Information policy edited by John A. Shuler • E-Gov: The federal overview

Journal of Academic Librarianship

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 131-148

  Relyea, Harold C ^a  

^a US Library of Congress   (United States)

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EID: 0035285790     PISSN: 00991333     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0099-1333(01)00186-0     Document Type: Note

References (146)

1. Office of the Vice President, Access America: Reengineering Through Information Technology; Report of the National Performance Review and the Government Information Technology Services Board (Washington: GPO, 1997).
2. The White House, Memorandum for the heads of executive departments and agencies, Electronic Government (Washington, D.C.: Dec. 17, 1999).
3. See Ben White, "Senators go looking for E-ideas," The Washington Post, May 19, 2000, p. A29; The Web site may be accessed directly at or through the committee Web site at . Also see Shruti Date, "Senators' E-gov site comes to fruition," Government Computer News 19 (July 24, 2000): 62.
4. See Ben White, "Senators go looking for E-ideas," The Washington Post, May 19, 2000, p. A29; The Web site may be accessed directly at or through the committee Web site at . Also see Shruti Date, "Senators' E-gov site comes to fruition," Government Computer News 19 (July 24, 2000): 62.
5. See, for example, Christopher J. Dorobek, "Gore and Bush make E-gov a campaign issue," Government Computer News 19 (June 19, 2000): 6.
6. William M. Capron, "The executive branch in the year 2000," in The Future of the U.S. Government: Toward the Year 2000 edited by Harvey S. Perloff (New York: George Braziller, 1971), p. 307.
7. John Brademus, "Congress in the year 2000," in The Future of the U.S. Government: Toward The Year 2000, edited by Harvey S. Perloff. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1972), 319- 321.
8. Herbert N. Casson, The History of the Telephone (Chicago: A. C. McClurg, 1910), pp. 201-202.
9. Ibid., p. 203.
10. NIC, Benchmarking the eGovernment Revolution: Year 2000 Report on Citizen and Business Demand, by the Momentum Research Group of Cunningham Communication (Reston, VA: NIC, 2000).
11. Ibid., p. 34.
12. President Clinton announced plans for the creation of a single federal portal on June 24, 2000, during his first Internet Web-cast; called FirstGov, the portal became operative on Sept. 22, and may be accessed at .
13. NIC, Benchmarking the eGovernment Revolution: Year 2000 Report on Citizen and Business Demand, p. 3.
14. For example, a $10,000 kiosk, recently installed in a District of Columbia supermarket and offering a wide variety of federal, state, and local government information and services, was almost totally ignored by passing shoppers, who were largely unaware of its purpose. See Manny Fernandez, "E-government not on shopping list," The Washington Post, Aug. 4, 2000, p. B4; Jennifer Surface, "Few notice $10,000 kiosk set up to make government accessible," The Washington Times, July 31, 2000, p. C2.
15. For example, a $10,000 kiosk, recently installed in a District of Columbia supermarket and offering a wide variety of federal, state, and local government information and services, was almost totally ignored by passing shoppers, who were largely unaware of its purpose. See Manny Fernandez, "E-government not on shopping list," The Washington Post, Aug. 4, 2000, p. B4; Jennifer Surface, "Few notice $10,000 kiosk set up to make government accessible," The Washington Times, July 31, 2000, p. C2.
16. NIC, Benchmarking The eGovernment Revolution: Year 2000 Report on Citizen and Business Demand, p. 4.
17. 88 Stat. 1896; 5 U.S.C. 552a.
18. 5 U.S.C. 552a(e)(7).
19. 94 Stat. 2812; 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.
20. 100 Stat. 3341-336.
21. 109 Stat. 165-166.
22. See David Plocher, "The paperwork reduction act of 1995: A second chance for information resources management," Government Information Quarterly 13 (No. 1, 1996): 35-50.
23. See Federal Register 61 (Feb. 20, 1996): 6428-6453; The circular is also available from the OMB Web site at under the heading "Information Policy and Technology."
24. 101 Stat. 1724.
25. 102 Stat. 2507.
26. 80 Stat. 250; 5 U.S.C. 552.
27. 60 Stat. 237.
28. 110 Stat. 3048; 5 U.S.C. 552.
29. 108 Stat. 3243.
30. U.S. Congress, House committee on government reform and oversight, Federal Acquisition Reform Act of 1995, Report to accompany H.R. 1670, 104th Cong., 1st sess., H.Rept. 104-222, Part 1 (Washington: GPO, 1995).
31. Congressional Record 141 (Sept. 14, 1995):25027.
32. See William S. Cohen, Computer Chaos: Billions Wasted Buying Federal Computer Systems, Investigative Report (Washington: Oct. 12, 1994).
33. Congressional Record 141 (Aug. 4, 1995): 22154-22158.
34. See Ibid., Sept. 6, 1995, p. 23629.
35. U.S. Congress, Conference Committees, 1996, National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1996, Conference Report to accompany S. 1124, 104th Cong., 2nd sess., H.Rept. 104-450 (Washington: GPO, 1996).
36. 110 Stat. 642.
37. 110 Stat. 679.
38. 110 Stat. 3009-393.
39. 79 Stat. 1127.
40. 110 Stat. 186.
41. The Clinger-Cohen Act provision (110 Stat. 680) repealed a section (40 U.S.C. 759) that had been appended to the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act by the Automatic Data Processing Act, which is popularly known as the Brooks Act; The repealed provision authorized the Administrator of General Services to coordinate and provide for the procurement, maintenance, and utilization of federal automatic data processing equipment
42. 3 C.F.R., 1996 Comp., pp. 202-209.
43. 107 Stat. 285; 31 U.S.C. 115 note.
44. The CIO Council Web site may be found at .
45. Christopher J. Dorobek, "CIO council's new committee absorbs GITS board," Government Computer News 19 (Apr. 17, 2000): 16.
46. 3 C.F.R., 1996 Comp., pp. 198-202; according to E.O. 13010, a "cyber" attack involves "electronic, radio-frequency, or computer-based attacks on the information or communications components that control critical infrastructures."
47. President's Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection, Critical Foundations: Protecting America's Infrastructures (Washington: GPO, 1997); This report and other documents relevant to the commission's activities are available at .
48. A fact sheet, a white paper, and a press briefing transcript on PDD 63 are available from the White House Web site at through a search of the, "Archive of All White House Documents".
49. The full text of PDD 63 is available at .
50. Formally chartered by E.O. 13130 of July 14, 1999, 3 C.F.R., 1999 Comp., pp. 203-204.
51. The full text and executive summary of the national plan are available from the Critical Infrastructure Assurance Office Web site at in the, "CIAO Document Library."
52. Comments are to be directed to the Critical Infrastructure Assurance Office, which reports on national plan activities through its Web site at .
53. The White House, Defending America's Cyberspace: National Plan for Information Systems Protection, Version 1.0, An Invitation to a Dialogue (Washington: Jan. 7, 2000), p. iii.
54. Reuters News Agency, "U.S. Sees threat of information warfare," The Washington Times, Dec. 27, 2000, pp. B7, B8.
55. The Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1998 constituted Title IV of the Workforce Investment Act of 1998, 112 Stat. 936; The electronic and information technology access requirement was appended to the Rehabilitation Act as section 508, 112 Stat 1203, at 29 U.S.C. 794(d); The Rehabilitation Act was originally enacted in 1973, 87 Stat. 355, at 29 U.S.C. 701 et seq.
56. Federal Register 65 (Mar. 31, 2000):17346-17367; The proposed standards also are available from the Access Board Web Site at . 55. 114 Stat. 555.
57. Associated Press, "Guidelines to force federal agencies to redesign web sites," The Washington Times, Dec. 22, 2000, p. A5.
58. Carrie Johnson, "Agencies act to ease use of internet by disabled," The Washington Post, Aug. 24, 2000, p. A23.
59. Steve Graves, "Bobby blows whistle on inaccessible web pages," Government Computer News 19 (Sept. 4, 2000): 1, 60-61.
60. E.O. 13163 and E.O. 13164 in Federal Register 65 (July 28, 2000): 46563-46566.
61. U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Government Paperwork Elimination Act, a report to accompany S. 2107, 105th Cong., 2nd sess, S.Rept. 105-335 (Washington: GPO, 1998), p. 1.
62. See 112 Stat. 2681-749.
63. 44 U.S.C. 3504(a)(1)(B)(vi), as amended.
64. The final version of OMB procedures and guidance for implementing the GPEA was published in Federal Register 65 (May 2, 2000): 25508-25521, and a memorandum on the preparation and submission of agency plans to implement the statute was issued on July 25; Both documents are available from the OMB Web site at under the heading, "Information Policy and Technology."
65. 64. 112 Stat. 2681-750.
66. 112 Stat. 2681-751.
67. 112 Stat. 2681-728; 15 U.S.C. 6501-6506.
68. Federal Register 64 (Nov. 3, 1999): 59888-59915.
69. This memorandum is available from the OMB Web site at under the heading, "Information Policy and Technology."
70. See John F. Harris and John Schwartz, "Anti-drug web site tracks visitors," The Washington Post, June 22, 2000, p. A23; Lance Gay, "White house uses drug-message site to track inquiries," The Washington Times, June 21, 2000, p. A3.
71. See John F. Harris and John Schwartz, "Anti-drug web site tracks visitors," The Washington Post, June 22, 2000, p. A23; Lance Gay, "White house uses drug-message site to track inquiries," The Washington Times, June 21, 2000, p. A3.
72. This memorandum is available from the OMB Web site at under the heading, "Information Policy and Technology" ; For critique of the OMB memorandum, see Walter R. Houser, "OMB cookie memo crumbles under its own weight," Government Computer News 19 (July 24, 2000): 21 and "As it's written, OMB policy on cookies is half-baked," Government Computer News 19 (Nov. 6, 2000): 27.
73. This memorandum is available from the OMB Web site at under the heading, "Information Policy and Technology" ; For critique of the OMB memorandum, see Walter R. Houser, "OMB cookie memo crumbles under its own weight," Government Computer News 19 (July 24, 2000): 21 and "As it's written, OMB policy on cookies is half-baked," Government Computer News 19 (Nov. 6, 2000): 27.
74. This memorandum is available from the OMB Web site at under the heading, "Information Policy and Technology" ; For critique of the OMB memorandum, see Walter R. Houser, "OMB cookie memo crumbles under its own weight," Government Computer News 19 (July 24, 2000): 21 and "As it's written, OMB policy on cookies is half-baked," Government Computer News 19 (Nov. 6, 2000): 27.
75. U.S. Business Advisor may be found at .
76. Press releases on the Clinton administration developments discussed here are available from the Virtual Library of the White House Web site at .
77. President's Information Infrastructure Task Force, A Framework for Global Electronic Commerce (Washington: July 1, 1997), available from the National Institute of Standards and Technology Web site at .
78. U.S. President's Information Technology Advisory Committee, Report to The President: Information Technology Research: Investing in Our Future (Washington: February 1999), pp. 6-7. [Online].Available: .
79. Christopher J. Dorobek, "Call centers, user satisfaction are crucial to E-gov success, Experts say," Government Computer News 19 (May 22, 2000): 12; Also see U.S. General Accounting Office, Customer Service: Human Capital Management at Selected Public and Private Call Centers, GAO Report GAO/ GGD-00-161 (Washington: August 2000).
80. Christopher J. Dorobek, "Call centers, user satisfaction are crucial to E-gov success, experts say," Government Computer News 19 (May 22, 2000): 12; Also see U.S. General Accounting Office, Customer Service: Human Capital Management at Selected Public and Private Call Centers, GAO Report GAO/ GGD-00-161 (Washington: August 2000).
81. 60 Stat. 237.
82. 80 Stat. 250, subsequently amended and codified at 5 U.S.C. 552.
83. 110 Stat. 3048; 5 U.S.C. 552.
84. U.S, National Archives and Records Administration, Office of the Federal Register, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: William J. Clinton 1993 (Washington: GPO, 1994), p. 1685.
85. The Federal Aviation Administration's passenger information page may be found at .
86. The Department of Health and Human Services' Healthfinder page may be found at .
87. The National Park Service's Visit Your Parks page may be found at .
88. William Matthews, "E-business shortchanges USPS," Federal Computer Week 14 (Sept. 25, 2000): 14.
89. The Department of Education's Free Application for Federal Student Aid Web site may be found at .
90. The Bureau of Public Debt Web site may be found at .
91. The Bureau of Land Management's Adopt-a-Horse Program Web site may be found at .
92. The Department of Housing and Urban Development's homes for sale page may be found at Other information in this regard may be found on the department's home Web site at by consulting, "Own a Home" on the search/index page.
93. Application for Social Security retirement benefits made be made at or by calling 1-800-772-1213.
94. FirstGov may be found at .
95. "Firstgov team gets under way," Government Computer News 19 (Aug. 21, 2000): 3.
96. Tony Lee Orr, "Firstgov connects users to 27 million web pages," Government Computer News 19 (Oct. 2, 2000): 3.
97. U.S. Congress, House Committee on Government Reform, Subcommittee on Government Management, Information, and Technology, Firstgov.gov: Is it a Good Idea?, hearing, 106th Cong., 2nd sess., Oct. 2, 2000 (Washington: transcript awaiting publication).
98. See Joseph E. Stiglitz, Peter R. Orszag, and Jonathan M. Orszag, The Role of Government in a Digital Age, commissioned by the Computer and Communications Industry Association (Washington: October 2000). [Online]. Available: ; Curt Suplee, "Government E-Ventures hit as rivals to business," The Washington Post, Oct. 13, 2000, p. A37.
99. See Joseph E. Stiglitz, Peter R. Orszag, and Jonathan M. Orszag,The Role of Government in a Digital Age, commissioned by the Computer and Communications Industry Association (Washington: October 2000). [Online]. Available: ; Curt Suplee, "Government E-Ventures hit as rivals to business," The Washington Post, Oct. 13, 2000, p. A37.
100. See the Defense Logistics Agency's Web site at .
101. See the General Services Administration's Web site at .
102. See the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Web site at .
103. See U.S. General Accounting Office, Federal Information Security: Actions Needed to Address Widespread Weaknesses, GAO Testimony GAO/T-AIMD-00-135 (Washington: Mar. 29, 2000); U.S. General Accounting Office, Information Security: Serious and Widespread Weaknesses Persist at Federal Agencies, GAO Report GAO/AIMD-00-295 (Washington: September 2000).
104. See U.S. General Accounting Office, Federal Information Security: Actions Needed to Address Widespread Weaknesses,GAO Testimony GAO/T-AIMD-00-135 (Washington: Mar. 29, 2000); U.S. General Accounting Office, Information Security: Serious and Widespread Weaknesses Persist at Federal Agencies, GAO Report GAO/AIMD-00-295 (Washington: September 2000).
105. U.S. Congress, House Committee on Government Reform, Subcommittee on Government Management, Information, and Technology, Computer Security: How Vulnerable Are Federal Computers?, hearing, 106th Cong., 2nd sess., Sept. 11, 2000 (Washington: transcript awaiting publication).
106. U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs, Government Information Security Act of 1999, Report to Accompany S. 1993, 106th Cong., 2nd sess., S.Rept. 106-259 (Washington: GPO, 2000), pp. 1-2.
107. Ibid., pp. 2-3.
108. P.L. 106-398.
109. Lance Gay, "GAO finds agencies sharing data of on-line visitors," The Washington Times, Sept. 8, 2000, p. A3; U.S. General Accounting Office, Internet Privacy: Agencies' Efforts to Implement Omb's Privacy Policy, GAO Report GAO/GGD- 00-191 (Washington: September 2000).
110. Lance Gay, "GAO finds agencies sharing data of on-line visitors," The Washington Times, Sept. 8, 2000, p. A3; U.S. General Accounting Office, Internet Privacy: Agencies' Efforts to Implement Omb's Privacy Policy, GAO Report GAO/GGD- 00-191 (Washington: September 2000).
111. See Congressional Record 146 (Oct. 5, 2000): H8935-H8936, H8980 (daily edition).
112. P.L. 106-346.
113. Associated Press, "U.S. Agencies ignore ban, track visitors to web sites," The Washington Times, Oct. 22, 2000, p. C3; D. Ian Hopper, "Agencies track online visitors despite rules," The Washington Post, Oct. 22, 2000, p. A13; D. Ian Hopper, "Renewed ban on U.S. Web 'cookies'," The Washington Post, Oct. 24, 2000, p. A25; U.S. General Accounting Office, Internet Privacy: Federal Agency Use of Cookies, GAO Letter GAO- 01-147R (Washington: Oct. 20, 2000).
114. Associated Press, "U.S. Agencies ignore ban, track visitors to web sites," The Washington Times, Oct. 22, 2000, p. C3; D. Ian Hopper, "Agencies track online visitors despite rules," The Washington Post, Oct. 22, 2000, p. A13; D. Ian Hopper, "Renewed ban on U.S. Web 'cookies'," The Washington Post, Oct. 24, 2000, p. A25; U.S. General Accounting Office, Internet Privacy: Federal Agency Use of Cookies, GAO Letter GAO- 01-147R (Washington: Oct. 20, 2000).
115. Associated Press, "U.S. Agencies ignore ban, track visitors to web sites," The Washington Times, Oct. 22, 2000, p. C3; D. Ian Hopper, "Agencies track online visitors despite rules," The Washington Post, Oct. 22, 2000, p. A13; D. Ian Hopper, "Renewed ban on U.S. Web 'cookies'," The Washington Post, Oct. 24, 2000, p. A25; U.S. General Accounting Office, Internet Privacy: Federal Agency Use of Cookies, GAO Letter GAO- 01-147R (Washington: Oct. 20, 2000).
116. Associated Press, "U.S. Agencies ignore ban, track visitors to web sites," The Washington Times, Oct. 22, 2000, p. C3; D. Ian Hopper, "Agencies track online visitors despite rules," The Washington Post, Oct. 22, 2000, p. A13; D. Ian Hopper, "Renewed ban on U.S. Web 'cookies'," The Washington Post, Oct. 24, 2000, p. A25; U.S. General Accounting Office, Internet Privacy: Federal Agency Use of Cookies, GAO Letter GAO- 01-147R (Washington: Oct. 20, 2000).
117. U.S. Congress, House Committee on Government Reform, Subcommittee on Government Management, Information, and Technology, The Performance of Federal Cios: How Do They Compare with Cios in the Private Sector, hearing, 106th Cong., 2nd sess., Mar. 24, 2000 (Washington: transcript awaiting publication); Shrute Date, "Do CIOs have enough power to do their jobs?" Government Computer News 19 (Apr. 17, 2000): 1, 8.
118. U.S. Congress, House Committee on Government Reform, Subcommittee on Government Management, Information, and Technology, The Performance of Federal Cios: How Do They Compare with Cios in the Private Sector, hearing, 106th Cong., 2nd sess., Mar. 24, 2000 (Washington: transcript awaiting publication); Shrute Date, "Do CIOs have enough power to do their jobs?" Government Computer News 19 (Apr. 17, 2000): 1, 8.
119. U.S. General Accounting Office, Executive Guide: Maximizing the Success of Chief Information Officers: Learning from Leading Organizations, GAO Guide GAO/AIMD-00-83 (Washington: March 2000); Also see U.S. General Accounting Office,Chief Information Officers: Implementing Effective CIO Organizations, GAO Testimony GAO/T-AIMD-00-128 (Washington: Mar. 24, 2000).
120. U.S. General Accounting Office, Executive Guide: Maximizing the Success of Chief Information Officers: Learning from Leading Organizations, GAO Guide GAO/AIMD-00-83 (Washington: March 2000); Also see U.S. General Accounting Office, Chief Information Officers: Implementing Effective CIO Organizations, GAO Testimony GAO/T-AIMD-00-128 (Washington: Mar. 24, 2000).
121. See Robert D. Atkinson and Jacob Ulevich, Digital Government: The Next Step to Reengineering the Federal Government (Washington: Progressive Policy Institute, March 2000), p. 13.
122. H.R. 4670 was introduced on June 15 by Rep. Jim Turner (D-TX), and H.R. 5024 was introduced on July 27 by Rep. Tom Davis (R-VA); both bills were referred to the Committee on Government Reform.
123. U.S. Congress, House Committee on Government Reform, Subcommittee on Government Management, Information, and Technology, Establishing a Federal CIO: Information Technology Management and Assurance Within the Federal Government, hearing, 106th Cong, 2nd sess., Sept. 12, 2000 (Washington: transcript awaiting publication).
124. See Christopher J. Dorobek, "Experts debate need for federal IT Czar," Government Computer News 19 (Mar. 6, 2000): 58; Christopher J. Dorobek, "CIO council on tract, members say,"Government Computer News 19 (May 8, 2000): 65; Christopher J. Dorobek, "What would governmentwide CIO do?" Government Computer News 19 (My 10, 2000): 74; Joseph J. Petrillo, "David Bill would give IT Czar carrots, but no stick," Government Computer News 19 (Sept. 11, 2000): 24.
125. See Christopher J. Dorobek, "Experts debate need for federal IT Czar," Government Computer News 19 (Mar. 6, 2000): 58; Christopher J. Dorobek, "CIO council on tract, Members say," Government Computer News 19 (May 8, 2000): 65; Christopher J. Dorobek, "What would governmentwide CIO do?" Government Computer News 19 (My 10, 2000): 74; Joseph J. Petrillo, "David Bill would give IT Czar carrots, but no stick," Government Computer News 19 (Sept. 11, 2000): 24.
126. See Christopher J. Dorobek, "Experts debate need for federal IT Czar," Government Computer News 19 (Mar. 6, 2000): 58; Christopher J. Dorobek, "CIO council on tract, members say,"Government Computer News 19 (May 8, 2000): 65; Christopher J. Dorobek, "What would governmentwide CIO do?" Government Computer News 19 (My 10, 2000): 74; Joseph J. Petrillo, "David Bill would give IT Czar carrots, but no stick," Government Computer News 19 (Sept. 11, 2000): 24.
127. See Christopher J. Dorobek, "Experts debate need for federal IT Czar," Government Computer News 19 (Mar. 6, 2000): 58; Christopher J. Dorobek, "CIO council on tract, Members say,"Government Computer News 19 (May 8, 2000): 65; Christopher J. Dorobek, "What would governmentwide CIO do?" Government Computer News 19 (My 10, 2000): 74; Joseph J. Petrillo, "David Bill would give IT Czar carrots, but no stick," Government Computer News 19 (Sept. 11, 2000): 24.
128. U.S. Chief Information Officers Council, Meeting the Federal IT Workforce Challenge (Washington: June 1999), pp. 7-8. [Online]. Available: under the heading "Documents."
129. Stephen Barr, "Salaries for federal tech workers to increase," The Washington Post, Nov. 4, 2000, pp. A1, A12.
130. William Matthews, "The outsourcing wave rolls on," Federal Computer Week 14 (Sept. 25, 2000): 28.
131. U.S. Federal Chief Information Officers Council, Memorandum to Members of Congress and Congressional Committee Staff, Essential Programs for Ensuring Security of the Federal Cyber Infrastructure (Washington: Sept. 6, 2000), p. 2.
132. Vernon Loeb, "Cyber-security plans go begging on hill," The Washington Post, Oct. 16, 2000, p. A25.
133. Colleen O'Hara and Fcw Staff, "The big payoff," Federal Computer Week 14 (Nov. 6, 2000): 16-18, 20.
134. NTIA maintains a comprehensive Closing the Digital Divide clearinghouse Web site at .
135. President's Information Technology Advisory Committee, letter to the President of the United States, Resolving the Digital Divide: Information, Access, and Opportunity (Washington: Feb. 2, 2000). [Online]. Available: .
136. The text of the Federal Response Plan is available at .
137. See Federal Register 53 (Nov. 23, 1988): 47491-47512.
138. See 50 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.
139. U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Federal Response Plan (Washington: GPO, 1999), p. TI-1.
140. The full text of PDD 63 is available at .
141. The full text and executive summary of the national plan are available from the Critical Infrastructure Assurance Office Web site at in the "CIAO Document Library."
142. U.S. General Account Office, Critical Infrastructure Protection: Comprehensive Strategy Can Draw on Year 2000 Experiences, GAO Report GAO/AIMD-00-1 (Washington: GPO, 1999).
143. See 10 U.S.C. 332, 372, 374-375, 12301-12302, and 12406.
144. See 40 U.S.C. 1425(c)(2) and 44 U.S.C. 3506(a)(2).
145. See "Security, information technology and facilities," Journal of Public Inquiry XX (Spring-Summer 2000): 28-30.
146. Conducted by the research firms of Peter D. Hart and Robert M, Teeter, the study surveyed 150 government officials, 155 business and non-profit leaders, and 1,003 members of the general public during Aug. 14-16, 2000. The Council's Sept. 28 press release summarizing the results and the full study report are available from the Council's Web site at .