.edu/Leadership/Distance/leaders/ dev&sel.html (accessed 15 August 2000). This site, for example, lists "essential," "important," and "relevant" attributes for twenty-first century educational leaders.
48. st Century Education Leader Project, which was developed by the Institute of Higher Education at the University of Florida in cooperation with Saville and Holdsworth, Ltd. Available online at http://www.coe.ufl.edu/Leadership/Distance/leaders/ dev&sel.html (accessed 15 August 2000). This site, for example, lists "essential," "important," and "relevant" attributes for twenty-first century educational leaders.
49. st Century Education Leader Project, which was developed by the Institute of Higher Education at the University of Florida in cooperation with Saville and Holdsworth, Ltd. Available online at http://www.coe.ufl.edu/Leadership/Distance/leaders/ dev&sel.html (accessed 15 August 2000). This site, for example, lists "essential," "important," and "relevant" attributes for twenty-first century educational leaders.
50. st Century Education Leader Project, which was developed by the Institute of Higher Education at the University of Florida in cooperation with Saville and Holdsworth, Ltd. Available online at http://www.coe.ufl.edu/Leadership/Distance/leaders/ dev&sel.html (accessed 15 August 2000). This site, for example, lists "essential," "important," and "relevant" attributes for twenty-first century educational leaders.
51. st Century Education Leader Project, which was developed by the Institute of Higher Education at the University of Florida in cooperation with Saville and Holdsworth, Ltd. Available online at http://www.coe.ufl.edu/Leadership/Distance/leaders/ dev&sel.html (accessed 15 August 2000). This site, for example, lists "essential," "important," and "relevant" attributes for twenty-first century educational leaders.
52. st Century Education Leader Project, which was developed by the Institute of Higher Education at the University of Florida in cooperation with Saville and Holdsworth, Ltd. Available online at http://www.coe.ufl.edu/Leadership/Distance/leaders/ dev&sel.html (accessed 15 August 2000). This site, for example, lists "essential," "important," and "relevant" attributes for twenty-first century educational leaders.
53. Morgan W. McCall Jr., High Flyers: Developing the Next Generation of Leaders (Boston: Harvard Business School Pr., 1998), 5, 11.
54. ARL Activities Report 2000 (Washington, D.C.: ARL, 2000), 2. Available online at http:// www.arl.org/arl/activities/ (accessed 16 October 2000).
55. Ibid., 3.
56. McAnally and Downs, "The Changing Role of Directors of University Libraries," 122-23.
57. Matarazzo, "Library Human Resources."